scholarly journals Antivenin Plants Used for Treatment of Snakebites in Uganda: Ethnobotanical Reports and Pharmacological Evidences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Omara ◽  
Sarah Kagoya ◽  
Abraham Openy ◽  
Tom Omute ◽  
Stephen Ssebulime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Working Children ◽  
Snake Envenomation ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
In The Wild

Snakebite envenomation, cognized as a neglected tropical disease, is a dread public health concern with the most susceptible groups being herdsmen, the elderly, active farmers, hunters, fishers, firewood collectors, 10 to 14-year old working children and individuals with limited access to education and health care. Snakebites are fragmentarily documented in Uganda primarily because most occur in rural settings where traditional therapists end up being the first line defence for treatment. Ethnobotanical surveys in Uganda have unveiled that some plants are used to antagonize the activity of various snake venoms. This review was sought to compile the sporadic information on the vegetal species reported as antivenins in Uganda. Electronic data indicate that no study entirely reported on antivenin plants in Uganda. A total of 77 plant species belonging to 65 genera, distributed among 42 botanical families claimed as antiophidic in Uganda are used for treatment of snakebites. Majority of these species belong to family Fabaceae (30.9%), Euphorbiaceae (14.3%), Asteraceae (11.9%), Amaryllidaceae (9.5%) and Solanaceae (9.5%). The antiophidic species listed are shrubs (40.5%), trees (32.9%) and herbs (17.7%), usually found in the wild and uncultivated. Antivenin extracts are primarily prepared from roots and leaves, through decoctions, infusions, powders and juices and administered orally or topically. The most frequently encountered therapeutically important species are Allium cepa L., Carica papaya L., Securidaca longipedunculata Fres., Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. and Nicotiana tabacum L. Baseline epidemiological data on snake envenomation and antivenin plants in Uganda remain incomplete due to inadequate research and diverse ethnic groups in the country. There is a dire need to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds in the claimed plants to enable their adroit utilization in handling the plague of snake envenomation. More baseline data should be collected on snake ecology and human behaviour as well as antivenin plants in Uganda. Indigenous knowledge on the use of plant preparations in traditional medicine in Uganda is humongous, but if this is not quickly researched and appropriately documented, indications as to the usefulness of this vegetal treasure house will be lost in the not so distant future.

Older workers in the Russian labor market: Trends in employment reallocation

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-34
Author(s):  
Anna L. Lukyanova ◽  
Rostislav I. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Intellectual Labor ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Trade Education ◽  
The One

The paper analyzes changes in job opportunities of older workers in Russia in the period 2005—2017. The study uses the data from the Russian Labor Force Survey conducted by Rosstat. Changes in the occupational and industrial composition of elderly workers follow the trends pursued by other age groups: employment shifts from low- to high-skilled occupations, from physical to intellectual labor, and from material production to the service sector. We find a stronger polarization among older workers as their occupational structure is biased in favor of, on the one hand, the most and, on the other hand, the least qualified types of jobs. Employment of the elderly has fallen sharply in agriculture and manufacturing with a significant increase in trade, education, and health. Although the employment structure of older workers is generally more “traditionalist”, recent decades have witnessed its transformation in “progressive” directions, similarly to other age groups. These findings suggest that the legislated increase in the state retirement age is not likely to give rise to sizeable unemployment among the elderly. Most of them will be able to work in the occupations and industries previously dominated by young and prime-age workers.

Contributory Factors for Obesity in Elderly: Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Raihan Ismail ◽  
Noor Aman Hamid
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Program Intervention ◽  
Future Education

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity has been rising, adding to morbidity and mortality. As the proportion of elderly aged 60 years and above grows, so too the prevalence of obesity among this population. Obesity in the elderly is a rapidly growing public health concern as it contributes to significant changes in the health of older people. Objective: This review aims to assess the contributory factors for obesity in the elderly over the past decade. Methods: A literature search was conducted. The search was restricted to articles written in the English language published from 2008 to 2018. Qualitative studies were excluded. Results: A total of 19 full articles were retrieved, of which 18 cross-sectional and one cohort were included. The contributory factors were divided into three components: (a) socio demographic characteristics, (b) medical history and dietary factors and (c) environmental factors. Conclusions: This review informs an emerging knowledge regarding contributory factors for obesity and has implications for future education and program intervention in fighting obesity in the elderly.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Thyroid Carcinomas in North Macedonia (1999-2015)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110042
Author(s):  
Makazlieva Tanja ◽  
Vaskova Olivija ◽  
Stojanoski Sinisha ◽  
Manevska Nevena ◽  
Miladinova Daniela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Statistical State ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Histopathological Type

