scholarly journals The impact of plant water status on the gas exchange, berry composition and wine quality of Chasselas grapes in Switzerland

OENO One ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Zufferey ◽  
Thibaut Verdenal ◽  
Agnès Dienes ◽  
Sandrine Belcher ◽  
Fabrice Lorenzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Berry Composition

Aims: The aim of this research was to study the physiological and agronomical behaviors (leaf gas exchange, plant vigor, mineral supply, and yield components) of the Chasselas grapevine subjected to different water regimes during the growing season. The resulting grape and wine qualities were also determined.Methods and results: Adult vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chasselas (clone 14/33-4, grafted onto 5BB) were subjected to different water regimes (various levels of irrigation) during the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor the plant water status [the predawn leaf (. Leaf photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), vulnerability to cavitation, yield parameters, berry composition at harvest, and organoleptic quality of wines were analyzed over a period of eight consecutive years between 2009 and 2016, under the relatively dry conditions of the Canton of Wallis, Switzerland.In non-irrigated vines, the progressively increasing water deficit observed over the season reduced the leaf gas exchange (A and E) and gs. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, A/gs) increased over the season and was greater in vines that had suffered water restriction than in irrigated vines. The rise in WUEi was correlated with an increase in d13C in the must sugars at harvest. Vulnerability to cavitation (embolism phenomenon) increased with increasing water deficit in the non-irrigated vines with covered soils. A decrease in plant vigor was observed in the vines that had been subjected to water restrictions over multiple years. Moderate water stress during fruit ripening was favorable for sugar accumulation in berries and lowered the contents of total and malic acidity in the musts and the content of available nitrogen (YAN). Overall, the organoleptic characteristics and quality of Chasselas wines were little influenced by the vine water regimes, with the exception of the hot, dry season in 2009 (and, to a lesser degree, in 2011). In those years, the quality of the wines from the irrigated vines, which had not suffered any water stress, received a better appreciation. Bitterness was generally greater in samples from the non-irrigated vineyards that had suffered from drought than in samples from the irrigated vines. No significant differences in the aroma and wine structure were measured during the study period, regardless of the vine irrigation status.Conclusions: The physiological behavior (gas exchange, plant vigor, and mineral supplies) and grape ripening in Chasselas vines were largely dependent on the water supply conditions in the vineyard during the growing season.Significance and impact of the study: Vine water status is a key factor in leaf gas exchange, canopy water use efficiency, berry composition and, lastly, wine quality.

scholarly journals The influence of water stress on plant hydraulics, gas exchange, berry composition and quality of Pinot Noir wines in Switzerland

OENO One ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Zufferey ◽  
Jean-Laurent Spring ◽  
Thibaut Verdenal ◽  
Agnès Dienes ◽  
Sandrine Belcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Plant Hydraulics ◽  
Berry Composition

