scholarly journals Anti-adhesive membranes based on crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
V. A. Zhukovskiy ◽  
V. E. Nemilov ◽  
T. S. Filipenko ◽  
T. Y. Anuschenko
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Aminoacetic Acid ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Bifunctional Compounds ◽  
Time Required

In recent times, new anti-adhesion devices including devices based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which have “barrier” effect are being developed and actively introduced into surgical practice. The “barrier” should be completely resorbed after the time required to healing the morphofunctional integrity of the injured peritoneum, be economically available and easy to use (including laparoscopic technologies). But the time when the CMC is in the body is insufficient to prevent the formation of adhesions, particularly in the presence of non-absorbable rigid implants. The reactive functional groups in CMC allow to transform the CMC-macromolecule into a spatial structure. For this are required the using of bifunctional (bicarboxylic or aminocarboxylic) acids and the transform of a part of the carboxyl groups from the Na-form to the hardly soluble H-form, i.e., it is necessary to crosslink CMC-macromolecules. Adipic acid and glutaric acid, aminoacetic acid and amino capronic acid used are linking agents. The influence of modification parameters on the degree of polymers swelling in water is studied. As a result, to obtain membranes designed for the treatment of adhesive disease, it is recommended to use additives in CMC of bifunctional compounds.

scholarly journals Preparation and Pharmacokinetic Study of Daidzein Long-Circulating Liposomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiao Wang ◽  
Wenjin Liu ◽  
Junjun Wang ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Plasma Drug Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Plasma Drug ◽  
Ultrasonic Time ◽  
Time Required

Abstract In this study, daidzein long-circulating liposomes (DLCL) were prepared using the ultrasonication and lipid film-hydration method. The optimized preparation conditions by the orthogonal design was as follows: 55 to 40 for the molar ratio of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) to cholesterol, 1 to 10 for the mass ratio of daidzein to total lipid (SPC and cholesterol) (w:w), the indicated concentration of 5% DSPE-mPEG2000 (w:w), 50 °C for the hydration temperature, and 24 min for the ultrasonic time. Under these conditions, the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of DLCL were 85.3 ± 3.6% and 8.2 ± 1.4%, respectively. The complete release times of DLCL in the medium of pH 1.2 and pH 6.9 increased by four- and twofold of that of free drugs, respectively. After rats were orally administered, a single dose of daidzein (30 mg/kg) and DLCL (containing equal dose of daidzein), respectively, and the MRT0−t (mean residence time, which is the time required for the elimination of 63.2% of drug in the body), t1/2 (the elimination half-life, which is the time required to halve the plasma drug concentration of the terminal phase), and AUC0−t (the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve, which represents the total absorption after a single dose and reflects the drug absorption degree) of daidzein in DLCL group, increased by 1.6-, 1.8- and 2.5-fold as compared with those in the free group daidzein. Our results indicated that DLCL could not only reduce the first-pass effect of daidzein to promote its oral absorption, but also prolong its mean resident time to achieve the slow-release effect.

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study of Kinematic Characteristics on the Upper Body According to the Shooting of Elite Disabled Archery Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2962
Author(s):  
Tae-Whan Kim ◽  
Jae-Won Lee ◽  
Seoung-Ki Kang ◽  
Kyu-Yeon Chae ◽  
Sang-Hyup Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Kinematic Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Body Center ◽  
Time Required

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the kinematic characteristics of the upper limb segments during the archery shooting of Paralympic Wheelchair Class archers (ARW2—second wheelchair class—paraplegia or comparable disability) and Paralympic Standing Class archers (ARST—standing archery class—loss of 25 points in the upper limbs or lower limbs), where archers are classified according to their disability grade among elite disabled archers. The participants of this study were selected as seven elite athletes with disabilities by the ARW2 (n = 4) and ARST (n = 3). The analysis variables were (1) the time required for each phase, (2) the angle of inclination of the body center, (3) the change of trajectory of body center, and (4) the change of the movement trajectory of the bow center by phase when performing six shots in total. The ARW2 group (drawing phase; M = 2.228 s, p < 0.05, holding phase; M = 4.414 s, p < 0.05) showed a longer time than the ARST group (drawing phase; M = 0.985 s, holding phase; M = 3.042 s), and the angle of the body did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, in the direction of the anteroposterior axis in the drawing phase, the change in the movement trajectory of the body center showed a more significant amount of change in the ARW2 group than in the ARST group, and the change in the movement trajectory of the bow center did not show a significant difference between the two groups.

