On the Southern Hemisphere stratospheric response to ENSO and its impacts on tropospheric circulation

As the leading mode of Pacific variability, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes vast and wide-spread climatic impacts, including in the stratosphere. Following discovery of a stratospheric pathway of ENSO to the Northern Hemisphere surface, here we aim to investigate if there is a substantial Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric pathway in relation to austral winter ENSO events. Large stratospheric anomalies connected to ENSO occur on average at high SH latitudes as early as August, peaking at around 10 hPa. An overall colder austral spring Antarctic stratosphere is generally associated with the warm phase of the ENSO cycle, and vice versa. This behavior is robust among reanalysis and six separate model ensembles encompassing two different model frameworks. A stratospheric pathway is identified by separating ENSO events that exhibit a stratospheric anomaly from those that don’t and comparing to stratospheric extremes that occur during neutral-ENSO years. The tropospheric eddy-driven jet response to the stratospheric ENSO pathway is the most robust in the spring following a La Niña, but extends into summer, and is more zonally-symmetric compared to the tropospheric ENSO teleconnection. The magnitude of the stratospheric pathway is weaker compared to the tropospheric pathway and therefore when it is present, has a secondary role. For context, the magnitude is approximately half that of the eddy-driven jet modulation due to austral spring ozone depletion in the model simulations. This work establishes that the stratospheric circulation acts as an intermediary in coupling ENSO variability to variations in the austral spring and summer tropospheric circulation.

SOCIAL EDUCATION OF JUVENILE OFFENSERS CONVICTED PENALTIES BY NON-IMPRISONMENT

The study helped to find out that the process of organizing the social education of juvenile offenders sentenced to imprisonment by imprisonment is carried out on the basis of the use of: a multilevel complex of social and pedagogical prevention; methods of individual and collective educational work; and also, social and pedagogical rehabilitation of the personality of the child-criminal. The use of crime prevention (at three levels) is aimed at: prevention of deviations of the delinquent nature of the child, the formation of its legal awareness, providing moral and psychological assistance to "difficult" adolescents and their parents; elimination of possible risks of committing an offense and prevention of re-offending by a juvenile who has already been prosecuted. Emphasis is placed on individual educational work, which is defined as the most progressive modern form of social and pedagogical rehabilitation and socialization of difficult children (delinquents, offenders, criminals, etc.). The use of "individual case management" as a separate model of organizing comprehensive assistance to a juvenile offender sentenced to non-custodial punishment is considered. As an example of collective work, a program of social and pedagogical rehabilitation is presented, in which the process of restoring the personality of a juvenile offender has a complex, multidisciplinary nature and is carried out in a healthy society. It is revealed that the correctional and rehabilitation work is carried out taking into account the results of diagnosis, causes and conditions of each juvenile regarding his offense. Therefore, each program is adjusted to each case.

Single parameter model for cosmic scale photon redshift in a closed Universe

A successful single parameter model has been formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard 𝛬 cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. The model for the redshift progression of a photon is: 1 + z =\(\frac{\text{sin}\left(\frac{13.8}{T}\right)\pi /2}{\text{sin}\left(\frac{t}{T}\right)\pi /2}\) T is the fitted parameter and t is the time when the photon was emitted, both measured in billions of years from time zero in the Big Bang. The angle is expressed in radians. The number 13.8 should be updated if an improved estimate for the time elapsed since the Big Bang is found. The single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature.

Failure Mechanism of Rock Specimens with a Notched Hole under Compression—A Numerical Study

Discontinuities are natural structures that exist in rocks and can affect the stability of rock structures. In this article, the influence of notch presence on the strength and failure evolution around a hole in compressed rock specimens is investigated numerically. Firstly, the uniaxial compressive test on a rock specimen with a circular hole is modeled, and the failure evolution in the specimen is simulated. In a separate model, notches are created at the surface of the hole. Results show that, when the notches are created in the model, a failure zone around the hole is transferred to a distance away from the surface of the hole. In addition, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the notch length and the confining pressure on the fracturing behavior of the specimen. Numerical results presented in this article indicate that the presence of notches at the surface of the hole and their dimensions can affect the fracturing mechanism of the specimen. In some cases, the failure at the boundary of the hole is prevented when the notches of certain dimensions are added to the hole. The insights gained from this numerical study may be helpful to control the failure around underground excavations.

Association between Dietary Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake and Metabolic Syndrome Among U.S. Females: An Analysis of National Health and Examination Survey 2015–2018

Objectives The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is higher among U.S. females than males, mainly due to the higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and elevated fasting glucose levels. Lutein (L) and its isomer zeaxanthin (Z) are carotenoids that can alter the composition of lipoprotein, which may affect components of MetS. They also act as potent antioxidants that benefit metabolic health. Dietary intake of L and Z is inversely associated with MetS in U.S. males, however, this association is unclear in females. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary and supplemental intake of L/Z and MetS prevalence among U.S. females. Methods A sample of premenopausal women aged 20–50 years was drawn from NHANES 2015–2018. The diagnostic criteria of MetS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel. Dietary L/Z intake was calculated from two 24-hour recalls. Supplemental L/Z intake was extracted from two 24-hour dietary supplements use files. Both dietary and supplemental L/Z intakes were divided into four quartiles. The association between MetS and quartile of L/Z intake was assessed using logistic regression analyses while adjusting for race, age, smoking status, and total energy intake. A separate model was run with the addition of supplemental L/Z. Results Among the 630 U.S. females included in these analyses, the prevalence of MetS was 22.84%. Mean dietary L/Z intakes by quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, were 0.30 mg/d, 0.64 mg/d, 1.16 mg/d, and 4.60 mg/d. When comparing the highest intake quartile to the lowest, women in the highest quartile had significantly lower risk of MetS after adjusting for covariates (OR: 0.38, 95% CI 0.15–0.97). The means of dietary plus supplemental L/Z intake by quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, were 0.33 mg/d, 0.64 mg/d, 1.21 mg/d, and 4.73 mg/d. No relationship was noted between the sum of dietary and supplemental L/Z intake and the odds of MetS. Conclusions When compared to participants with the lowest intake (quartile) of dietary L/Z, those in the highest quartile had significantly reduced odds of MetS. This relationship was not dose dependent suggesting extreme intakes of greater than 1.7 mg/d were related to a reduced risk. Further intervention studies are warranted to investigate the beneficial effects of dietary L/Z on risk factors of MetS in U.S. females. Funding Sources None.