<p><strong>Aims : </strong>The aims of this study were to investigate the physiological behavior (plant hydraulics, gas exchange) of the cultivar Pinot Noir in the field under progressively increasing conditions of water stress and analyze the effects of drought on grape and wine quality.</p><p><strong>Methods and results : </strong>Grapevines of the variety <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. cv. Pinot Noir (clone 9-18, grafted onto 5BB) were subjected to different water regimes (irrigation treatments) over the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor plant water status (leaf and stem water potentials and relative carbon isotope composition (d<sup>13</sup>C) in must sugars). Leaf gas exchange (net photosynthesis A and transpiration E), leaf stomatal conductance (gs), specific hydraulic conductivity in petioles (K<sub>petiole</sub>), yield components, berry composition at harvest, and organoleptic quality of wines were analyzed over a 7-year period, between 2009 and 2015, under relatively dry conditions in the canton of Wallis, Switzerland. A progressively increasing water deficit, observed throughout the season, reduced the leaf gas exchange (A and E) and gs in non-irrigated vines. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE<sub>i</sub>, A/gs) increased during the growing season and was greater in water-stressed vines than in well-watered vines (irrigated vines). This rise in WUE<sub>i</sub> was correlated with an increase in d<sup>13</sup>C in must sugars at harvest. Drought led to decreases in K<sub>petiole</sub>, E and sap flow in stems. A decrease in vine plant vigor was observed in vines that had been subjected to water deficits year after year. Moderate water stress during ripening favored sugar accumulation in berries and caused a reduction in total acidic and malic contents in must and available nitrogen content (YAN). Wines produced from water-stressed vines had a deeper color and were richer in anthocyanins and phenol compounds compared with wines from well-watered vines with no water stress. The vine water status greatly influenced the organoleptic quality of the resulting wines. Wines made from non-irrigated vines with a water deficit presented more structure and higher-quality tannins. They were also judged to be more full-bodied and with blended tannins than those made from irrigated vines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions : </strong>Grape ripening and resulting Pinot Noir wines were found to be largely dependent on the water supply conditions of the vines during the growing season, which influenced gas exchange and plant hydraulics.</p><p><strong>Significance and impact of the study : </strong>Plant water status constitutes a key factor in leaf gas exchange, canopy water use efficiency, berry composition and wine quality.</p>

scholarly journals The influence of vine water regime on the leaf gas exchange, berry composition and wine quality of Arvine grapes in Switzerland

OENO One ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-568
Author(s):  
Vivian Zufferey ◽  
Thibaut Verdenal ◽  
Agnès Dienes ◽  
Sandrine Belcher ◽  
Fabrice Lorenzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Sensorial Quality ◽  
Berry Composition

Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyse the impact of different water regimes on the physiological and agronomical behavior of an aromatic white grapevine (cv. Arvine) by means of various levels of irrigation. The consequences of the plant water status were evaluated by carrying out a chemical (aromatic precursors) and sensorial analysis of the resulting wines.Methods and results: Adult vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Arvine grafted onto 5BB were subjected to different water regimes (various levels of irrigation) during the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor the plant water status [pre-dawn leaf (ΨPD) and stem (ΨSTEM) water potentials and carbon isotope composition (d13C) in the must]. Gas exchange (net photosynthesis AN and transpiration E), stomatal conductance (gs), yield parameters, berry composition at harvest, analysis of potential grape aromatic properties (glycosyl-glucose G-G, precursor 3-mercaptohexanol P 3-MH) and the sensorial quality of wines were analysed over a period of 8 consecutive years (2009-2016) in the Agroscope experimental vineyard in Leytron under the relatively dry conditions of the Rhône valley in Wallis, Switzerland.In the non-irrigated vines, the progressively increasing water deficit observed over the season reduced the leaf gas exchange (AN and E) and gs. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, A/gs) increased over the season and was greater in the vines that had suffered water restriction than in the irrigated vines. The rise in WUEi was correlated with an increase in d13C in the must sugars at harvest. A decrease in plant vigor was observed in the water stressed vines over multiple years. Moderate to high water stress during fruit ripening lowered the contents of total and malic acidity in the musts and the content of yeast available nitrogen (YAN). On the other hand, contents in sugar and the aromatic precursor (P-3MH) in berries were not influenced by the vine water status. The G-G values for berries increased with rising water stress in the non-irrigated vines. The wines from the plants subjected to water stress and to yeast available nitrogen deficiency (non-irrigated vines during hot and dry seasons) had a less distinctive typicity, and developed a lower aromatic expression with a more bitter taste, than the wines from the non-stressed plants. Overall, and compared with the stressed vines, the organoleptic characteristics and quality of Arvine wines from vines which had not undergone restrictions in water and nitrogen during the growing season were appreciated more.Conclusions: The vine’s physiological behavior (leaf gas exchange, plant vigor) and agronomic parameters (yield, berry composition), together with the quality of white aromatic Arvine wines, were strongly influenced by vine water regimes during the growing season.Significance and impact of the study: Vine water status and must nitrogen contents are key factors in grape composition and in the sensorial quality of resulting aromatic white wines.

