“Are you defective or immoral?”. Problems of selection and socialization of “morally defective” children in the 20s of the 20th century in Soviet Russia: regional aspects

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Inna Shikunova
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Education System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Homeless Children ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Social

We consider the regional features of the social protection system of “morally handicapped” children in Tambov province in the first decade of Soviet government (1918–1928). We representatively and comprehensively investigate various poorly studied aspects of the declared scientific problem on the basis of attraction and processing of a wide complex of primary archival sources and other materials. We reveal typical regional features of the social education system formation in relation to homeless children and children with criminal tendencies in the formation period of the new socialist state at the provincial and county levels, different from the capital’s projects and instructions. We also show spontaneity and haste in the search for different forms and methods of organization of care for such socially neglected children. We clarify the main educational practices and organizational measures for the opportunities and needs of provincial institutions of the social education. We identify the main ways and methods of work with juvenile offenders during the period under review. Conclusions are drawn about the results and features of support for such “special” children and adolescents at the level of the province and county, which allowed to reconstruct the system of social protection of post-revolutionary Russia. Special atten-tion was paid to the social protection of women’s councils female workers’ children and other re-gional public organizations. Attention is paid to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical, socio-political, socio-cultural and ethno-confessional features of the social education system. We clarify the factors that had the strongest impact on the personnel, financing of children’s social institutions, as well as trends in their development in the Soviet era. We reveal the catastrophic impact of the new economic policy on the regional system of social education and the work of orphanages, where homeless children gathered, who lacked other opportunities for socialization and survival.

Orphans during the Civil War: from homelessness to concentration camps

2019 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Aleksei Chubarov ◽  
Ylia Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Chronological Period

We investigate specifically and comprehensively the orphans situation and transformation of social protection system in the Civil War years and its ultimate phase Tambov Rebellion in the Tambov Governorate through the lens of children’s everyday life and policy of the Soviet government. On the basis of a wide complex of primary materials attraction, first of all archival documents, we representatively and specially investigate various little-known aspects of the scien-tific problem declared in study. We generalize practices of children survival in the incredibly bloody and violent clashes of rebels and parts of the Red Army in one region – Tambov Gover-norate. We reveal the conditions of children placement in concentration camps, as well as attempts of the authorities to regulate their situation, to stabilize the morbidity of children and catastrophic child mortality. We provide the specific data on the peculiarities of orphans charity in the conditions of Civil War, Tambov Rebellion, new economic policy at the regional and county level, which allows to evaluate not only the social policy of the Soviet government, but also the survival of children’s society in the chronological period under consideration. We clarify the consequences of taking rebel family members (residents of the region who joined A.S. Antonov) hostage and using children as an attractive mechanism to combat “banditry”. We specially consider the influence of “party and class” selection of children at their admission to orphanages, as well as taking into account their social origin, the position of parents. We reveal the main results of the new economic policy (NEP) impact on children’s social protection and the constriction of the existing practice of orphans charity in the conditions of the actual cessation of funding for many children’s institutions. We draw conclusions about the historical experience, traditions and features of the children survival, including orphans at the regional level (governorate and county) in the conditions of hunger strikes of the 20s of the 20th century, which allowed to successfully reconstruct the actual population situation of the Tambov Governorate in the post-revolutionary period. We give the characteristics of the local authorities’ policy, the interaction of the capital and the regions in the conditions of almost incessant cataclysms and social disasters of the first years of Soviet power.

