scholarly journals Hybrid toponyms of Panama as a reflection of toponymic bilingualism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Irina A. Martynenko ◽  
◽  
Olga S. Chesnokova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Cultural Events ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Topographic Relief ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article presents evidence of a comprehensive linguistic analysis of the toponymy of Panama. The relevance of the topic is due to the fragmented research of Panamanian toponymy and the need for a comprehensive study of socio-historical and linguocultural factors in the formation of the Panamanian toponymicon. The hypothesis of the article is as follows: toponymy of Panama has a unique heterogeneous and polystrate character, semiotically determined by historical facts, ethnic composition of the population, natural conditions of the country and migration processes. Maps, GoogleMaps, GeoNames electronic systems were used as materials and tools. It was found that Hispanic geographic names make up the largest percentage in comparison with autochthonous toponyms and hybrid (blended) toponyms. The authors identified Spanish-Indian and Spanish-English blended place names. It is substantiated that Panama is a unique area of ​​functioning of the general Spanish toponymic vocabulary. Historical and cultural events in the country were reflected in toponymy, capturing the topographic relief, including metaphorically perceived, names of first settlers, names of famous Panamanian personalities, perception of topographic objects at various stages of the country's development, influence of English language, which together form the toponymic dominants of the Panamanian society, heterogeneity and unique hybrid Indian-Spanish-English character of toponymicon, on the basis of which the term “toponymic multilinguism” is proposed.

scholarly journals DISTURBANCE OF AN APOPTOSIS OF NEUTROPHILS AT A SEPSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-F. Shen ◽  
W.-X. Guan ◽  
J.-F. Du ◽  
L. V. Puzyryova
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Peking University ◽  
Cellular Apoptosis ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Migration ◽  
A Current

The sepsis represents life-endangering disturbances of functions of the internals caused by a dizregulyation of a macroorganism to the  infectious agent and is difficult interaction of pro-inflammatory and  antiinflammatory processes that not seldom defines the fate of  patients. The predetermining factor of a sepsis is the originator. The  immunosupression caused by the originator promotes generalization  of an infection, and the intensive bacteriemia caused by generalization leads to the accruing endotoxinemia that aggravates  immunosupression even more and leads finally to systemic inflammatory reaction — the main and most dangerous implication  of a sepsis. The syndrome of systemic inflammation with  uncontrollable emission of cytokines is the cornerstone of a sepsis.  The pathophysiology of a sepsis begins with impassioned inflammatory reaction which can last several days, and then passes  into more lingering immunosupressivny period where the outcome  depends on the immune system of the patient. Cellular apoptosis is  one of leaders in sepsis immunosupression development. In article  mechanisms of disturbance of an apoptosis of neutrophils are  described that, undoubtedly, affects weighting of a current of a  sepsis and as a result, a failure. Migration of neutrophils under  natural conditions includes four various phases which during a sepsis  are broken. The mechanisms worsening migration of  neutrophils, contributing to the development of a sepsis were  investigated in numerous scientific works. Authors of Peking  University offered schemes of a way of disturbance of an apoptosis  of neutrophils and migration of neutrophils at a sepsis. Despite the  extensive accumulated experience on studying of a pathogenesis of  septic states, there are no effective and specific remedies of fight  from a sepsis now. Perhaps, by prevention of disturbance of the  programmed death of a cell the cytokines developed anti-apoptotic,  caspase inhibitors will be. 

scholarly journals Discourse Analysis of Written Text on Pakistani Public Transport Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Rafia Bilal ◽  
Wasima Shehzad
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
English Language ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Lexical Cohesion ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex

This research focuses on the discourse analysis of the text written on Pakistani public transport vehicles. The data were collected from the roads, parking lots and market places in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The text was written in three languages, English, Urdu and Punjabi. The sample size was fifty but in order to delimit the study, the data size was reduced to ten. The data classification was done keeping into consideration the grounded theory, as the thematic categories of data emerged after data collection. They included love for religion, parents, opposite sex and country. Moreover, it highlighted the theme of morality, socio-economic problems, desire for upward mobility and wisdom-based quotations. The data were then analyzed keeping in mind Janks’ rubrics for linguistic analysis. The linguistic analysis showed that the text employs lexicalization, overlexicalization, lexical cohesion and there is extensive use of metaphors, euphemism and personification. It was noted that the text was multilingual as it was in Urdu, Punjabi or English language with a lot of code switching. The data were then further analyzed to highlight the social and moral attributes of language users, the socio-economic problems they face and their struggle for upward mobility. The social analysis provided a deep insight into the life of public transport drivers in Pakistani society.

scholarly journals Errors in the Use of English Grammar

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Anju Giri
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Question Formation ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Comprehensive Study

