The differences in root canal smear layer removal between 6,25% pineapple (Ananas comocus L. Merr.) peel extract and 17% Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid

Background: The smear layer is attached to dentine and occludes the orifice and, consequently, must be removed in order to improve the success of inroot canal treatment. The ideal irrigation material removes both the organic and inorganic smear layers. Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most commonly used root canal irrigation materials, but removes only inorganic smear layer. To overcome this problem, Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) peel extract, which contains saponins, bromelain, polyphenol and flavonoid, is used during root canal irrigation. Purpose: The study aimed to analyze the difference in smear layer removal between the use of 6.25% pineapple peel extract and 17% EDTA. Methods: 27 samples of mandibular premolar teeth with straight root canals were divided randomly into three groups (n = 9) and subsequently prepared using protaper. Irrigation was performed on the control group (aquadest), group I (17% EDTA) and group II (6.25% pineapple peel extract). The samples were dried, temporarily compressed and cut horizontally from the apical to the coronal. Samples were fixed with holder before the smear layer was observed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The resulting data was analyzed by means of an ANOVA test. Results: The highest score of root canal hygiene was recorded by group II, followed by group I and, finally, the control group. There were significant differences between the groups (p< 0.000). Conclusion: 6.25% pineapple peel extract produces a higher smear layer removal effect than 17%EDTA on the apical 1/3 of the root canal.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties and Smear Layer Removal/Sealer Penetration of a Novel Silver-Citrate Root Canal Irrigant

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13010194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 194 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Riccardo Tonini ◽

Massimo Giovarruscio ◽

Fabio Gorni ◽

Andrei Ionescu ◽

Eugenio Brambilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

Apical Portion ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Group I

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel silver-citrate root canal irrigation solution (BioAKT) on smear layer removal, sealer penetration after root canal instrumentation and antibacterial activity. Single-root teeth were endodontically treated, sealed with an epoxi-amine resin sealer and irrigated using: Group I: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group II: silver-citrate solution (BioAKT); Group III: phosphate buffer solution (PBS); Group IV: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Smear layer removal and silver deposition at the coronal, middle and apical portion of each canal were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at coronal, middle and apical portion was assessed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy (CSM). Both SEM and CSM micrographs were evaluated by two examiners (κ = 0.86), who were blind to the irrigation regimens; scores were given according to the degree of penetration of the sealer. Data analysis included Pearson’s x2 and Sidak’s multiple comparisons. Dentin discs were polished and sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown using a continuous-flow bioreactor under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Specimens were irrigated with the tested solutions, and bacterial viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Student’s post-hoc t-test (p < 0.05). BioAKT and EDTA were the most efficient solutions both in removing the smear layer and allowing sealer penetration. However, at the apical portion BioAKT performed significantly better compared to EDTA both in smear layer removal and sealer penetration (p < 0.05). BioAKT and NaOCl showed comparable antibacterial effect (p = 0.53). In conclusion, BioAKT represents a suitable smear layer removal agent, which allows for reliable sealer penetration at the apical portion of the root canal system and offers significant antibacterial properties.

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Potential of mangrove (Acanthus Ilicifolius) leave extract as an alternative root canal irrigation in removing smear layer (in-vitro study)

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1566 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 2869-2874

Author(s):

Dennis D ◽

Winda Fatika Sari ◽

Trimurni Abidin ◽

Widi Prasetia

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Negative Control ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Kappa Statistics ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Acanthus Ilicifolius ◽

Control Samples

Factor that should be considered in the use of irrigation is the loss of the smear layer on root canal walls. Therefore the prepared root canal can be irrigated using materials, such as EDTA 17% and 2,5% NaOCl and of extract Acanthus ilicifolius 7,5% and 10%. To determine the potential of extract Acanthus ilicifolius leaves as an alternative of root canal irrigation in removing smear layer at a concentratiom of 7,5% and 10%. The type of this study is a laboratory experimental with post-test only control group design. The total sample is 24 teeth samples that have been prepared and irrigated consisting of four groups. 6 samples for irrigation 7,5% extract Acanthus ilicifolius, 6 samples for irrigation 10% extract Acanthus ilicifolius, 6 positive control samples for combination 2,5% NaOCl and EDTA 17%, and 6 negative control samples. Shooting tool used to observe the cleanliness level in the walls of the root canal is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using Kappa statistics, followed by Kruskal wallis analysis test and continued with Mann-Whitney analysis. Acanthus ilicifolius 7.5% and 10% extracts can remove the smear layer when compared with the negative control group. The combination of 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA is better in smear layer removal compared to 7.5% and 10% Acanthus ilicifolius extracts. Acanthus ilicifolius was able to clean the smear layer on the root canal and can be used as an alternative root canal irrigation.

