Older people in Russia's transitional society: multiple deprivation and coping responses

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. TCHERNINA ◽  
EFIM A. TCHERNIN
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Coping Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decent Life ◽  
Real Value ◽  
And Coping

Since 1989 there has been a widespread collapse of public services and income support for older people in the Russian Federation. Pensions have declined in real value and frequently are paid late, the system of collective health care has become less reliable, and the social institutions and services that formerly helped disadvantaged older people overcome isolation and loneliness have almost entirely ceased to function. Most people's personal assets and savings are insufficient for a decent life, and many cannot now afford the medical services and medications that they need. Given the absence of formal or institutional support, older people in Russia have had to develop pragmatic coping mechanisms, most commonly based on informal social networks and diverse income-generating activities, including barter and exchange in the informal ‘grey’ and ‘black’ economies. The household budgets of many pensioners increasingly rely upon their ability to raise income through their labour and the exchange of goods, and the time that they devote to these productive activities is increasing sharply. In comparison with other age groups, older people in Russia own many private apartments, garages, and garden or allotment plots, and they are important factors in the generation of income. These assets are used first and foremost to avert poverty and degradation, and more generally to support the immediate and extended family. The current economic system and the inadequacies of the existing system of social protection perpetuate the distinctive coping strategies.

Nurseries as a special form of social care in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Inna A. Shikunova ◽  
Pavel P. Shcherbinin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

We consider the formation and development features of the nurseries as a special social institution in the Tambov Governorate in the early of 20th century. The governorate and county levels of declared scientific problem consideration allows to conduct the successful reconstruction of the formation and activities of infant nurseries for foundlings, orphans in both urban and rural areas, which reflected the practice of social care and charity of “trouble children”. We reveal the implementation features of county initiatives for the social protection of foundlings and orphans, as well as the levels and forms of such support for such categories of Russian society by local authorities. We clarify the possibilities of organizing nurseries for foundlings at the governorate and county hospitals and maternity wards. We note the role of particular medical workers in the development of civic initiatives and public service in the rescue of foundlings. We identify the historiographic traditions of both domestic and foreign historians in the study of the orphans charity in the context of the social work organization and the social institutions development, including nurseries. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources, it was possible to identify the most successful and effective practices of organizing nurseries both in the peaceful years and in the periods of Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and World War I 1914–1918, which allowed us to consider various little-studied aspects of the stated scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system for orphans through the prism of nursery care. We clarify the position and role of the Orthodox Church on the organization of orphan charity in monasteries during the war years of 1914–1918. We reveal the main posing issues of the prospects for studying a wide range of problems in the history of orphanhood in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of social policy when conducting a study of charitable support and private public initiatives of the considered period.

scholarly journals Research Paradigm as a Value Guideline for Professional Training of Future Social Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana POVIDAICHYK ◽  
Valentyna PEDORENKO ◽  
Anastasiia POPOVA ◽  
Anastasiia TURGENIEVA ◽  
Yuliia RYBINSKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
The Social

The need for R&D of social workers was due to the development of theoretical and methodological approaches and concepts of social work, the application of which involved the use of specific research tools. It is substantiated that the research subsystem of social work can be represented in the form of a model of the research environment, which reflects the relationship of three components: the social problem, methods of its research and tools for solving. The dialectical nature of social work, as well as the dynamic conditions in which it is carried out, determine a set of socio-economic, managerial and pedagogical factors that actualize the need for research in the social field. It is substantiated that R&D today is an integral element of professional social practice and is implemented both in the process of working with different categories of clients and in administrative and managerial activities. R&D provides adequate social order development of targeted comprehensive programs, projects and technologies of social protection, design and implementation of models of social institutions and services. As a result of a comprehensive study of the problem, the essential characteristics of R&D were clarified, which means the activity of obtaining new scientifically based knowledge aimed at purposeful change of social reality, which is realized in a logical sequence through the use of appropriate forms and methods of scientific knowledge. It is proved that R&D in the system of social work is realized at three levels (reflexive-theoretical, experimental-theoretical and research), each of which involves step-by-step actions (problem definition; hypothesis formulation, choice of research methods and tools; implementation of research plan; evaluation of results) and the use of appropriate research methods.