Partial rootzone drying improves almond tree leaf-level water use efficiency and afternoon water status compared with regulated deficit irrigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregorio Egea ◽  
Ian C. Dodd ◽  
María M. González-Real ◽  
Rafael Domingo ◽  
Alain Baille
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying

To determine whether partial rootzone drying (PRD) optimised leaf gas exchange and soil–plant water relations in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) compared with regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), a 2 year trial was conducted on field-grown trees in a semiarid climate. Five irrigation treatments were established: full irrigation (FI) where the trees were irrigated at 100% of the standard crop evapotranspiration (ETc); three PRD treatments (PRD70, PRD50 and PRD30) that applied 70, 50 and 30% ETc, respectively; and a commercially practiced RDI treatment that applied 50% ETc during the kernel-filling stage and 100% ETc during the remainder of the growth season. Measurements of volumetric soil moisture content in the soil profile (0–100 cm), predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), midday stem water potential (Ψms), midday leaf gas exchange and trunk diameter fluctuations (TDF) were made during two growing seasons. The diurnal patterns of leaf gas exchange and stem water potential (Ψs) were appraised during the kernel-filling stage in all irrigation regimes. When tree water relations were assessed at solar noon, PRD did not show differences in either leaf gas exchange or tree water status compared with RDI. At similar average soil moisture status (adjudged by similar Ψpd), PRD50 trees had higher water status than RDI trees in the afternoon, as confirmed by Ψs and TDF. Although irrigation placement showed no effects on diurnal stomatal regulation, diurnal leaf net photosynthesis (Al) was substantially less limited in PRD50 than in RDI trees, indicating that PRD improved leaf-level water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Mechanical Harvesting Has Little Effect on Water Status and Leaf Gas Exchange in Citrus Trees

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Tan Li ◽  
James P. Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Photosystem Ii Efficiency ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Citrus Trees

Mechanical harvesting of citrus trees can cause physical injuries, such as shedding of leaves, exposing roots, and scuffing bark. Although mechanical harvesting usually has not reduced yield, physiological consequences to the tree from these visible injuries have not been investigated. We hypothesized that physical injuries to tree canopies and root systems from a properly operated trunk shaker would not cause short-term physiological effects. Tree water status and leaf gas exchange of mature `Hamlin' and `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees that were harvested by a trunk shaker were compared to hand-harvested trees. A trunk shaker was operated with adequate duration to remove >90% of mature fruit or with excessive shaking time under various environmental conditions and drought stress treatments throughout the harvest season. Mid-day stem (Ψstem) and leaf (Ψleaf) water potentials along with leaf gas exchange were measured before and after harvest. Trees harvested by the trunk shaker did not develop altered water status under most conditions. Trees harvested with excessive shaking time and/or with limited soil water supply developed low Ψstem resembling Ψstem of drought-stressed trees. However, water potential of all treatments recovered to values of the well-irrigated, hand-harvested trees after rainfall. In addition, mechanical harvesting did not reduce CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, or photosystem II efficiency as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. Thus, despite visible injuries, a properly operated trunk shaker did not result in any measurable physiological stress.

scholarly journals Quantitative Variation in Water-Use Efficiency across Water Regimes and Its Relationship with Circadian, Vegetative, Reproductive, and Leaf Gas-Exchange Traits

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Edwards ◽  
Brent E. Ewers ◽  
C. Robertson McClung ◽  
Ping Lou ◽  
Cynthia Weinig
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Leaf Gas Exchange, Plant Water Relations and Water Use Efficiency of Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp. Inoculated with Rhizobia under Different Soil Water Regimes

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa Tankari ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Ximei Zhang ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Rajesh Soothar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Δ13c And Δ18o

