scholarly journals IMPROVING BIO-OIL QUALITY VIA CO-PYROLYSIS EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AND POLYPROPILEN PLASTIC WASTE

Konversi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunarno Sunarno ◽  
Alfi Randi ◽  
Panca Setia Utama ◽  
Silvia Reni Yenti ◽  
Wisrayetti Wisrayetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Bio Oil

The current consumption of fuel oil, especially gasoline and diesel oil, is increasing. Along with the decline in production, national oil production activities encourage efforts to find alternative fuels as a substitute for oil-based energy supplies. Bio-oil is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for diesel that can be used as fuel. In this study, the raw materials were palm oil empty bunches and polypropylene plastic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio of raw material for oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene, the effect of co-pyrolysis temperature on the yield of bio-oil and determine the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. This study used the variable ratio of oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene (100:0, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40) and co-pyrolysis temperature (400, 450, 500 and 550 °C). The results showed that the highest yield of bio-oil was obtained, namely 41.6% with a ratio of EFB: PP (80:20) at temperature of 450 °C. The characterization of the product obtained was density of 0.891 g/ml,  viscosity of 4.18 cSt,  pH of 3.38 and  calorific value of 43.2 MJ/kg.

Biomass Pellets from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Rahman Farhan Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Binder Concentration

Oil Palm growths in Indonesia are getting higher every year. Oil palm plantationproduced various waste, including oil palm empty fruit bunches (OP-EFB). 95 % Indonesia energy demand still provided by the fossil fuel and only 5 % provided by renewable energy, which provide opportunity of OP-EFB biomass pellets to be utilized as alternative resource. The research of biomass still low, especially research of OP-EFB biomass pellets. Therefore, the research objectives were to determine the production process of OP-EFB and to define the most effective binder and binder ratio for the biomass pellets. This research experiments  consist of shredding, chopping, drying, grinding, and sieving as raw material pretreatment. Also, varying the binder and binder concentration of the mixture between raw materials was the part of this thesis research. The binders used in this thesis research are PVAC paste and tapioca based paste with 4 variations of concentration. The analyses of the biomass pellets characteristic are density,compressive strength, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, combustion rate, and gas chromatographic & mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The result shows that OP-EFB biomass pellets are qualified to be considered as biomass pellets. The most effective OP-EFB biomass pellets is biomass pellets with 10% tapioca binder concentration.

scholarly journals Catalytic and Thermal Cracking of Bio-Oil from Oil-Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, in Batch Reactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Santiyo Wibowo ◽  
Lisna Efiyanti ◽  
Gustan Pari
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Bio Oil

The world’s potency of fossil-derived petroleum fuels has declined steadily, while its consumption continues to rise ominously. Therefore, several countries have started to develop renewable fuels like bio-oil from biomass. Relevantly, the aim of this research was to explore the technical feasibility of upgrading the qualities of crude bio-oil (CBO) produced from the pyrolysis on oil-palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using Ni/NZA catalyst in a batch reactor. The natural zeolite (NZ) was activated by HCL 6 N and NH4Cl (obtained sample NZA). Supporting Ni onto NZA was conducted with an impregnation method using a salt precursor of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O followed by calcination with a temperature of 500 °C. Catalyst characterization includes determining the site of TO4 (T = Si or Al) in zeolites, acidity, crystallinity, and catalyst morphology. Cracking reaction of CBO was carried out in batch reactor in varied temperatures of 250 and 300 °C with the variation of catalyst weight of 0, 4, 6, and 8% toward CBO. Several analyses of the liquid product such as product yield, specific gravity, pH, viscosity, calorific value, and chemical compound were conducted. The results showed that acidification and Ni loading on zeolite samples increased their acidity. The optimum CBO’s cracking condition was judged to be the temperature of 300 °C with 6% Ni/NZA catalyst use, whereby the fuel yield reached 26.42% and dominated by particular compounds comprising phenol, octanoic acid, and alkane hydrocarbons. Under such conditions, the characteristics of fuel were pH 3.54, specific gravity 0.995, viscosity 14.3 cSt, and calorific value 30.85 MJ/kg.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CANGKANG BIJI KARET DENGAN ADITIF TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF MELALUI TEKNOLOGI PEMBRIKETAN

JTAM ROTARY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Randi Nasarudin ◽  
Abdul Ghofur
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Additional Material