“Are you defective or immoral?”. Problems of selection and socialization of “morally defective” children in the 20s of the 20th century in Soviet Russia: regional aspects

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Inna Shikunova
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Education System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Homeless Children ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Social

We consider the regional features of the social protection system of “morally handicapped” children in Tambov province in the first decade of Soviet government (1918–1928). We representatively and comprehensively investigate various poorly studied aspects of the declared scientific problem on the basis of attraction and processing of a wide complex of primary archival sources and other materials. We reveal typical regional features of the social education system formation in relation to homeless children and children with criminal tendencies in the formation period of the new socialist state at the provincial and county levels, different from the capital’s projects and instructions. We also show spontaneity and haste in the search for different forms and methods of organization of care for such socially neglected children. We clarify the main educational practices and organizational measures for the opportunities and needs of provincial institutions of the social education. We identify the main ways and methods of work with juvenile offenders during the period under review. Conclusions are drawn about the results and features of support for such “special” children and adolescents at the level of the province and county, which allowed to reconstruct the system of social protection of post-revolutionary Russia. Special atten-tion was paid to the social protection of women’s councils female workers’ children and other re-gional public organizations. Attention is paid to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical, socio-political, socio-cultural and ethno-confessional features of the social education system. We clarify the factors that had the strongest impact on the personnel, financing of children’s social institutions, as well as trends in their development in the Soviet era. We reveal the catastrophic impact of the new economic policy on the regional system of social education and the work of orphanages, where homeless children gathered, who lacked other opportunities for socialization and survival.

Support networks of childless older people: informal and formal support in Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1543-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN DEINDL ◽  
MARTINA BRANDT
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Older People ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Formal Support ◽  
The Social ◽  
Considerable Pressure ◽  
Older Europeans

ABSTRACTWestern societies are ageing rapidly. Today people do not only live longer, they also have fewer children. These developments exert considerable pressure on welfare states. Children have usually been the mainstay of old age support, especially when there is no partner. We thus face new challenges: On which support networks can a growing number of childless older people rely? (How) can the lack of children be compensated in the informal social network? What role does the state play and how is informal and formal support linked? Our comparative analyses of the support networks of childless elders are based on the first two waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, including 14,394 people with (instrumental) activities of daily living limitations aged 50 and over from 12 European countries. On average, 10 per cent of older Europeans today have no children. Sporadic informal support for these elders is often taken over by the extended family, friends and neighbours, and thus the lack of children is compensated within the social network. Intense care tasks, however, are more likely provided by professional providers, especially in the case of childless older people. In countries with low social service provision, childless elders are therefore likely to experience a lack of (formal) support, especially when depending on vital care.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF STUDYING THE SOCIAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE BOARDING TYPE

2019 ◽  
pp. 178-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Hordiienko
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Open System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Resource ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
The Social