Enhanced Field-Based Detection of Potato Blight in Complex Backgrounds Using Deep Learning

Rapid and automated identification of blight disease in potato will help farmers to apply timely remedies to protect their produce. Manual detection of blight disease can be cumbersome and may require trained experts. To overcome these issues, we present an automated system using the Mask Region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) architecture, with residual network as the backbone network for detecting blight disease patches on potato leaves in field conditions. The approach uses transfer learning, which can generate good results even with small datasets. The model was trained on a dataset of 1423 images of potato leaves obtained from fields in different geographical locations and at different times of the day. The images were manually annotated to create over 6200 labeled patches covering diseased and healthy portions of the leaf. The Mask R-CNN model was able to correctly differentiate between the diseased patch on the potato leaf and the similar-looking background soil patches, which can confound the outcome of binary classification. To improve the detection performance, the original RGB dataset was then converted to HSL, HSV, LAB, XYZ, and YCrCb color spaces. A separate model was created for each color space and tested on 417 field-based test images. This yielded 81.4% mean average precision on the LAB model and 56.9% mean average recall on the HSL model, slightly outperforming the original RGB color space model. Manual analysis of the detection performance indicates an overall precision of 98% on leaf images in a field environment containing complex backgrounds.

Failure Mechanism of Rock Specimens with a Notched Hole Under Compression - A Numerical Study

Discontinuities are natural structures that exist in rocks and can affect the stability of rock structures. In this article, the influence of notch presence on the failure evolution around a hole in compressed rock specimens is investigated numerically. Firstly, the uniaxial compressive test on a rock specimen with a circular hole is modeled and the failure evolution in the specimen is simulated. In a separate model, notches are created at the surface of the hole. Results show that when the notches are created in the model, failure zone around the hole is transferred to a distance away from the surface of the hole. In addition, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the notch length and the confining pressure on the fracturing behavior of the specimen. Numerical results presented in this article indicate that the presence of notches at the surface of the hole and their dimensions can affect the fracturing mechanism of the specimen. In some cases, the failure at the boundary of the hole is prevented when the notches of certain dimensions are added to the hole. The insights gained from this numerical study may be helpful to control the failure around underground excavations.

Statistical modelling of extreme temperatures on the Greenland Ice Sheet

<p>The Greenland ice sheet has experienced significant melt over the past 6 decades, with extreme melt events covering large areas of the ice sheet. Melt events are typically analysed using summary statistics, but the nature and characteristics of the events themselves are less frequently analysed. Our work aims to examine melt events from a statistical perspective by modelling 20 years of MODIS surface temperature data with a Spatial Conditional Extremes model. We use a Gaussian mixture model for the distribution of temperatures at each location with separate model components for ice and meltwater temperatures. This is used as a marginal model in the full spatial model and gives a more location-specific threshold to define melt at each location. The fitted model allows us to simulate melt events given that we observe an extreme temperature at a particular location, allowing us to analyse the size and magnitude of melt events across the ice sheet.</p>

Abstract P175: Dizziness-Related Symptoms are Associated With Delayed Diagnostic Imaging in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Acute dizziness can present diagnostic challenges for emergency department (ED) clinicians because of the potential for an underlying cerebrovascular cause. Although various strategies may aid in diagnosing cases caused by stroke, it is unclear whether dizziness due to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with delays in diagnostic imaging. Methods: We performed a single center cohort study on consecutive ICH patients admitted over 2 years. We retrospectively abstracted initial reported symptoms and aggregated patients with dizziness, vertigo, lightheadedness, or nausea under the category of dizziness-related symptoms. After excluding patients with ED intubation due to potential procedural delays, we calculated time from initial ED arrival to first computed tomography (CT) scan. Using linear regression, we determined associations between dizziness-related symptoms and ED-to-CT time after adjusting for demographics and time from symptom onset, with additional analyses considering the presence of typical stroke symptoms and cerebellar ICH. Results: Of 427 patients, 110 (26%) presented with dizziness-related symptoms and 36 (8%) had cerebellar ICH. In univariate analyses, patients with dizziness-related symptoms had longer ED-to-CT times than other patients (median [IQR] 51 [21-144] vs. 32 [14-92] min, p=0.007), as did those with cerebellar ICH (71 [27-182] min). In our primary adjusted model, dizziness-related symptoms were associated with longer ED-to-CT times (+26 min [95% CI 6-46]). This imaging delay was further compounded in a subgroup analysis of patients without typical stroke symptoms (+45 min [95% CI 7-84], and in a separate model considering patients with cerebellar ICH (+48 min [95% CI 17-80]). Conclusions: Dizziness-related symptoms are associated with delayed diagnostic imaging in patients with ICH, which suggests the need for increased early awareness and urgency in these cases.