Protection of motherhood and infancy in the first decade of Soviet government in the Tambov Region (1918–1928)

2019 ◽  
pp. 186-197
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
County Level ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

The social policy regarding motherhood and infancy, including the system of social protection of orphans in the Tambov Governorate in the first decade of Soviet government (1918–1928) was specially and comprehensively studied in the context of state, public and private support of the agrarian society. The focus was on the reconstruction of the conformity of the program of maternity and childhood protection proclaimed by the Soviet government at the regional level. On the basis of a wide range of primary materials (archival sources, periodicals, published materials) various little-known aspects of a scientific problem are representatively investigated. We summarize the successful and unsuccessful experience of the formation of a welfare state system and public initiatives of the medical community and women’s departments in provincial Russia, which often had significant differences from metropolitan events and management decisions. A staged organization has been identified of creating subdivisions of motherhood and infancy, the actual care of orphans at the regional and county level, which makes it possible to assess the op-portunities and needs of social protection and the care of children in urban and rural society during the chronological period. We clarify the transformation of social institutions in relation to the maternity and childhood, both at the level of the governorate and at the county level. The situation of abandoned children and the social policy of transferring these children to private education are specifically considered, the financial problems associated with the transfer of orphans to childless peasant families are assessed. The main trends of social care for the “children of misfortune”, the motives for helping and supporting them by the local community, collectives of enterprises and state institutions of the period under review are revealed. Conclusions are made about the results and historical regional experience and traditions, peculiarities of supporting motherhood and childhood at the level of the province and counties, which made it possible to successfully reconstruct this social protection system of the new Soviet Russia. Attention is drawn to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and concrete historical manifestations of the social state in the era of social cataclysms (Revolution, Civil War, Antonovschina, New Economic Policy), as well as assessing social and political, social and cultural tendencies of the Soviet government.

Nurseries as a special form of social care in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Inna A. Shikunova ◽  
Pavel P. Shcherbinin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

We consider the formation and development features of the nurseries as a special social institution in the Tambov Governorate in the early of 20th century. The governorate and county levels of declared scientific problem consideration allows to conduct the successful reconstruction of the formation and activities of infant nurseries for foundlings, orphans in both urban and rural areas, which reflected the practice of social care and charity of “trouble children”. We reveal the implementation features of county initiatives for the social protection of foundlings and orphans, as well as the levels and forms of such support for such categories of Russian society by local authorities. We clarify the possibilities of organizing nurseries for foundlings at the governorate and county hospitals and maternity wards. We note the role of particular medical workers in the development of civic initiatives and public service in the rescue of foundlings. We identify the historiographic traditions of both domestic and foreign historians in the study of the orphans charity in the context of the social work organization and the social institutions development, including nurseries. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources, it was possible to identify the most successful and effective practices of organizing nurseries both in the peaceful years and in the periods of Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and World War I 1914–1918, which allowed us to consider various little-studied aspects of the stated scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system for orphans through the prism of nursery care. We clarify the position and role of the Orthodox Church on the organization of orphan charity in monasteries during the war years of 1914–1918. We reveal the main posing issues of the prospects for studying a wide range of problems in the history of orphanhood in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of social policy when conducting a study of charitable support and private public initiatives of the considered period.

Older people in Russia's transitional society: multiple deprivation and coping responses

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. TCHERNINA ◽  
EFIM A. TCHERNIN
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Coping Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decent Life ◽  
Real Value ◽  
And Coping

Since 1989 there has been a widespread collapse of public services and income support for older people in the Russian Federation. Pensions have declined in real value and frequently are paid late, the system of collective health care has become less reliable, and the social institutions and services that formerly helped disadvantaged older people overcome isolation and loneliness have almost entirely ceased to function. Most people's personal assets and savings are insufficient for a decent life, and many cannot now afford the medical services and medications that they need. Given the absence of formal or institutional support, older people in Russia have had to develop pragmatic coping mechanisms, most commonly based on informal social networks and diverse income-generating activities, including barter and exchange in the informal ‘grey’ and ‘black’ economies. The household budgets of many pensioners increasingly rely upon their ability to raise income through their labour and the exchange of goods, and the time that they devote to these productive activities is increasing sharply. In comparison with other age groups, older people in Russia own many private apartments, garages, and garden or allotment plots, and they are important factors in the generation of income. These assets are used first and foremost to avert poverty and degradation, and more generally to support the immediate and extended family. The current economic system and the inadequacies of the existing system of social protection perpetuate the distinctive coping strategies.