Objective: We have set as objective to analyze epidemiological data of diagnosed thyroid carcinoma (TC) cases, incidence and prevalence rate by gender, age, histopathological type, and statistical regions in R. of N. Macedonia during the period 1999 to 2015. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical data collected from the 2 state thyroid departments. Inclusion criteria included newly diagnosed cases of TC in appropriate years for the period 1999 to 2015. We have evaluated: yearly incidence rate, incidence and prevalence by gender, age, the distribution in 8 statistical state regions and histopathological types and subtypes representation. Results: A total number of 422 TC patients were detected, average incidence rate of 1.22/105, with most prevalent papillary TCs79.5%, followed by follicular 10.9%, medullar 4.1%, anaplastic 3.1%, and other rare types with 2.3%. The highest incidence rate was detected in Skopje region, while the lowest in Southeast and the Polog region. The total prevalence rate for the female gender was 32.61/104 and for male 9.27/104 (f/m ratio = 3.52:1), with lowest female/male difference found in the elderly > 65 years (f/m = 2.21/1). Conclusion: Compared with regional epidemiological data we can conclude that Republic of N. Macedonia has very low incidence and prevalence rate, while female/male ratio was similar to that described in the literature. Our low incidence and prevalence rate may be due to 2 possible reasons, 1 would be insufficient diagnosis of only small portion of the real cases in the population, or the second reason may be a real low incidence resulting of specific etiopathogenetic circumstances.

scholarly journals The Determining Factors of Elderly People to Continue their Work Activities in Palembang

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2008-2014
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Social Security Program ◽  
Security Education ◽  
Education And Health

This research study focuses on the determination factors of elderly that still continue their work activities in the city of Palembang. The purpose of this study is to find out how the influence of Social Security, Education and Health on the decision of the elderly people to continue their work activities in Palembang. The method of data analysis in this study uses the binary logistic regression method in which all variables (independent and dependent) use 2 categories (binary). The results of the estimated data, it is known that the variable Social Security, Education and Health has a significant influence on the decision of the elderly people to continue their work activities in Palembang. Odds Ratio value of 0.046 means that the elderly population who have an elderly social security program have a probability of choosing not to work by 0.046 times when compared to the elderly population who does not have an elderly social security program. Odds Ratio value of 12.298 means that the elderly population completing tertiary education has a probability of choosing to continue working 12.298 times compared to the elderly population completing primary and secondary education. Odds Ratio value of 20.153 means that the elderly population who goes to the doctor/clinic for treatment at least once per 3 months has a chance of continuing to work 20,153 times compared to the elderly population who goes to the doctor/clinic for treatment more than once every 3 months. Nagelkerke's R-Square value is 0.524. This implies that 52.4% of the variation in the independent variable can explain the dependent variable, while the remaining 47.6% is explained by non-model factors or by other variables not examined.

scholarly journals Elderly suicide rates: the importance of a non-linear relationship with distal risk and protective factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Shah ◽  
Ravi Bhat ◽  
Sofia Zarate-Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
National Study ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Suicide Rates

The elderly population size is increasing worldwide due to prolonged life expectancy and falling birth rates. Traditionally, suicide rates increase with age. For example, a recent cross-national study of 62 developing and developed countries reported an increase in suicide rates with aging in males and females in 25 and 27 countries respectively (Shah, 2007a). Thus, suicides in the elderly are an important public health concern. While much is known about proximal (individual level) risk and protective factors for elderly suicides (e.g. Conwell et al., 1991; Cattell and Jolley, 1995; Harwood et al., 2001), less is known about more distal (societal or population level) risk and protective factors (Rehkopf and Buka, 2006). Moreover, detailed knowledge of these distal factors may have greater public health relevance for the development of comprehensive prevention strategies (Knox et al., 2004).

Ecology of the Atlantic Forest

Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Damstra ◽  
Cristina Banks-Leite
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Habitat Transformation ◽  
Golden Lion Tamarin ◽  
Palm Heart ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Unique Domain

Extending along the southern coast of Brazil, into Argentina and Paraguay, the Atlantic Forest is a domain that once covered 150 Mha and includes many distinct forest subtypes and ecosystems. Its large latitudinal (29˚) and altitudinal (0–2,800 m above sea level) range, as well as complex topography in the region, has created microclimates within forest subtypes, which has led to biodiversity specifically adapted to narrow ecological ranges. The region is incredibly species-rich and is home to charismatic or economically important species such as the black and golden lion tamarin, the red-browned Amazon parrot, and the highly prized palm heart from Euterpe edulis. Through widespread human-driven change dating back to the arrival of European settlers in 1500, this realm has been extensively reduced, fragmented, and modified. Nowadays, this region is home to about 130 million people (60 percent of the Brazilian population) and is responsible for producing 70 percent of Brazil’s GDP, putting a strain on natural resources and providing challenges to conservation. Due to its high levels of endemic species coupled with a high threat of habitat loss and fragmentation, the Atlantic Forest has been identified as a “biodiversity hotspot.” Numerous studies have assessed the effects of habitat transformation on biodiversity and the consensus is that the majority of species are negatively affected. It is puzzling however that few species have actually gone extinct in the wild, even if some extinctions might have gone undetected. Extinctions do not immediately follow habitat change, there is often a time lag of many decades between habitat transformation and extinction. This may suggest that many species in the Atlantic Forest are “living deads,” as despite their presence the available habitat no longer supports their requirements. It also suggests that there is a window of opportunity to restoring the domain to avert extinctions before they are realized. Current research and policy actions are geared toward optimizing restoration and increasing the extent of native forest cover, bringing hope to the conservation of this unique domain.