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The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle as A Final Irrigation Solution on The Smear Layer Removal, Micro-hardness and Surface Roughness of Root Canal Dentin

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210602014010019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26

Author(s):

Diatri Nari Ratih ◽

Raras Ajeng Enggardipta ◽

Aqilla Tiara Kartikaningtyas

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Root Canal ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Lower Surface ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Micro Hardness ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Root Canal Dentin

Background: Root canal irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment. One of the requirements of root canal irrigation material is that it can eradicate the smear layer but does not alter the physical properties of the root canal dentin. Objective: To investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticle as a final irrigation solution on the smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness of root canal dentin. Methods: Seventy-two premolars used in this study and divided by three evaluations, namely smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness. Each study used 24 teeth and was assigned randomly into three groups of eight teeth. Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; group-2, with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles; group-3, with 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were evaluated for smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness measuring instrument, respectively. Data obtained from smear layer removal evaluation were statically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U and data from micro-hardness and surface roughness were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles produced similar smear layer removal than 17% EDTA (P>0.05), but it was greater than 2.5% NaOCl (P<0.05). Chitosan had higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness than EDTA (P<0.05), but it was the same as 2.5% NaOCl (P>0.05). Conclusion: Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles had the same effect on smear layer removal compared to 17% EDTA; however, 0.2% chitosan produced higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness of root canal dentin than 17% EDTA.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Different Irrigation Protocols on Intracanal Smear Layer Removal in Teeth with or without Pre-Endodontic Proximal Wall Restoration

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9103325 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 3325

Author(s):

Naji Kharouf ◽

Eugenio Pedullà ◽

Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa ◽

Frédéric Bukiet ◽

Salvatore Sauro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Apical Level ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sonic Activation

To investigate the influence of pre-endodontic coronal wall restoration on smear layer removal during different root canal irrigation strategies, single-root premolars were prepared with a mesio-occlusal cavity. Half were left untreated (G1), while the mesial walls of the remaining half were reconstructed using a resin composite (G2). The specimens were divided into control (ctrl) groups, which used the conventional needle irrigation method, and four experimental subgroups according to irrigation strategy: Sonic activation using the Endoactivator, sonic activation using the EQ-S, mechanical activation using the XP-Endo finisher, and ultrasonic activation using the EndoUltra. Smear layer removal was assessed through SEM and the results were statistically analyzed. At the coronal and middle thirds, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was detected for G1 and G2, except for the control subgroups (G1ctrl vs G2 ctrl) at the middle third. At the apical third, the smear layer removal was significantly greater for G2 than G1. In G1, both at the middle and apical level, EQ-S and EndoUltra showed greater smear layer removal (p < 0.05) compared to the others G1 subgroups. In G2, at the apical level, the EQ-S and EndoUltra were the most effective in smear layer removal. Pre-endodontic coronal wall restoration may improve the smear layer removal during root canal irrigation.

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The impact of different irrigants on the quality of root canal walls

Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije ◽

10.2298/sgs0703160s ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 160-169

Author(s):