By systematically studying the errors committed by learners one can get a lot of hints about the learning strategies and mechanisms which they are employing in learning their target languages. Such hints have provided insights to the teachers, textbook writers, curriculum designers and many applied linguists and enable them to contribute to their fields. This article seeks to present a comprehensive study of grammatical errors committed by the bachelor level university students of Nepal learning English which followed the established stages of error analysis. It was found that the bachelor level students in Nepal did commit all sorts of grammatical errors in the use of the English language. For them, the error prone grammatical units were Sentence and Clause and the error prone grammatical categories were Conditionals, Mood, V-Form, Tense/Aspect, Main Verb, Subject-Verb Agreement, Question Formation, Auxiliary/Modal,Miscellaneous forms, 'So' Form, Determiner, Verb+Participle, Word Order, and Noun.Key words: Correct forms; Incorrect forms/mistakes; ErrorsJournal of NELTAVol. 15 No. 1-2 December 2010Page: 54-63Uploaded date: 4 May, 2011DOI: 10.3126/nelta.v15i1-2.4610

COMFORT ZONES

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Zubrinsky Charles
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
English Language ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
Neighborhood Racial Composition

AbstractThe remarkable increase in immigration from Asia and Latin America requires a rethinking of multiracial analyses of neighborhood racial-composition preferences. This research addresses two interrelated questions: (1) since spatial mobility is so central to social mobility, how do recent Asian and Latino/a immigrants develop ideas about the racial and ethnic composition of the neighborhoods in which they want to live; and (2) what are the implications of processes of immigrant adaptation for the likely dynamics of race and ethnic relations in increasingly diverse communities? Guided by Massey's spatial assimilation model and previous studies of neighborhood racial-composition preferences, this research underscores the critical importance of immigration and assimilation as influences on preferences for same-race, White, and Black neighbors. Data are from the 1993–1994 Los Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality (N = 1921). Results point to the critical role of acculturation—the accumulation of time in the United States and English-language proficiency/use, as well as racial attitudes—in understanding what motivates preferences for these diverse groups, and to the complexities of accurately modeling preferences among largely foreign-born populations. Preferences for both same-race and White neighbors vary by the length of time that immigrants have accumulated in the United States and their ability to communicate effectively in English. English-language fluency is a particularly salient predictor of preferences among recent immigrants. Consistent with prior research on preferences, racial stereotypes stand out as particularly potent predictors of preferences; however, their influence is weakest among the most recent immigrants, coming to resemble those of the native-born with increasing years of U.S. residence.

scholarly journals Retraction Note: Linguistic analysis in politically correct discourse (on the English language media content)

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 01033
Author(s):  
Kseniya Melnikova ◽  
Alla Guslyakova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Media Content ◽  
The Third

The Guest Editors and the Publisher have retracted this article. Actually, the third author of the article - Lucio Giuliodori - and his affiliation (University of Perugia, Piazza dell'Università, 1, 06123 Perugia PG, Italy) - should be removed from the list of authors of the article, because the author Lucio Giuliodori has been mistakenly included in this article. Lucio Giuliodori has no implications in this article. The authors Kseniya Melnikova and Alla Guslyakova agree to the retraction. Request approved on January 25, 2021.

The Response of Portable Electronics to Transient Conditions of Temperature and Humidity

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Punch ◽  
Ronan Grimes ◽  
Greg Heaslip ◽  
Timo Galkin ◽  
Kyo¨sti Va¨keva¨inen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Conference ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Humidity Response ◽  
Portable Electronics ◽  
Material Migration ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Transient Variations

The design of portable electronic systems for use in hot and humid conditions represents a significant design challenge for packaging engineers. Humidity drives a range of failure mechanisms: the alteration of material properties; hygro-mechanical stress phenomena; and the acceleration of corrosion and material migration. Moreover, portable electronic products such as mobile phones, CD players and digital cameras can experience rapidly varying conditions of temperature and humidity which, in certain conditions, can cause condensation to form on the internal and external surfaces of the product. Condensation — or even very high relative humidity — is a severe stimulus because it greatly accelerates corrosion and migration mechanisms. This paper considers the response of portable electronics to transient variations of temperature and humidity in order to assess the conditions under which condensation is likely to occur. A first-order coupled hygrothermal model is developed to represent the temperature and humidity response of a typical portable product using simple time constants. Experimental characterisation of a sample product is performed to evaluate the parameters of the model, and it is demonstrated how movement from one environment to another can precipitate condensation.   This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems.

scholarly journals Language Education for Forced Migrants: Governance and Approach

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Chick ◽  
Hannagan-Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Barriers To Education ◽  
Language Classes ◽  
Speakers Of Other Languages ◽  
And Migration

: This article stems from research conducted into the barriers to education, employment and language learning for refugees resettled into the convergence areas of Wales, UK. The authors consider that effective language programmes should play a key role in migration policies designed for multilingual, multicultural societies. The provision of English language classes for speakers of other languages (ESOL) ensures equality of opportunities, and in doing so, enriches the culture of our societies. By highlighting the challenges to language learning faced by refugees on the Syrian Vulnerable Persons’ Resettlement Scheme (VPRS), this article draws attention to the fact that government directives for language provision commissioned under VPRS often do not sufficiently meet the needs of teachers and learners at grassroots level. Recommendations for greater flexibility in the organisation of ESOL provision for those resettled under VPRS are put forward. While this paper focuses on the specific case study of VPRS participants in Wales, it is hoped that recommendations around changes to policy and practice in language learning may be applicable to teachers, policy-makers, and community organisers working at the nexus of language and migration.

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