scholarly journals 3D Printed Laminated CaCO3-Nanocellulose Films as Controlled-Release 5-Fluorouracil

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denesh Mohan ◽  
Nur Fatin Khairullah ◽  
Yan Ping How ◽  
Mohd Shaiful Sajab ◽  
Hatika Kaco
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Uptake And Release ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Drug delivery constitutes the formulations, technologies, and systems for the transport of pharmaceutical compounds to specific areas in the body to exert safe therapeutic effects. The main criteria for selecting the correct medium for drug delivery are the quantity of the drug being carried and the amount of time required to release the drug. Hence, this research aimed to improve the aforementioned criteria by synthesizing a medium based on calcium carbonate-nanocellulose composite and evaluating its efficiency as a medium for drug delivery. Specifically, the efficiency was assessed in terms of the rates of uptake and release of 5-fluorouracil. Through the evaluation of the morphological and chemical properties of the synthesized composite, the established 3D printing profiles of nanocellulose and CaCO3 took place following the layer-by-layer films. The 3D printed double laminated CaCO3-nanocellulose managed to release the 5-fluorouracil as an effective single composition and in a time-controlled manner.

The Feasibility and Time Required for Routine Health Literacy Assessment in Surgical Practice and Effect on Patient Satisfaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Eubanks ◽  
Jesse N. Nodora ◽  
Chiu-Hsieh Hsu ◽  
Marian Bagley ◽  
Marcia E. Bouton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Literacy Assessment ◽  
Breast Clinic ◽  
Limited Health Literacy ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Improve Patient

Patients with limited health literacy (HL) have higher likelihood of problems with communication and may decrease patient satisfaction. This study was performed to determine the time required for routine HL assessment and its effect on patient satisfaction. Retrospective review over four years of consecutive patients who attended a breast clinic who underwent HL assessment as part of routine care. A total of 3126 consecutive patients from 2010 to 2014. Of the 3126 patients (96.9%), 3030 of were capable of undergoing HL assessment. No patients refused assessment, but one patient was inadvertently missed [3029 of 3030 patients (99.9%)]. The average age was 45 years and 10.5 years of education. The average time required was 1:57 minutes. Only 19 per cent of patients had adequate HL. Per each 1000 patients the time decreased (2:07, 1:58, 1:47; P < 0.001). Newest Vital Sign score did not change with time (1.6, 1.8, 1.7; P = NS). Patient satisfaction ratings increased during each subsequent year of HL assessments (P = 0.002). Routine HL assessment is feasible in surgical practice. HL assessment allows for identification of patients at risk for mis-communication. Implementation of communication strategies as described on the AMA website can improve patient-clinician communication and improve patient satisfaction.

Physical constraints on magma contamination in the continental crust: an example, the Adamello complex

1984 ◽  
Vol 310 (1514) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Country Rock ◽  
Mafic Magma ◽  
Zone Melting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Magma Body ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Sinking Velocity

Igneous intrusions may move upwards through the crust by zone melting, by penetrative intrusion, by sloping or by some combination of these three mechanisms. Each mechanism offers different opportunities for contamination of the magma by country rock. Both zone melting and sloping offer the greatest possibility of assimilation, but in most natural situations the maximum amount of country rock assimilable by a magma is considerably less than its own original volume. Thermal and other constraints limit the amount of ascent that a magma body may accomplish by either zone melting or sloping: once, and twice to three times the original height of the magma body respectively. The assimilability of a xenolith sinking in a magma (i.e. the possibility of reaching the bottom without fully melting) depends on the fourth power of the radius of the xenolith because the time required for assimilation increases as and the time available decreases as r2 (because of increased sinking velocity). This can explain the observed size distribution of xenoliths in some intrusions. Applied to the Tertiary Adamello igneous complex of northern Italy, these considerations suggest that the intrusion may have been initiated by the emplacement of a mafic magma body in the lower crust. The body remained gravitationally stable until its composition had been modified and its density so lowered by zone melting of its roof that it began to ascend through the crust by either penetrative or sloping processes. The intrusion finally solidified at a depth of between six and ten kilometres and the last stages of emplacement occurred by sloping. The complex comprises a number of separate intrusions and this process was repeated seven or more times over a 10 Ma period (between 30 and 40 Ma). Each episode of intrusion, however, lasted less than 1 Ma

scholarly journals Spin-up in a tank induced by a rotating bluff body

1999 ◽  
Vol 388 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. MAYNES ◽  
J. KLEWICKI ◽  
P. McMURTRY
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Velocity Fluctuations ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Time Required