Impact of soil water regimes on physiological responses and water use efficiency (WUE) for Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. (cowpea) inoculated with rhizobia still remains implicit. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine the leaf gas exchange, abscisic acid (ABA) and hydraulic signaling, WUE and carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of cowpea under different soil water levels. The treatments included soil water regimes at three levels (90%, 70%, and 50% of soil water holding capacity (SWHC)) and two inoculation forms (inoculated and non-inoculated with rhizobia). The results showed that across the inoculation treatments, reduced soil water regimes depressed both stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (An) of the leaves, nonetheless, the decrease of gs was more pronounced compared with the reduction in An. Consequently, the intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was improved in the treatments under decreased soil water conditions. Plant WUE was also improved when soil water contents decreased as exemplified by the increased leaf δ13C and δ18O, indicating the enhanced plant WUE was mainly attributed to the decrease of gs. Significant interactions between soil water regimes and rhizobia treatments for root water potential (RWP), leaf water potential (LWP), and gs were found due to the different responses of rhizobia to varied soil water regimes. Inoculation could improve plant water status and gs under 70% and 90% SWHC compared to 50% SWHC with negative effect from rhizobia. A moderate soil water regime is suggested for cowpea production in terms of high WUE with a minor biomass reduction.

scholarly journals Protective Netting Improves Leaf-level Photosynthetic Light Use Efficiency in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Under Heat Stress

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1416-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giverson Mupambi ◽  
Stefano Musacchi ◽  
Sara Serra ◽  
Lee A. Kalcsits ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Light ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Light Use Efficiency ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Use Efficiency

Globally, apple production often occurs in semiarid climates characterized by high summer temperatures and solar radiation. Heat stress events occur regularly during the growing season in these regions. For example, in the semiarid eastern half of Washington State, historic weather data show that, on average, 33% of the days during the growing season exceed 30 °C. To mediate some of the effects of heat stress, protective netting (PN) can be used to reduce the occurrence of fruit sunburn. However, the impacts of reduced solar radiation in a high light environment on light-use efficiency and photosynthesis are poorly understood. We sought to understand the ecophysiological response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Honeycrisp) under blue photoselective PN during days with low (26.6 °C), moderate (33.7 °C), or high (38.1 °C) ambient temperatures. Two treatments were evaluated; an uncovered control and blue photoselective PN. Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, or photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly greater at all measurement times under blue photoselective PN compared with the control on days with high ambient temperatures. Fv/Fm dropped below 0.79, which is considered the threshold for stress, at 1000 hr in the control and at 1200 hr under blue photoselective PN on a day with high ambient temperature. On days with low or moderate ambient temperatures, Fv/Fm was significantly greater under blue photoselective PN at 1400 hr, which coincided with the peak in solar radiation. ‘Honeycrisp’ apple exhibited dynamic photoinhibition as shown by the diurnal decline in Fv/Fm. Quantum photosynthetic yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was also generally greater under blue photoselective PN compared with the control for days with moderate or high ambient temperatures. Photochemical reflectance index (ΔPRI), the difference in reflectance between a stress-responsive and nonstress-responsive wavelength, was greater under PN compared with the control on the day with high ambient temperatures, with no differences observed under low or moderate ambient temperatures. Leaf gas exchange did not show noticeable improvement under blue photoselective netting when compared with the control despite the improvement in leaf-level photosynthetic light use efficiency. In conclusion, PN reduced incoming solar radiation, improved leaf-level photosynthetic light use efficiency, and reduced the symptoms of photoinhibition in a high-light, arid environment.