The development of alternative energy sources that can replace fuel oil is very important to utilize natural resources optimally and environmentally. The shell produced from rubber plants is the main ingredient in this study, while the coconut shell is an additional material used to increase the calorific value of alternative fuels which is often referred to as Briquette. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of variations in raw material composition and variations in pressure on the quality of rubber shells and coconut shell waste briquettes according to SNI standards. The raw material for rubber shell and coconut shell is processed into charcoal using carbonization method with a variation of a mixture of 85%: 15%, 90%: 10% and 95%: 5% with 5% adhesive. Then mix the printed material with a pressure of 300 kg/cm2 and 100kg/cm2. The quality parameters of briquettes are based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards with moisture content, ash content, volatille matter content, and lacquer value. The results of the study showed that the sample b1 with 85% injection: 15% print pressure 300kg/cm2. The briquette with the sample code b1 has a water content value of 5,10432%, ash content of 14,8604%, volatile matter content of 12,8002%, carbon value of 66,8225% and heating value of 6576.592501 cal/gr. But overall the briquettes have not met the standards of SNI 01-6235-2000 concerning the quality of wood charcoal briquettes. Because the ash content of the briquette exceeds the maximum limit that has been determined, namely a maximum of 8%.  Keywords: Alternative Energy, Rubber Seed Shell, Coconut Shell, Pressure

scholarly journals Production of biodiesel from Annona muricata seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 01011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-Leong Wong ◽  
Waye-Hong Lim ◽  
Jet Si ◽  
Man-Kee Lam ◽  
Yeek-Chia Ho
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Temperature Time

Biodiesel is one of the effective alternative fuels to overcome the problems associated with environmental issues and energy crisis. However, the production of biodiesel from edible oil has provoked the food versus fuel dispute. Thus, a non-edible crop, Annona muricata, is selected as the raw material to produce oil for biodiesel production. In this study, A. muricata oil was extracted with n-hexane at 70 °C for 6 h. Subsequently, the oil was transesterified with methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce biodiesel. The significance of transesterification parameters including temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and oil-to-methanol ratio on biodiesel yield (%) was established through two-level factorial design. The factorial design shows that all parameters are significant. Besides, the high content of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) in the resultant biodiesel suggests that A. muricata biodiesel could display good fuel quality. This hypothesis is proven by the excellent calorific value (39.21 MJ kg-1).

scholarly journals Experimental studies of hydrothermal liquefaction of kitchen waste with H+, OH− and Fe3+ additives for bio-oil upgrading

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2095740
Author(s):  
Lixian Wang ◽  
Yong Chi ◽  
Di Shu ◽  
Elsa Weiss-Hortala ◽  
Ange Nzihou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Kitchen Waste ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Solid Waste Treatment

Kitchen waste (KW) has gradually become a prominent problem in municipal solid waste treatment. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising method used to make fuel oil from food and KW. However, the upgrading of bio-oil is particularly important for the sake of industrial reuse. In this study, the KW from university restaurants was subjected to HTL experiments in order to study theoretical feasibility. With the change of conversion temperature and residence time, the optimal conversion working conditions in this study were determined according to the quality and yield of the bio-oil. Moreover, the bio-oil upgrading effects of different additives (hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, and iron(III) chloride) on the HTL of KW were studied. Alkaline additives have an inhibitory effect on the bio-oil yield and positive effect on coke yield. Acidic additives and iron (Fe)-containing additives can promote bio-oil yield. As an important aspect of upgrading, the effect on the nitrogen content of bio-oil with additives was revealed. The alkaline and Fe-containing additives have little effect on reducing the viscosity of the bio-oil while with the appropriate ratio (2.5 mol•kg−1) of acidic additives to the raw material, the static and dynamic fluidity of the oil phase products are reduced to about 0.1 Pa•s.

scholarly journals Production of Acetyl Cellulose from Agricultural Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2725-2728
Author(s):  
S.D. Yuwono ◽  
D.A. Iryani ◽  
C. Gusti ◽  
Suharto ◽  
Buhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

In Indonesia especially in Lampung Province, there are a lot of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as an organic material waste. OPEFB is relatively inexpensive lignocellulose material as raw material of cellulose acetate or acetyl cellulose. In a business to bigger added value out of these natural renewable materials, the production of the acetyl cellulose was performed well by the acetylation of cellulose from OPEFB using different methods. These were extensively characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the acetyl cellulose resulted showed similar properties to cotton acetyl cellulose. Degree of substitution of the resultant acetyl cellulose from different methods was improved from 1.86 to 2.60.

scholarly journals Influence of Fuel Moisture Content and Reactor Temperature on the Calorific Value of Syngas Resulted from Gasification of Oil Palm Fronds

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Mekbib Atnaw ◽  
Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman ◽  
Suzana Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Reactor Temperature ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content ◽  
Zone Temperature