Spin-up of a turbulent flow in a cylindrical tank caused by a rotating bluff body has been investigated using flow visualization, fluid velocity measurements, and hydrodynamic torque measurements. During the spin-up process three distinct temporal regimes exist. These regimes are: (i) a build-up regime where the torque and the tangential velocity fluctuations in the close proximity of the body remain constant; (ii) a decay regime where these quantities decay with power-law relations; and (iii) a mean flow steady state where these values remain relatively constant. Experiments were conducted in two tanks differing in volume by a factor of 80 and with a large range of bluff body sizes. A non-dimensional time scale, τ, based upon turbulent diffusion is determined and the tangential velocity fluctuations and torque coefficient start to decay at a fixed value of τ. Likewise, steady state is attained at a larger fixed value of τ. This time scaling is physically based upon the time required for momentum to be transferred over the entire tank volume due to turbulent diffusion, and is general for any body size, tank size, rotation rate, and acceleration rate.

The feasibility and time required for routine health literacy assessment in surgical practice

2014 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. e36
Author(s):  
Ian K. Komenaka ◽  
Ryan X. Eubanks ◽  
Jesse Nodora ◽  
Maria Elena Martinez ◽  
Chiu-Hsieh Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Literacy Assessment ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Time Required

scholarly journals SUMMIT METABOLISM OF NEWBORN CALVES WITH AND WITHOUT COLOSTRUM FEEDING

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OKAMOTO ◽  
J. B. ROBINSON ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Colostrum Feeding ◽  
Time Required

Resting and summit metabolic rates were measured in 13 newborn (2.5–15 h old) male Holstein calves exposed to warm and cold tempertures in a water immersion system. Six calves were bottle fed 1 kg of colostrum 30 min before the measurements commenced. In the remaining seven calves, colostrum was withheld until after the end of the measurement period. There were no significant effects of colostrum feeding on resting or summit metabolic rates or the time required for rectal temperature to drop to 35 °C when the calves were immersed in cold water. The time required for rectal temperature to drop to 35 °C increased as the body weight of the calves increased; for each kilogram additional body weight, cooling was delayed for an extra 2.9 min. The resting metabolic rate averaged for both feeding treatments was 2.0 ± 0.1 W kg−1 while mean rectal temperature was 39.1 ± 0.2 °C. Mean summit metabolic rate was 7.2 ± 0.4 W kg−1 and occurred at a mean rectal temperature of 35.4 ± 0.3 °C. The average ratio of the summit to resting metabolic rate was 3.7 ± 0.2. Cooling via water immersion was associated with increases in plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids. The feeding of 1 kg of colostrum 30 min prior to exposure to acute cold did not improve the apparent resistance of the calves to hypothermia. Key words: Newborn calf, summit metabolism, cold tolerance

scholarly journals Energetic constraints on an early developmental stage: a comparative view

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Gillooly ◽  
Gustavo A Londoño ◽  
Andrew P Allen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Biologists have long sought a means by which to quantify similarities and differences in embryonic development across species. Here we present a quantitative approach for predicting the timing of developmental events based on principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics. Data from diverse oviparous species support model predictions that most variation in the time required to reach one early developmental stage—the time to first heartbeat—is explained by the body size and temperature dependence of metabolic rate. Furthermore, comparisons of this stage with later developmental stages suggest that, after correcting for size and temperature, the relationship of metabolic rate to the rate of embryogenesis is approximately invariant across taxonomic groups and stages of ontogeny.

THE MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHEEP NEMATODE, STRONGYLOIDES PAPILLOSUS (WEDL, 1856)

1950 ◽  
Vol 28d (3) ◽  
pp. 173-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Basir
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Parasitic Generation

In studying the morphology and development of Strongyloides papillosus it has been shown that four molts occur during the development of the free-living sexual adults, two molts in the formation of the infective larvae, and two molts in the development of the parasitic adults from the infective larvae. The last two occur in the body of the host, one in the lungs and the other in the intestine. The time required by the eggs to hatch and the larvae to develop to either the infective larvae or the free-living adults varies with temperature; at 27 °C. it is 6 hr. and 28 hr., respectively. The so-called "spears" in the oesophagus of the free-living adults were found to be the cuticularized tubular endings of the rays of the oesophageal lumen. The head in the free-living adults bears two well developed lips and four papillae, while in parasitic adults it has four lips and four papillae. The tail of the free-living male bears two pairs of preanal and two pairs of postanal papillae. No males were found in the parasitic generation, while parasitic females were found only in the intestine of experimental animals.

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