scholarly journals Production of Bambusa vulgaris seedlings from rhizomes under brackish water irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Lourenço M. C. Branco ◽  
Claudivan F. de Lacerda ◽  
Albanise B. Marinho ◽  
Carlos H. C. de Sousa ◽  
Amanda S. F. Calvet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation with brackish water on the production of bamboo seedlings (Bambusa vulgaris). The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda Experimental Piroás, in the municipality of Redenção, CE, Brazil (4° 14’ 53” S, 38° 45’ 10” W, and altitude of 230 m), in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water electrical conductivity (ECw): 0.5 (control); 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1. At 120 days after the beginning of the application of the treatments the leaf gas exchange, relative chlorophyll index (RCI), plant height (H), shoot dry matter (SDM), H/SDM ratio, and the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in stems and leaves were evaluated. Salt tolerance indexes were calculated based on SDM, H, photosynthesis rate and RCI. The increase in the ECw reduced leaf gas exchange, and the reduction in the photosynthesis rate was caused by stomatal and non-stomatal effects. The salinity affected negatively the growth and quality of bamboo seedlings, with the greatest effects being with ECw equal to or greater than 2.5 dS m-1. Bamboo seedlings present Na+ retention in the stems and low Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves. Bamboo seedlings are tolerant to salinity up to 1.5 dS m-1, indicating that waters with this salinity can be used for seedling production of this species, without loss of growth and quality.

Diurnal variation in gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrates throughout sugarcane development

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda P. De Souza ◽  
Adriana Grandis ◽  
Bruna C. Arenque-Musa ◽  
Marcos S. Buckeridge
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Diurnal Cycles

Photosynthesis and growth are dependent on environmental conditions and plant developmental stages. However, it is still not clear how the environment and development influence the diurnal dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates production and how they affect growth. This is particularly the case of C4 plants such as sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Aiming to understand the dynamics of leaf gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrates accumulation in different organs during diurnal cycles across the developmental stages, we evaluated these parameters in sugarcane plants in a 12-month field experiment. Our results show that during the first 3 months of development, light and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were the primary drivers of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and growth. After 6 months, in addition to light and VPD, drought, carbohydrate accumulation and the mechanisms possibly associated with water status maintenance were also likely to play a role in gas exchange and growth regulation. Carbohydrates vary throughout the day in all organs until Month 9, consistent with their use for growth during the night. At 12 months, sucrose is accumulated in all organs and starch had accumulated in leaves without any diurnal variation. Understanding of how photosynthesis and the dynamics of carbohydrates are controlled might lead to strategies that could increase sugarcane’s biomass production.

scholarly journals Physiological Performance of Pyrus pyraster L. (Burgsd.) and Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz Seedlings under Drought Treatment

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1496
Author(s):  
Viera Paganová ◽  
Marek Hus ◽  
Zuzana Jureková
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Sorbus Torminalis ◽  
Pyrus Pyraster

In this study, seedlings of Pyrus pyraster and Sorbus torminalis were grown for 60 days in the regulated environment of a growth chamber under different water regimes. The measured indicators were the growth and distribution of mass to organs, total biomass, root to shoot mass ratio (R:S), and gas exchange parameters (gs, E, An, and water use efficiency (WUE)). The amount of total biomass was negatively affected by drought. Differences between species were confirmed only for the dry matter of the leaves. P. pyraster maintained the ratio of the mass distribution between belowground and aboveground organs in both variants of the water regime. S. torminalis created more root length for a given dry-mass under drought treatment, but its R:S was lower compared to P. pyraster. The water potential of the leaves (Ψwl) was affected by substrate saturation and interspecific differences. P. pyraster had a demonstrably higher water potential and maintained this difference even after prolonged exposure to drought. After 30 days of different water regimes, Pyrus maintained higher values of gs, An, and E in control and drought treatments, but over a longer period of drought (after 50 days), the differences between species were equalized. The changes of the leaf gas exchange for Pyrus were accompanied by a significant increase in WUE, which was most pronounced on the 40th day of the experiment. A significant and strong relationship between WUE and gs was demonstrated. The results confirmed the different physiological performances of seedlings of tree species and the different mechanisms of their response to water scarcity during drought treatment. P. pyraster presented more acclimation traits, which allowed this taxon to exhibit better performance over a longer period of water scarcity.

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