Lodging Resistance as Related to Root Traits for Mechanized Wet Seeding of Two Super Rice Cultivars

The mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is benefits to establish uniform seedling, and ditches were established by using this machine. However, little knowledge is known on the effect of the establishment of ditches on growth, lodging and yield, and their relationship with root traits. In this study, two field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 with using two super rice varieties (i.e. hybrid rice ‘Peizataifeng’ and inbred rice ‘Yuxiangyouzhan’) grown under three ditches establishment treatments (i.e. T1: both water ditches and seed ditches were established by the machine, T2: seed ditches were established by the machine, T3: neither water nor seed ditches were established by the machine). The lodging index and lodging resistance traits, the grain yield and above-ground dry weight and the root traits were measured. The results showed that the lodging index was significantly affected by the treatments with ditches. The strongest lodging resistance was detected in mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with ditches treatment in both 2012 and 2013. The lodging resistance was strongly related to the breaking resistance, the root volume and root superficial area at the heading stage and maturity stage and the total root length at the heading stage. No significant difference was investigated in grain yield or dry weight of mechanical hill wet-seeded rice. Yuxiangyouzhan showed higher grain yield, dry weight and better lodging resistance but unfavorable root growth attributes than Peizataifeng. Therefore, the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with ditches treatment increased rice lodging resistance is related to root traits.

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Genome-wide association study for yield and yield related traits under reproductive stage drought in a diverse indica-aus rice panel

10.21203/rs.2.24272/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Aditi Bhandari ◽

Nitika Sandhu ◽

Jérôme Bartholome ◽

Tuong-Vi Cao-Hamadoun ◽

Nourollah Ahmadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Reproductive Stage ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Genomic Regions

Abstract Background Reproductive-stage drought stress is a major impediment to rice production globally. Conventional and marker-assisted breeding strategies for developing drought tolerant rice varieties are being optimized by mining and exploiting adaptive traits, genetic diversity; identifying the alleles and understanding their interactions with genetic backgrounds for contributing to drought tolerance. Field experiments were conducted in this study to identify marker-trait associations (MTAs) involved in response to yield under reproductive-stage drought. A diverse set of 280 indica-aus accessions was phenotyped for grain yield and nine yield-related traits under normal condition and under two managed drought environments. The accessions were genotyped with 215,250 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Results The study identified a total of 220 significant MTAs and candidate gene analysis within 200kb window centred from GWAS identified SNP peaks detected these MTAs within/ in close proximity to 47 genes, 4 earlier reported major grain yield QTLs and 8 novel QTLs for 10 traits. The significant MTAs were majorly located on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 11 and 12 and the percent phenotypic variance captured for these traits ranged from 5 to 88%. The significant positive correlation of grain yield with yield-related traits, except flowering time, observed under different environments point towards their contribution in improving rice yield under drought. Seven promising accessions were identified for use in future genomics-assisted breeding program targeting grain yield improvement under drought. Conclusion These results provide a promising insight into the complex-genetic architecture of grain yield under reproductive-stage drought under different environments. Validation of major genomic regions reported in the study can be effectively used to develop drought tolerant varieties following marker-assisted selection as well as to identify genes and understanding the associated physiological mechanisms.

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Study of Coefficient of Variation, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Different Traits of Rice Genotypes Grown under Aerobic Condition

International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management ◽

10.23910/1.2021.2290a ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 426-430

Author(s):

Susmita Dey ◽

◽

Rakesh Kumar ◽

K. R. Battan ◽

A. K. Chhabra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Aerobic Condition ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Genetic Advance ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Root Volume ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Kernel Length ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Biological Yield

The field experiments with thirty genotypes were conducted during June to October month of kharif, 2018 and kharif, 2019, to assess extent of variability under aerobic condition. The genotypes were sown under dry direct seeded condition using randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Each genotype was sown in single row of 5 m length with spacing of 20 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants. Data recorded for 22 characters including different morphological and quality traits from 5 randomly selected plants of each replication and mean data used for analysis. ANOVA revealed that the mean sum of squares were highly significant difference for most of the traits. The value of PCV was higher than GCV for all the twenty-two characters. However, maximum GCV and PCV were observed for root dry weight plant-1 (31.44% and 32.17%) followed grain yield plant-1 (29.97% and 31.03%), root volume (28.62% and 29.20%), root fresh weight plant-1 (28.51% and 29.08%), biological yield plant-1 (21.86% 22.50%) and number of grains panicle-1 (20.55% and 21.37%). Rest of the traits showed moderate and low GCV and PCV. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for the traits viz., leaf length, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, 1000 seed weight, root length, root volume, root fresh weight plant-1, root dry weight plant-1, kernel length-breadth ratio, grain yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and harvest index. The information regarding different variability will provide direction to select high yielding genotypes under aerobic condition.