Goran Stojilkovic ◽

Jovanka Gasic ◽

Jelena Dakovic

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Complete Elimination ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Root Canals ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Combined Use ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Introduction: Root canal irrigation plays an important part in the endodontic therapy. Inadequate irrigation or instrumentation without irrigation increase the accumulation of debris on the cutting surfaces of instruments as well as debris and smear layer on root canal walls. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate smear layer removal after irrigation with saline, 5% NaOCl, 15% EDTA and the combination of 15% EDTA and 5% NaOCl. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Clinic for Dentistry and Institute for biomedical research of the School of Medicine in Nis. Twenty five premolars, extracted from orthodontic reasons, were allocated to 5 groups (A-E) of 5 teeth. Root canals of all teeth were instrumented using hand K files. Samples from Group A were instrumented without irrigation (control group). In Group B, the irrigation was done using saline, in Group C 5% NaOCl, in Group D 15% EDTA and in Group E the combination of 15% EDTA and 5% NaOCl. After the treatment, all samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Central parts of root canals were examined and photomicrographs were taken at different magnification. The amount of debris and smear layer was quantified and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: All four treatment modalities (B, C, D, E) induced changes in the appearance of dentinal walls and the amount of debris and the smear layer compared to the control group (A). The difference between the control group and Group B was statistically significant (p<0.01) and highly significant between the control group and Groups C, D and E (p<0.0001). The combined use of 15% EDTA and 5% NaOCl for irrigation and 1 min final rinse resulted in a complete elimination of the smear layer; the use of saline, 5% NaOCl or 15% EDTA alone failed to remove the debris and smear layer completely. Conclusion: The use of singular solutions for root canal irrigation significantly reduces the amount of debris and the smear layer whereas the combined use of NaOCl and EDTA results in the complete elimination of the smear layer from root canal walls.

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The Effectiveness of Three Different Plant Extracts Used as Irrigant in Removal of Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study

Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry ◽

10.5005/johcd-9-1-16 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 16-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A Gupta ◽

V Goyal ◽

J Duhan ◽

S Hans ◽

P Sangwan

Keyword(s):

Plant Extracts ◽

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Control Group ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Scanning Electron

ABSTRACT Aim In the present study, the role of three plant extracts as irrigant in root canal cleaning after instrumentation was evaluated. The effect of Syzygium aromaticum (S. Aromaticum), Ocimum sanctum (O. Sanctum) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) plant extracts was evaluated in smear layer removal. Methods The study was divided into different groups having 5 teeth each using various irrigating agents to evaluate smear layer removal. Group A: O. Sanctum extract; group A1: O. Sanctum extract with EDTA, group B: S. Aromaticum extract; group B1 S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA, group C: C. zeylanicum extract; group C1 C. zeylanicum extract with EDTA and two control group of 5 teeth each in group D: 3% NaOCl; group D1 3% NaOCl with EDTA (as positive control) and group E: Distilled water (as negative control); group E1 3% Distilled water with EDTA. Each tooth was split longitudinally and prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy. Results The herbal extracts were effective in cleaning root canal walls when combine with EDTA with maximum activity of S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA group. Conclusion Under the condition of present study the three herbal plant extracts were ineffective in removal of smear layer when used alone.

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A Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy (Debris and Smear Layer Removal) of Hand and Two NiTi Rotary Instrumentation Systems (K3 and ProTaper): A SEM Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1445 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1028-1035

Author(s):

Sangeetha Vallikanthan ◽

K Balakoti Reddy ◽

Shreemoy Dash ◽

Sowmya Kallepalli ◽

N Chakrapani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Group Iv ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Group I ◽

Rotary Instruments ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sem Study ◽

Cleaning Efficacy

ABSTRACT Objectives The present study was conducted to compare the cleaning efficacy (debris and smear layer removal) of hand and two NiTi rotary instrumentation systems (K3 and ProTaper). Materials and methods Sixty single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth decoronated at the cementoenamel junction were used. All the specimens were divided into four groups of 15 teeth each, group I—ProTaper rotary instrumentation done, group II—K3 rotary instrumentation done, group III—Stainless steel K-file instrumentation done, group IV—root canal irrigation without instrumentation. Root canal preparation was done in a crown down manner and 3% sodium hypochlorite was used as irrigant after each file followed by final rinse with 5 ml of 17% EDTA solution, then specimens were scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Results Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's HSD test. Group I showed highly statistical significant difference compared to other groups. There was no statistically significant difference considering smear layer at any levels among the groups with no smear layer formation in group IV. Conclusion ProTaper rotary instrumentation showed the maximum cleaning efficacy followed by K3 rotary instrumentation in the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canal. Clinical significance ProTaper rotary instruments are more efficient than hand and K3 rotary instruments during root canal treatment. How to cite this article Reddy KB, Dash S, Kallepalli S, Vallikanthan S, Chakrapani N, Kalepu V. A Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy (Debris and Smear Layer Removal) of Hand and Two NiTi Rotary Instrumentation Systems (K3 and ProTaper): A SEM Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1028-1035.

