Effect of formula milk on the roughness and hardness of tooth enamel

Background: Demineralisation and remineralisation is a natural process in tooth enamel. It is influenced by the content of calcium and phosphorus in saliva, which concentrations are affected by the consumption of food, including formula milk. Demineralisation and remineralisation determine the roughness and hardness of the enamel surface. Purpose: This study compared the effect of formula milk on the roughness and hardness of tooth enamel. Methods: Maxillary premolar extracted teeth were demineralised with 37% phosphoric acid for 90 seconds and then divided into four treatment groups. For four days, the teeth were immersed twice a day in cow formula for five and ten minutes (Group I and II) and soy formula for five and ten minutes (Group III and IV). Before and after the immersion in milk, the teeth were submerged in artificial saliva. The enamel surface roughness and hardness were measured three times using a surface roughness tester and a Vickers microhardness tester, before and after demineralisation and after immersion in milk. Data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Mann–Whitney tests. Results: There was no significant difference (p=0.88) observed in the roughness reduction among the treatment groups. The highest increase in hardness was noted for the ten-minute cow formula milk group (93.27 ± 16.00). The increase of hardness was higher after immersion for ten minutes. A substantial difference (p=0.03) was seen in the increase of hardness between the treatment groups. Conclusion: Immersion in cow and soy formula milk for five and ten minutes does not reduce the enamel roughness, but it increases the enamel hardness.

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Differences in surface roughness of enamel after whey-extract application and CPP-ACP in post extracoronal-tooth bleaching

Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia ◽

10.22146/majkedgiind.26859 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Afiatul Mukarromah ◽

Irfan Dwiandhono ◽

Dian Noviyanti Agus Imam

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group Ii ◽

Bleaching Treatment

Demineralization is a process of partial or full tooth mineral loss which caused by acidic environment, for example the side effect of extracoronal bleaching treatment. Demineralization increases enamel surface roughness which leads plaque accumulation. Whey extract and calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phophate (CPP-ACP) contain calcium and phosphate that can stop the demineralization through remineralization process. This study aimed to determine the differences of enamel surface roughness after whey extract and CPP-ACP application post- extracoronal bleaching. Experimental laboratory with pre- and post-test control group design was performed on 24 first maxillary premolars which devided into 3 groups. On group I, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva. Specimens in group II were immersed in whey extract meanwhile specimens were immersed in CPP-ACP on group III. Whey extract and CPP-ACP immersions were conducted 10 minutes every 12 hours for 15 days. The enamel surface roughness test was performed twice, after extracoronal bleaching treatment and after 15 days remineralization agent application. This study result indicated significant differences between group I and group II and between group I and group III (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between group II and group III (p>0.05). This study showed whey extract decreased more enamel surface roughness than CPP-ACP but the difference was not significant statistically. So, whey extract and CPP-ACP showed similar remineralization potential.

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Applications of Whey Extract and Cpp-Acp in Email Surface Towards Enamel Surface Hardness After Extracoronal Bleaching

Jurnal Kesehatan Gigi ◽

10.31983/jkg.v6i2.5481 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Irfan Dwiandhono ◽

Dian Noviyanti Agus Imam ◽

Afiatul Mukaromah

Keyword(s):

Tooth Enamel ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Group Iii ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Group Ii

Teeth have an aesthetic value because teeth which are clean, neat and white can increase self confidence. Staining or dental discoloration can disrupt the appearance and cause discomfort. The most common type of discoloration is extrinsic discoloration. Treatment that can be done to overcome extrinsic discoloration is extracoronal bleaching. One way to avoid the extracoronal bleaching side effects is application of remineralization materials. The recommended remineralization materials for post-bleaching are fluoride and phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). This research aims to know the effect of whey extract application and CPP-ACP on tooth enamel hardness after extracoronal bleaching. Experimental laboratory with pre- and post-test control design was performed on 24 first maxillary premolar which devided into 3 groups. On group I, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva. Specimen in group II were immersed in whey extract meanwhile specimens were immersed in CPP-ACP on group III. Whey extract and CPP-ACP immersions were conducted 10 minutes every 12 hours for 15 days. The enamel surface roughness test was performed twice, after extracoronal bleaching treatment and after 15 days remineralization agent application. This study result indicated significant differences between group I and group II and group III (p0,05), but there was no significant difference between group II and group III (p0,05). This study showed the enamel surface hardness after whey extract application is higher than CPP-ACP but difference was not significant statistically