In the article the human capital of boarding schools is regarded as a network of social connections that form a space consisting of interdependent social positions. The essence of the concept «socialization potential of society» is defined as a set of opportunities that society has for exercising socialization influence on an individual in order to form his/her social qualities. It is stated that the social resource potential of boarding schools consists in the ability of the actors involved in the interaction to ensure the accumulation of all components of these educational institutions‘ social resources in order to implement a system of measures for education, socialization, rehabilitation, social protection, promotion of normal life arrangement of foster children. The author conducted the study of social and cultural aspects of boarding schools on the basis of socio-systematic analysis of social organization, characterized the vectors of boarding schools interaction with the external social environment. The complex characteristic of the social and cultural model of educational organization of boarding schools is given. The reputational issues of residential institution in the eyes of the public were analyzed. The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in the fact that it conceptualizes for the first time in the Ukrainian sociological science the accumulation process of society‘s socialization potential in the activity of boarding schools with the use of human capital theories. This enabled to achieve certain scientific results, in particular: boarding schools were researched in the new conceptual framework as agents of accumulation of society‘s social potential; the concept «social resource potentials of educational institutions» was substantiated; the activity, relational and value components of the model of social resource potential of boarding schools was conceptualized and empirically verified; the social model of a boarding school as a modern open system was conceptualized. The following points got their further development: the provisions of G. Becker's theory of human capital regarding the explication of the concept «human capital» as a resource that pupils of boarding schools receive in the process of education and upbringing in these special social institutions that affect relations between people and the way they later use them in their life goals; the vision of a boarding school as an open system from the standpoint of provisions for group social inclusion, inclusive education and as a social institution through the justification of its explicit and latent functions. The provisions of the article can be used in the development of conceptual bases for work of institutions in the sphere of labor and social protection of people, education and science, health care, in public organizations, mass media and educational institutions, as well as in the process of training specialists to work with people who have functional disabilities.

Protection of motherhood and infancy in the first decade of Soviet government in the Tambov Region (1918–1928)

2019 ◽  
pp. 186-197
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
County Level ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

The social policy regarding motherhood and infancy, including the system of social protection of orphans in the Tambov Governorate in the first decade of Soviet government (1918–1928) was specially and comprehensively studied in the context of state, public and private support of the agrarian society. The focus was on the reconstruction of the conformity of the program of maternity and childhood protection proclaimed by the Soviet government at the regional level. On the basis of a wide range of primary materials (archival sources, periodicals, published materials) various little-known aspects of a scientific problem are representatively investigated. We summarize the successful and unsuccessful experience of the formation of a welfare state system and public initiatives of the medical community and women’s departments in provincial Russia, which often had significant differences from metropolitan events and management decisions. A staged organization has been identified of creating subdivisions of motherhood and infancy, the actual care of orphans at the regional and county level, which makes it possible to assess the op-portunities and needs of social protection and the care of children in urban and rural society during the chronological period. We clarify the transformation of social institutions in relation to the maternity and childhood, both at the level of the governorate and at the county level. The situation of abandoned children and the social policy of transferring these children to private education are specifically considered, the financial problems associated with the transfer of orphans to childless peasant families are assessed. The main trends of social care for the “children of misfortune”, the motives for helping and supporting them by the local community, collectives of enterprises and state institutions of the period under review are revealed. Conclusions are made about the results and historical regional experience and traditions, peculiarities of supporting motherhood and childhood at the level of the province and counties, which made it possible to successfully reconstruct this social protection system of the new Soviet Russia. Attention is drawn to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and concrete historical manifestations of the social state in the era of social cataclysms (Revolution, Civil War, Antonovschina, New Economic Policy), as well as assessing social and political, social and cultural tendencies of the Soviet government.

scholarly journals The Social Status of the elderly from a Comparative Perspective: distinctions of Post-communist Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Maksim Rudnev
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Communist Countries

Social status reflects the hierarchical position of social groups within society, their prestige as perceived by members of their society. The existing literature shows that age groups differ in their status considerably across countries, and that their status is linked to socio-economic modernization. This study investigates the determinants of elderly people’s status in post-communist countries in comparison to other countries. Using two large international datasets — from the World Values Survey (58 countries) and European Social Survey (29 countries) — as well as multilevel regressions, we found that elderly people in post-communist countries were at the bottom of the status hierarchy. Compared to other regions of the world, this low status was only in part explained by country modernization level, implying that some other factors may have had an effect. Moreover, only in postcommunist countries the perceived status of older people decreased with respondent’s age. We suggest that the low status of older people in post-communist countries was caused by the social and economic transformations that followed the fall of the communist regime — which led to the older generation losing human capital — and then exacerbated by the ageist legacy of the Soviet industrialist ideology. Finally, we insist that the very low status of older people is a problem of society as a whole rather than this particular age group.