scholarly journals Research Paradigm as a Value Guideline for Professional Training of Future Social Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana POVIDAICHYK ◽  
Valentyna PEDORENKO ◽  
Anastasiia POPOVA ◽  
Anastasiia TURGENIEVA ◽  
Yuliia RYBINSKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
The Social

The need for R&D of social workers was due to the development of theoretical and methodological approaches and concepts of social work, the application of which involved the use of specific research tools. It is substantiated that the research subsystem of social work can be represented in the form of a model of the research environment, which reflects the relationship of three components: the social problem, methods of its research and tools for solving. The dialectical nature of social work, as well as the dynamic conditions in which it is carried out, determine a set of socio-economic, managerial and pedagogical factors that actualize the need for research in the social field. It is substantiated that R&D today is an integral element of professional social practice and is implemented both in the process of working with different categories of clients and in administrative and managerial activities. R&D provides adequate social order development of targeted comprehensive programs, projects and technologies of social protection, design and implementation of models of social institutions and services. As a result of a comprehensive study of the problem, the essential characteristics of R&D were clarified, which means the activity of obtaining new scientifically based knowledge aimed at purposeful change of social reality, which is realized in a logical sequence through the use of appropriate forms and methods of scientific knowledge. It is proved that R&D in the system of social work is realized at three levels (reflexive-theoretical, experimental-theoretical and research), each of which involves step-by-step actions (problem definition; hypothesis formulation, choice of research methods and tools; implementation of research plan; evaluation of results) and the use of appropriate research methods.

scholarly journals ON THE MAIN REASONS FOR THE ACTIVATION OF RIGHT-WING SOCIAL REVOLUTIONARIES IN SIBERIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEP

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Dobrovolsky
Keyword(s):  
Right Wing ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Inner Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Right ◽  
Managerial Level ◽  
Far Eastern

The article reveals the reasons for the activation of the right-wing socialist-revolutionaries in Siberia in the early 1920s, after the introduction of a new economic policy in Soviet Russia. The author shows that a number of objective and subjective factors contributed to the activation of the right-wing social revolutionaries in Siberia. Among the objective factors, he points out the discontent of the population with the policy of the Soviet government during the years of "War Communism "and at the beginning of the NEP, the personnel" hunger " of the ruling Bolshevik Party, the close location of the Far Eastern Republic. The sharp intensification of the activities of socialist revolutionaries in the article is demonstrated on the example of Siberian societies, where revolutionaries "captured" the leading posts in the middle and lower managerial level, it has used the material basis of cooperation for the establishment of inner work, expand their outreach. And only the decisive actions of the leadership of the RCP( b), punitive measures of the Cheka/GPU bodies stopped the activity of the Social Revolutionaries, led to the defeat of the socialist opposition in the early 1920s.

USLUGE CENTARA ZA SOCIJALNI RAD U PRIMENI VASPITNIH NALOGA I U IZVRŠENjU KRIVIČNIH SANKCIJA IZREČENIH MALOLETNIM UČINIOCIMA KRIVIČNIH DELA

2021 ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Snežana Soković ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Basic Type ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Social

The juvenile nature of the criminal offence perpetrator, due to its psychophysical characteristics, makes the phase of execution of criminal sanctions additionally delicate and very important and implies a system of execution based on special principles and special organization. The aim of this paper is to analyze the activities of the competent guardianship authorities, both in the phase of issuing educational orders and educational measures, and in the phase of their execution. The paper emphasizes that the realization of the "internal dynamics" of the system of educational measures, from the choice of a concrete measure to its suppression, with all intermediate modalities of cumulation, replacement and adjustment to changed execution conditions or achieved success, is made possible to the competent court through the cooperation with guardianship authorities. It is precisely in the field of application of educational measures, as the basic type of criminal sanctions for juvenile offenders, that the exceptional connection of the juvenile criminal justice system with the social protection system is most clearly seen.