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THE EFFECT OF BILIMBI (BELIMBING WULUH) EXTRACT (Averrhoa bilimbi L) AGAINST DENTAL REMINERALIZATION AND ENAMEL MICROSTRUCTURE (IN VITRO RESEARCH)

Dentika Dental Journal ◽

10.32734/dentika.v20i1.737 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

Trimurni Abidin ◽

Marline Nainggolan ◽

Susi Susi

Keyword(s):

Tooth Enamel ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Surface Microstructure ◽

Enamel Microstructure ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

High Calcium ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Teeth physiologically undergo demineralization and remineralisation processes. One way to reduce demineralization can be done with the use of CPP-ACP (Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate), which has high calcium bioavailability. The use of natural materials products in the field of dentistry is currently growing, one of which is bilimbi/ starfruit (belimbingwuluh) that is rich in minerals and has many benefits. This study aims to analyze the effect of extract of bilimbi in tooth enamel remineralisation which is tested by using SEM and EDX equipments so that the difference of enamel surface microstructure and the amount of calcium and phosphorus content of tooth enamel surface can be identified. A total of eight hidden molar teeth were extracted, cut into four parts and divided into four groups, namely group I: the teeth applied with the wuluh bilimbi gel, group II: the teeth applied with CPP-ACP gel, group III: the teeth applied with the combination gel of starfruit extract and CPP-ACP gel, group IV: without any application. The result of this study was assessed qualitatively and it was noticeable that the treatment group combination of CPP-ACP gel and starfruit gel had the smoothest enamel surface microstructure. Quantitatively, there were significant difference is the three treatment groups (p≤ 0.05). The conclusion of this research is the effect of the application of wuluh bilimbi extract gel, CPP-ACP gel and gel combination of starfruit with CPP-ACP gel towards the remineralisation and microstructure of tooth enamel surface.

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Different Bleeding Patterns with the Use of Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System: Are They Associated with Changes in Uterine Artery Blood Flow?

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/815127 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carlo Bastianelli ◽

Manuela Farris ◽

Stefania Rapiti ◽

Roberta Bruno Vecchio ◽

Giuseppe Benagiano

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Uterine Artery ◽

Endometrial Thickness ◽

Power Doppler ◽

Artery Blood Flow ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Objective. Evaluate if different bleeding patterns associated with the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) are associated with different uterine and endometrial vascularization patterns, as evidenced by ultrasound power Doppler analysis.Methodology. A longitudinal study, with each subject acting as its own control was conducted between January 2010 and December 2012. Healthy volunteers with a history of heavy but cyclic and regular menstrual cycles were enrolled in the study. Ultrasonographic examination was performed before and after six months of LNG-IUS placement: uterine volume, endometrial thickness, and subendometrial and myometrial Doppler blood flow patterns have been evaluated.Results. A total of 32 women were enrolled out of 186 initially screened. At six months of follow-up, all subjects showed a reduction in menstrual blood loss; for analysis, they were retrospectively divided into 3 groups: normal cycling women (Group I), amenorrheic women (Group II), and women with prolonged bleedings (Group III). Intergroup analysis documented a statistically significant difference in endometrial thickness among the three groups; in addition, mean pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in the spiral arteries were significantly lower in Group I and Group III compared to Group II. This difference persisted also when comparing—within subjects of Group III—mean PI and RI mean values before and after insertion.Conclusions. The LNG-IUS not only altered endometrial thickness, but—in women with prolonged bleedings—also significantly changed uterine artery blood flow. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and enable gynecologists to properly counsel women, improving initial continuation rates.

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The effect of theobromine and NaF 2% exposure to enamel surface hardness after immersing in orange juice beverage

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v9i2.2019.70-73 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Tamara Yuanita ◽

Setyabudi Setyabudi ◽

Qintan Sekar Adjani

Keyword(s):

Orange Juice ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

Toxicity Effect ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Peel Extract

Background: Consumption of orange juice which had acidic quality will cause a demineralization on enamel. The most effective way to prevent the demineralization process was by involving remineralization agents. Fluoride was effective to improve remineralization but has toxicity effect and caused fluorosis at certain dose. Another alternative for remineralization agent without providing side effects is theobromine contained in cocoa peel extract (Theobroma cacao). Objective: To explain the effect of theobromine and NaF 2% exposure on enamel surface hardness after immersion in commercial orange juice. Method: Twenty-seven cattle incisors were cut into a square shape 1x1 cm and then planted in a round resin mold then divided into three groups. All three groups were immersed in orange juice beverage for 60 minutes. The control group was immersed in distilled water, group I was given theobromine 200 mg / L, and group II was given 2% NaF after exposure for 96 minutes. Surface hardness measurements were carried out using the Wolpert Micro Vickers Testers tool. Results: There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between surface hardness of tooth enamel from the control group and theobromine group and there was also a significant difference between the control group and the NaF group. However, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in the NaF group with theobromine group. Conclusion: The effect of exposure to theobromine and NaF 2% on surface enamel hardness after immersion in orange juice beverage has the same result.