scholarly journals Social protection of the population of Ukraine in the context of social policy and integration processes

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Natalia Yevtushenko ◽  
Vita Vinogradnya ◽  
Vitalina Malyshko
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decent Life ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intellectual Potential

The subject of the work the conditions, characteristics and trends of creation of effective system of social protection of the population. The aim of this work is to study the main directions of state social policy in the context of integration processes. The methodology of work. The work is done on the basis of studies of modern scientific views on the definition of the nature and development of social protection and social policy in Ukraine under conditions of integration processes. The results of the work. The article is devoted to social protection issues in the context of social policy, because the main objective of this policy is improving the welfare and the promotion of comprehensive state protection of the intellectual potential of society, given the characteristics of integration processes. Assessed the status and trends of development of financial provision of social protection in Ukraine and assess its compliance with the European norms and standards. Formulated proposals for the development of system of financial provision of social protection in Ukraine in the context of processes of European integration. Conclusions. The analysis of current formations of the essence of the term "social protection" have shown that it is interpreted by scientists around the same, this implies a system of measures which compensate for the social inequality of citizens, to ensure equal access of every person to a certain minimum of social benefits, to protect every individual against social risks, which always have a place in human life. Ascertained the need and trends of gradual reform of the social protection system in Ukraine with the aim of as close as possible to her baseline conditions in the relevant international norms and standards embodied in ILO instruments and European Union, which are designed to guarantee a decent life to every person upon the occurrence of the relevant social risks regardless of gender, age, duration of stay in a particular country.

scholarly journals Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Ecuador

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-125
Author(s):  
Analía Minteguiaga ◽  
Valerie Carmel
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Informal Labour

AbstractFormal labour and affiliation to Ecuador’s social security system is the main gateway for access to social protection benefits, especially in the case of migrants. However, a large informal labour market and low levels on inclusion in the social security system forces large sectors of society to rely on family and community arrangements for the management of risk and economic uncertainty. The state provides some non-contributory benefits through cash transfer programs but, with the exception of health care, these only cover people living in conditions of extreme poverty. Universal, non-means tested programs are limited to the public health and education systems. Overall, migrants face several obstacles to access social protection benefits. Gaining the right to work legally is mostly reserved for white-collar and highly educated immigrants, excluding impoverished immigrants. Paired to the inability to access labour-related benefits and government programs for the so-called poor, immigrants lack the safety nets provided by extended family and a community setting. Nationals residing abroad have restricted access to social benefits, having access only to the contributory pension system on a voluntary basis. This chapter discusses the social protection system in Ecuador and focuses on eligibility criteria to show the extent of migrants’ access to the social benefits.

The Impact of Modern Trends in the Social Work and Social Care in the Republic of Macedonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Biljana Nackovska – Veljkovikj
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Social care is an organised network of institutional and non-institutional facilities designed to meet the needs of citizens. The reforms that are taking place in social protection are influenced by modern trends in social work, expressed through decentralization, de-institutionalization, pluralism, strengthening of civil society and the possibility of providing private services, affecting and enriching the content of social work. These change the relationship to the client's position and improve the professionalism of social worker. Changes in social policy, resulting from diverting from central to local level, influence and give direction to the overall social activity. The paper describes the three components thereof (areas): the state of social work and social protection in the Republic of Macedonia, rights and services in the social protection system in the Republic of Macedonia and research part. Starting from the assumption that modern trends affect reforms in the social protection system of the Republic of Macedonia, this paper aims to determine the state of social protection in the Republic of Macedonia. The aim is to gain knowledge about the situation and the changes occurring in the social institutions of public character, influenced by modern trends. Also this paper makes analysis of the legislation in the Republic of Macedonia in the field of social protection. Ultimate goals of the implementation of reforms in the social protection are the welfare of the beneficiary, improving the quality of work and professional development of social workers.

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