scholarly journals SOCIAL EDUCATION OF JUVENILE OFFENSERS CONVICTED PENALTIES BY NON-IMPRISONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Y. Yu. Plisko ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Juvenile Offender ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
Separate Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Assistance ◽  
Prevention Methods

The study helped to find out that the process of organizing the social education of juvenile offenders sentenced to imprisonment by imprisonment is carried out on the basis of the use of: a multilevel complex of social and pedagogical prevention; methods of individual and collective educational work; and also, social and pedagogical rehabilitation of the personality of the child-criminal. The use of crime prevention (at three levels) is aimed at: prevention of deviations of the delinquent nature of the child, the formation of its legal awareness, providing moral and psychological assistance to "difficult" adolescents and their parents; elimination of possible risks of committing an offense and prevention of re-offending by a juvenile who has already been prosecuted. Emphasis is placed on individual educational work, which is defined as the most progressive modern form of social and pedagogical rehabilitation and socialization of difficult children (delinquents, offenders, criminals, etc.). The use of "individual case management" as a separate model of organizing comprehensive assistance to a juvenile offender sentenced to non-custodial punishment is considered. As an example of collective work, a program of social and pedagogical rehabilitation is presented, in which the process of restoring the personality of a juvenile offender has a complex, multidisciplinary nature and is carried out in a healthy society. It is revealed that the correctional and rehabilitation work is carried out taking into account the results of diagnosis, causes and conditions of each juvenile regarding his offense. Therefore, each program is adjusted to each case.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF STUDYING THE SOCIAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE BOARDING TYPE

2019 ◽  
pp. 178-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Hordiienko
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Open System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Resource ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
The Social

In the article the human capital of boarding schools is regarded as a network of social connections that form a space consisting of interdependent social positions. The essence of the concept «socialization potential of society» is defined as a set of opportunities that society has for exercising socialization influence on an individual in order to form his/her social qualities. It is stated that the social resource potential of boarding schools consists in the ability of the actors involved in the interaction to ensure the accumulation of all components of these educational institutions‘ social resources in order to implement a system of measures for education, socialization, rehabilitation, social protection, promotion of normal life arrangement of foster children. The author conducted the study of social and cultural aspects of boarding schools on the basis of socio-systematic analysis of social organization, characterized the vectors of boarding schools interaction with the external social environment. The complex characteristic of the social and cultural model of educational organization of boarding schools is given. The reputational issues of residential institution in the eyes of the public were analyzed. The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in the fact that it conceptualizes for the first time in the Ukrainian sociological science the accumulation process of society‘s socialization potential in the activity of boarding schools with the use of human capital theories. This enabled to achieve certain scientific results, in particular: boarding schools were researched in the new conceptual framework as agents of accumulation of society‘s social potential; the concept «social resource potentials of educational institutions» was substantiated; the activity, relational and value components of the model of social resource potential of boarding schools was conceptualized and empirically verified; the social model of a boarding school as a modern open system was conceptualized. The following points got their further development: the provisions of G. Becker's theory of human capital regarding the explication of the concept «human capital» as a resource that pupils of boarding schools receive in the process of education and upbringing in these special social institutions that affect relations between people and the way they later use them in their life goals; the vision of a boarding school as an open system from the standpoint of provisions for group social inclusion, inclusive education and as a social institution through the justification of its explicit and latent functions. The provisions of the article can be used in the development of conceptual bases for work of institutions in the sphere of labor and social protection of people, education and science, health care, in public organizations, mass media and educational institutions, as well as in the process of training specialists to work with people who have functional disabilities.

scholarly journals Interaction of social institutions as a vector of personal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 00052
Author(s):  
V.E. Kozlov ◽  
A.A. Timofeev ◽  
G.F. Sadrislamov
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Education

The article examines the potential of the social institutions’ interaction in the context of the personal development and socialization ideas. Considering the traditional Russian mentality and the characteristics of the Russian education system, the authors focus on the new conditions of socialization, revealing the methodology for the effective social practices’ development.

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