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ENAMEL SURFACE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN WHITE SPOT LESIONS AFTER ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT USING A MICROABRASION TECHNIQUE WITH FLUORIDE OR CALCIUM PHOSPHOPEPTIDE-AMORPHOUS CALCIUM PHOSPHATE APPLICATION

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s2.28 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Novira Mutia Safitri ◽

Haru Setyo Anggani ◽

Miesje Karmiati Purwanegara ◽

Sariesendy Sumardi

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

White Spot ◽

White Spot Lesions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Bacterial Plaque

Objectives: White spot lesions after fixed orthodontic treatment will increase bacterial plaque formation due to increased enamel surface roughness. The aim of this study was to analyze the surface roughness of white spot lesions on enamel after a microabrasion technique, a microabrasion technique combined with calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) application, and a microabrasion technique combined with fluoride application.Methods: Artificially induced white spot lesions on the enamel surfaces of 42 maxillary first premolars were randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups (n=14): (a) A microabrasion technique, (b) a microabrasion technique combined with CPP-ACP application, and (c) a microabrasion technique combined with fluoride application. A Mitutoyo SJ-301 surface roughness tester was used to measure differences in surface roughness before and after treatment, and the after treatment measurements were compared among the three groups.Results: A significant difference in surface roughness was noted for the white spot lesions on enamel before and after treatment in all groups (p<0.05). A significant difference was also found when comparing the after treatment surface roughness in all groups.Conclusion: The combination of the microabrasion technique with CPP-ACP application significantly reduced enamel surface roughness when compared to microabrasion alone or the combination of microabrasion and fluoride application.

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The Effect of Different Storage Conditions on the Physical Properties of Pigmented Medical Grade I Silicone Maxillofacial Material

ISRN Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2013/582051 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ayman A. Al-Dharrab ◽

Seham B. Tayel ◽

Mona H. Abodaya

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Prosthetic Material ◽

Control Group ◽

Color Changes ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different storage solutions that simulate acidic, alkaline, and sebum conditiions on the physical properties of pigmented (colorant elastomer) cosmesil M511 maxillofacial prosthetic material. Materials and Methods. Sixty specimens were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and were tested before and after immersion of different storage conditions for six months at 37 °C. The following tests were performed: color changes (group I), solution absorption (group II), surface roughness (group III), and scanning electron microscopy (group IV). Results. There were no significant changes observed in the color and solution absorption tests while surface roughness revealed significant difference between control group and other testing storage medium groups, and this result was supported by SEM analysis that revealed limited surface changes. Conclusions. Cosmaseil material is an acceptable cross-linked formulation that withstands storage in different solutions with variable pH. The addition of pigment cannot vary the physical properties of these materials. Surface roughness test as well as SEM microscopic study showed moderate changes indicating a limited effect on the surface of the material.

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MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CAD/CAM FABRICATED DENTURES & ITS CORRELATION WITH SURFACE PROPERTIES: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 486-497

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Abuheikal ◽

◽

Sherihan M. Eissa ◽

Hisham S. El Gabry ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Properties ◽

Complete Dentures ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

3D Printed ◽

Group Ii

Background: Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) techniques have lately become a popular treatment option for complete dentures fabrication. The two principal CAD-CAM techniques milling and 3D printing used in complete dentures construction have been approved and documented in showing clinically good results. Surface characteristics of dentures fabricated by these new techniques have a great effect on microbiological adherence to denture fitting surfaces. Aim: As other clinical trials and/or in-vitro studies evaluating the microbiological effect and its correlation with the surface roughness of the two advanced manufacturing techniques and comparing it with the conventional technique are lacking. Thus, this study aimed to further assess the microbiological and surface properties of different widely used denture base materials. Methodology: Thirty-six completely edentulous patients were selected and divided randomly into three groups Group I patients received conventional complete denture, Group II patients received CAD/CAM milled complete dentures and Group III patients received 3D printed complete dentures. All denture`s surface roughness were evaluated, also all patients were recalled after 3, 9 & 12 months respectively to evaluate the microbiological adherence. Results: Microbiological count significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 12 months in all groups, after 12 months there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between three groups as group II (Milled) was significantly the lowest, then the group I (conventional), while group III (3D printed) was significantly the highest. Regarding surface roughness of group II (milled) was significantly the lowest, while group III (3D printed) was significantly the highest. Finally, there was a strong positive significant correlation between microbiological adherence and surface roughness in all groups as (r > 0.5). Conclusion: Group II (Milled) appeared to be the best regarding microbiological adherence and surface roughness followed by the group I (conventional) and finally group III (3D printed). Furthermore, it was evident that surface roughness has a great effect on microbiological adherence regardless of the fabrication technique utilized.