PREVENTION OF FRAILTY IN AGING

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
B. Vellas ◽  
S. Sourdet
Keyword(s):  
Functional Decline ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Worldwide, the number of people age 60 and older is expected to grow from nearly 900 million in 2015 to over 1.3 trillion in 2030 (1). Increased age is associated with gradual increases in molecular and cellular damage; impairment of bodily functions; decreased muscle mass and strength; loss of bone density; declining vision, hearing and cognition; multimorbidity; and frailty (2). Frailty has been conceptualized as a physiological syndrome of decreased reserve and resilience, resulting in progressive functional decline, increased vulnerability to many stressors, and an increase in negative health outcomes and dependence (3, 4). It has been recognized by the World Health Organization (2) and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (5) as a major public health concern among the elderly, although consensus on a definition of frailty remains elusive (6). Nonetheless, research suggests that disability and dependence in the elderly may be preventable by targeting frail and pre-frail older adults (3, 7, 8).

Immunosenescence of Lymphocytes T and Implications for Age-Related Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Tylutka ◽  
Barbara Morawin ◽  
Artur Gramacki ◽  
Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sex Disorders

Abstract Background. The decrease in immunity with age is still a major health concern as elderly people are more susceptible to infections and increased incidence of autoimmunity. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in immunosenescence and changes in immunology cells like T cells. The aim of our study was to find a disproportion in subpopulation of T cells as well as CD4/CD8 ratio depending on the age, gender or comorbidities. Results. In the present study, a flow cytometry was used to indicate the differences between age, sex, disorders and fat content in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells population divided into naïve and memory cells as well as CD4/CD8 ratio in people aged 71.9± 5.8 years (females n=83, males n=16) compared to young people aged 20.6 ± 1.1 years (females n=12, males n=19). The percentage of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ cells was found to be statistically significantly lower in the elderly compared to the young. In addition, gender was observed to play an important role in the outcomes in the analysed subpopulations and in female group, who live statistically longer than males, our older group of Polish women demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of naïve lymphocytes in both the CD4+ and CD8+ populations compared to men. The CD4/CD8 ratio increases with age, which can be considered one of the markers determining longevity. Elderly people with age-related diseases (hypertension) also show an increased level of CD4/CD8 ratio as well as CD4+. Conclusion. We demonstrated that changes in the T cells population, including naïve cell population as well as CD4/CD8 ratio, are important markers which can be predictive of healthy status. In order to accurately determine longevity, gender or age-associated diseases should be taken into account.

scholarly journals Carrot Pomace Polysaccharide (CPP) Improves Influenza Vaccine Efficacy in Immunosuppressed Mice via Dendritic Cell Activation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2740
Author(s):  
Pureum Sun ◽  
Yeeun Kim ◽  
Hoyoung Lee ◽  
Jihyun Kim ◽  
Bok Kyung Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dendritic Cell Activation

Despite the advancements in vaccination research and practices, influenza viruses remain a global health concern. Inducing a robust immune response by vaccination is especially challenging in the elderly, the immunocompromised, and persons with chronic illnesses. Polysaccharides derived from food may act as a safe and readily accessible means to boost the immune system during vaccination. In this study, we investigated whether crude polysaccharides derived from carrot pomace (CPP) could stimulate innate immune cell function and promote influenza vaccine immunogenicity. In bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), CPP increased the fraction of CD11c+MHCII+ cells and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80, indicative of enhanced maturation and activation. Functionally, CPP-treated BMDCs promoted inflammatory cytokine production in splenic lymphocytes. In a mouse model of immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide, animals given CPP before and after an influenza vaccine challenge showed increased frequencies of dendritic cells and natural killer cells in the spleen, in addition to the recovery of vaccine-specific antibody titers. Moreover, innate myeloid cells in CPP-fed mice showed evidence of phenotypic modification via markedly enhanced interleukin(IL)-12 and interferon(IFN)-γ production in response to lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulation ex vivo. Our findings suggest that the administration of carrot pomace polysaccharides can significantly enhance the efficacy of influenza vaccination.

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