Biomass wastes produced from oil palm mills and plantations include empty fruit bunches (EFBs), shells, fibers, trunks, and oil palm fronds (OPF). EFBs and shells are partially utilized as boiler fuel while the rest of the biomass materials like OPF have not been utilized for energy generation. No previous study has been reported on gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) biomass for the production of fuel gas. In this paper, the effect of moisture content of fuel and reactor temperature on downdraft gasification of OPF was experimentally investigated using a lab scale gasifier of capacity 50 kW. In addition, results obtained from equilibrium model of gasification that was developed for facilitating the prediction of syngas composition are compared with experimental data. Comparison of simulation results for predicting calorific value of syngas with the experimental results showed a satisfactory agreement with a mean error of 0.1 MJ/Nm3. For a biomass moisture content of 29%, the resulting calorific value for the syngas was found to be only 2.63 MJ/Nm3, as compared to nearly double (4.95 MJ/Nm3) for biomass moisture content of 22%. A calorific value as high as 5.57 MJ/Nm3was recorded for higher oxidation zone temperature values.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENT СО & СО2 EMISSIONS PROPOSED REDUCING MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
A.G. Taranin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Petroleum Refining ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Gas Atmosphere

The Diesel Engines (ICE) exhaust gas atmosphere noxious emissions reducing measures were introduced by the different editions and engine manufacturer publications already 25 years ago. Many of that have used up to present depend of its installation, usage and maintenance costs. For the mentioned above 25 years of emissions decreasing ways practical using on the vessels has identified it further usage consistency and profitability (efficiency). The atmosphere SОХ noxious emissions proposed decreasing way is directly connected with using fuel oil, i.e. at the fuel oil sulphur content decreasing the SОХ emission has decreasing too, that is task not for ship owners, but for petroleum-refining manufactures and bunkering companies. СО and СО2 emissions decreasing is a corner task, as a fuel oil quality and lower calorific value are identified by the carbon & hydrogen content. Thus the fuel oil carbon and hydrogen content decreasing will bring to the decreasing of a quality and lower calorific value. Therefore all of this 25 years for the vessels diesel engines (ICE) exhaust gases СО & СО2 emissions decreasing the energy efficiency task is stated. Our proposed way can allow to resolve the СО & СО2 emissions decreasing task for the engines operation parts of loads and nominal loads.

scholarly journals Produksi Bahan Bakar Minyak dari Pirolisis Pelet Hydropulper Reject Industri Kertas

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Syamsudin Syamsudin ◽  
Reza Bastari Imran Wattimena ◽  
Ibrahim Syaharuddin ◽  
Andri Taufick Rizaluddin ◽  
Reza Bastari Imran Wattimena
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Oil Fuel

Konsumsi kertas bekas di industri kertas Indonesia mencapai 6.598.464 ton/tahun dan menghasilkan hydropulper reject sebesar 5-10% dari kertas bekas yang digunakan. Penelitian pirolisis hydropulper reject dari industri kertas untuk produksi bio-oil telah dilakukan. Tipikal limbah hydropulper reject terdiri dari 20% serat dan 80% plastik (High Density Polyethylene, HDPE >90%). Bahan padat tersebut berpotensi dikonversi menjadi bahan bakar minyak melalui proses pirolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pirolisis pelet hydropulper reject untuk produksi bio-oil sebagai bahan bakar minyak. Setelah dipisahkan dari logam, hydropulper reject dikeringkan, dicacah, dan dibentuk menjadi pelet berdiameter 10 mm dan panjang 20-30 mm. Nilai kalor pelet hydropulper reject mencapai 29,30 MJ/kg (dried based, db) dengan kadar zat terbang 84,84% (db). Pelet hydropulper reject dipirolisis dengan reaktor kombinasi pembakaran-pirolisis. Produk yang dihasilkan berupa bio-oil mampu bakar sebanyak ±40% bahan baku dengan nilai kalor 77,79 MJ/kg. Perkiraan listrik yang dapat dihasilkan dari pemanfaatan syngas sebesar 1,08 kWh/kg hydropulper reject.Kata kunci: hydropulper reject, pirolisis, bio-oil, syngas, listrikProduction of Oil Fuel From Pyrolysis of Hydropulper Reject Pellet from Paper IndustryAbstract Waste paper consumption in Indonesian paper industries reached 6,598,464 tons/year and produced hydropulper reject about 5-10% of waste paper. Pyrolysis of hydropulper reject from the paper industry for bio-oil production has been investigated. Hydropulper reject consists of 20% fiber and 80% plastic (High Density Polyethylene, HDPE>90%). This solid material has potential to be converted into oil fuel through pyrolysis. This study aims to investigate the pyrolysis of hydropulper reject pellets for bio-oil as fuel oil production. After being separated from the metals, hydropulper reject was dried, shredded, and shaped into pellets with 10 mm diameter and 20-30 mm length. The pellets had calorific value of 29.30 MJ/kg (dried based, db) with volatile matter 84.84% (db). The pellets were pyrolized with a combustion-pyrolysis combination reactor. The product was combustible bio-oil as much as ±40% of feedstock and had calorific value of 77.79 MJ/kg. Estimated electricity generated from syngas utilization about 1.08 kWh/kg.  Keywords: hydropulper reject, pyrolysis, bio-oil, syngas, electricity 

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