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Shortening of dioestrus in female dogs using cloprostenol sodium at different stages of dioestrus.

Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ◽

10.51966/jvas.2021.52.4.321-324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Deepak J ◽

C. Jayakumar, Hiron M. Harshan and K. D. John Martin M. P. ◽

Hiron M. Harshan and K. D. John Martin C. ◽

John Martin K. D. ◽

John Martin K. D.

Keyword(s):

Control Group ◽

Serum Progesterone ◽

Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽

Luteal Regression ◽

Group Iii ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

A study was conducted in 18 healthy, fertile, non-pregnant, dioestrous female dogs to evaluate the efficacy of PGF2? analogue (cloprostenol sodium) in shortening the dioestrus. Bitches that were diagnosed non-pregnant by trans-abdominal ultrasonography, on day 30 of breeding and their dioestrual stage confirmed by serum progesterone assay, were randomly allotted to three groups of six bitches each. Group I and II bitches were treated with cloprostenol sodium @ 2.5 µg/kg b. wt., subcutaneously, thrice at 48 h interval, beginning on day 30 and 45 of last breeding, respectively. Group III animals were assigned as control and were left untreated. Fifty days from first injection of cloprostenol, serum progesterone assay was carried out among the animals in Group I and II whereas the same was done among Group III bitches on day 90 after last breeding. Among Group I and II, mean serum progesterone concentrations were 0.93 ± 0.04 and 0.87 ± 0.01ng/ mL, respectively whereas the level was 1.72 ± 0.9 ng/mL among control group; highly significant difference (p<0.01) existed between control and treatment groups. The present study indicated that administration of PGF2? analogue during dioestrus enhances the pace of luteal regression among non-pregnant bitches.

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Bionic effects of nano hydroxyapatite dentifrice on demineralised surface of enamel post orthodontic debonding: in-vivo split mouth study

Progress in Orthodontics ◽

10.1186/s40510-021-00381-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Purva Verma ◽

Srirengalakshmi Muthuswamy Pandian

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Roughness Parameters ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Envelope Method ◽

Group Ii

Abstract Background Orthodontic debonding procedure produces inevitable enamel surface alterations, sequelae to which are enamel demineralization, sensitivity and retention of pigments. Several agents have been employed to counterbalance the same. The purpose of this study was (1) To evaluate the hypothesis that no significant difference exists in the remineralising potential of nano hydroxyapatite (NanoHAP) dentifrice and fluoridated dentifrice after orthodontic debonding, (2) To estimate the enamel topographic parameters following use of nano HAP dentifrice, post orthodontic debonding. Methods Sixty upper first bi-cuspids (30 subjects) planned for therapeutic extraction for the orthodontic treatment were bonded with a light cured adhesive. Envelope method of randomisation was followed in this prospective in-vivo study. In each subject, one of the first premolar brackets was debonded using a debonding plier and polished following standard protocols. Envelope method of randomisation was used to determine the side of the premolar to be debonded first. Patient was advised to use fluoridated (Group I) dentifrice for the first 15 days, then the first premolar was covered with a heavy-bodied putty cap, extracted and subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM). Contralateral first premolar was then debonded and polished using similar protocol, and patient was advised to use nano hydroxyapatite dentifrice (Group II) for next 15 days. The premolar was then extracted and analyzed for surface roughness using AFM. The remineralizing potential of dentifrices was assessed by evaluating surface roughness parameters of the two groups and were compared using a two-sample t test. Results A significant difference was found amongst Group I (Fluoridated dentifrice) and Group II (NanoHAP dentifrice) (p > 0.001***) for enamel surface roughness variables which reflect remineralising potential of dentifrices. Group II showed significantly lesser value of surface roughness characteristics. Conclusions NanoHAP dentifrice was shown, after 15 days, to be superior to fluoridated dentifrice in remineralising enamel post orthodontic debonding.

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