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Effectiveness of EDTA and EDTA-T brushingm on the removal of root surface smear layer

Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1517-74912003000400005 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 319-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José Eduardo Cezar Sampaio ◽

Ricardo Samih Georges Abi Rached ◽

Gibson Luiz Pilatti ◽

Letícia Helena Theodoro ◽

Luiz Henrique Carvalho Batista

Keyword(s):

Root Surface ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Group I ◽

Control Application ◽

Root Surfaces ◽

Gel Ph

The purpose of this study was to compare the removal of root surface smear layer following active application of EDTA gel and EDTA-T (texapon) gel in different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 24%), using scanning electron microscopy. A total of 220 dentin blocks obtained from the root surfaces of extracted teeth were divided into 3 groups: Group I - (control) application of saline solution (n = 20); Group II - EDTA gel (pH 7.0) was applied in the following concentrations: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 24% (n = 100); Group III - EDTA-T gel (pH 7.0) applied in the same concentrations described above (n = 100). The photomicrographs were evaluated by one calibrated examiner using a smear layer removal index and following statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test). The results demonstrated that the specimens treated with EDTA and EDTA-T gel presented a better smear layer removal than the control group (p < 0.01); no statistically significant differences were observed between the EDTA and EDTA-T groups and between the concentrations tested (Mann-Whitney, p > 0.05). Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that all treatment modalities effectively removed the smear layer from the root surface. The addition of texapon into the EDTA gel formulation did not increase its effectiveness.

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A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of different root canal irrigation regimens

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242006000300010 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 235-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Chaves Medici Mônika ◽

Izabel Cristina Fröner

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canal ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Root Canals ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Microscopic Evaluation ◽

Scanning Electron

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of endodontic irrigants in removing the smear layer from instrumented root canal walls using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The endodontic irrigants used were: 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 1% NaOCl mixed to 17% EDTAC; 2% chlorhexidine gel; and Ricinus communis gel. Photomicrographs of the middle and apical thirds were evaluated with the aid of the Fotoscore - v. 2.0 software. The results indicated that the mixture of sodium hypochlorite and EDTAC completely removed the smear layer from dentinal walls. The other endodontic irrigants were not as efficient in cleansing the root canals.

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An in vitro Evaluation of Microtensile Bond Strength of Resin-based Sealer with Dentin Treated with Diode and Nd:YAG Laser

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1297 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 183-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G Anil Kumar ◽

Maneesha Das ◽

Sindhu Ramesh ◽

Surendranath Garapati

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Nd:Yag Laser ◽

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Microtensile Bond Strength ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Ah Plus

ABSTRACT Background Smear layer is a negative factor which prevents adhesion of the filling material to the dentinal walls. Recent advances in dental research have incorporated lasers as a potential adjunct in root canal treatment by removing the smear layer before filling the root canal system, enhancing the adhesion of sealers to dentin and improving the sealing ability. Aim To evaluate the microtensile bond strength of AH-Plus resin-based sealer to dentin after treatment with 980 nm diode and 1,064 nm neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in vitro. Materials and methods Thirty specimens prepared for three groups namely group I (control), group II (980 nm diode–lased specimens) and group III (Nd:YAG–lased specimens). One tooth from each group was observed under scanning electron microscope for evaluation of intracanal root dentin morphology. Remaining specimens were used for making microsections by hard tissue microtome. Specimens for groups II and III were lased with 980 nm diode and 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser. AH Plus sealer was applied onto specimens and mounted onto Instron universal testing machine for microtensile bond strength testing. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results Group III Nd:YAG had maximum mean microtensile bond strength values (11.558 ± 0.869), followed by group II diode (9.073 ± 0.468) and group I control (6.05 ± 0.036). Statistically significant differences were seen among all the groups. SEM analysis shows removal of smear layer in both groups II and III. Conclusion Both Nd:YAG and diode laser were more effective than control group in improving the microtensile bond strength of AH Plus sealer to dentin. Clinical significance Lasers have the potential to increase the adhesiveness of root canal sealer to dentin surface, thereby improving the quality of root canal obturation. How to cite this article Maneesha D, Anil KG, Sindhu R, Surendranath G, Deepak S. An in vitro Evaluation of Microtensile Bond Strength of Resin-based Sealer with Dentin Treated with Diode and Nd:YAG Laser. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2): 183-187.

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