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Evaluation of Sesame Yield and Yield Component under Different NPS Fertilizer Rates in Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Asian Soil Research Journal ◽

10.9734/asrj/2019/v2i430059 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Teame Shimgabr ◽

Negasi Gebereslasie ◽

Haile Alene ◽

Welesenbet Haftu ◽

Nebyu Tsegay

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Yield Component ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fertilizer Rates ◽

Different Levels ◽

Number Of Branches

Field experiments were conducted in three sites of Western Tigray, Ethiopia. The experiments aimed at identifying optimum the rate of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer impact with different levels on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of sesame in vertisols of Western Tigray at the Humera station, Banat and Kebabo Kafta Humera and Tsegede Wereda’s. The treatments consisted of six levels of NPS 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1 and one blanket recommendation N and P was applied. The experiment was laid out in an RCBD with three replications. Yield of Sesame and yield related components showed significant difference (p < 0.001) compared to control. Results showed that number of branches plant-1, length of pod bearing zone (cm), plant height (cm), number of capsules plant-1, seeds capsule-1 and seed yield was significant differences at (P< 0.001) Grain yield increases from 444.8 kg ha-1 to 671.9 kg ha-1 as NPS and 444.8 kg ha-1 to 628 kg ha-1 as NP increases from 0 (control) to 100 kg ha-1 NPS and 41 kg N and 46 kg P205 ha-1 respectively. But NPS was not significant with blanket recommendation of N and P (41 kg N and 46 kg P205 ha-1), therefore no need to replace the NP by NPS fertilizer in the study area.

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INSIDENSI PENGGEREK BATANG PADI KUNING (Schirpophaga incertulas Walker) PADA TIGA VARIETAS PADI : KASUS DI DESA KEMUMU BENGKULU UTARA

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia ◽

10.31186/jipi.20.2.40-45 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 40-45

Author(s):

Irma Cahyoko ◽

Dwinardi Apriyanto ◽

Kanang S. Hindarto

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Rice Field ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Stem Borer ◽

Egg Mass ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Large Area ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Yellow Stem Borer ◽

Significant Difference

[INCIDENCE OF THE RICE YELLOW STEM BORER (Schirpophaga incertulas Walker) ON THREE RICE VARIETIES IN KEMUMU, NORTH BENGKULU]. Rice yellow stem borer (RYSB), Schirpophaga incertulas Walker, often causes yield loss in irrigated rice field. Dead heard and white ear head are the common symptomps resulted from the larval damage. The use of resistant varieties may reduce the risk of yield loss, but the resistance may lose quickly as the varieties are continually grown in a large area. The assessment of the insect incidence in rice field is necessary in order to determine the status of the pest for certain period of time. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence and damage incurred by RYSB in three rice varieties, Mekongga, Cibogo, and Situ Bagendit at farmer rice fields. A survey was conducted in December 2017-February 2018 in Kemumu, North Bengkulu Regency. Observation of RYSB was made on randomly selected 30 hills from + 1 ha area for each variety that was located adjacent to each other. Grain yield was measured from the sampled hills and from 3 plots of 9 m2 . Weight of 1000 grain was measured from grain of three sampled hills. The results revealed that the incidence of RYSB was low, as indicated by the presence of egg mass and larvae of RYSB, and no significant difference was found among the three varieties. Nevertheless, the average cumulative number and percentage of dead heart and white ear head was significantly lower in Mekongga than those of Cibogo and Situ Bagendit. In term of grain yield, however, Mekongga outperformed the other two varieties. The low incidence of RYSB might suggest that growing different variety practiced by local farmers was able to suppress pest population, and therefore it should be implemented in all main areas of rice production.

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Foliar application of sodium selenate induces regulation in yield formation, grain quality characters and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-019-2104-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Haowen Luo ◽

Bin Du ◽

Longxin He ◽

Axiang Zheng ◽

Shenggang Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Sodium Selenate ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Fragrant Rice ◽

The Stability ◽

Heading Stage

Abstract Background Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for higher plants and essential for mammals. To study the effect of the foliar application of sodium selenate on fragrant rice performance, a pot experiment was conducted in Guangdong, China. At the initial heading stage, one-time foliar application of sodium selenate with concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μmol·L− 1 (named CK, Se1, Se2, Se3, Se4 and Se5, respectively) were foliar applied on two fragrant rice varieties, ‘Meixiangzhan-2’ and ‘Xiangyaxiangzhan’. Results Selenate application at the initial heading stage not only improved the grain yield of fragrant rice by increasing the seed-setting rate and grain weight, but also promoted the grain quality by increasing crude protein contents and lowering the chalky rice rate. Furthermore, Se applications enhanced the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1- pyrroline (2-AP), the main aromatic compound, by increasing the contents of precursors (△1- pyrroline, proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C)) and the activities of enzymes (proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS), and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT)) in fragrant rice. The results also showed that foliar application of sodium selenate enhanced the antioxidant system of both varieties by promoting the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reducing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the real-time PCR analyses depicted that foliar application of selenate up-regulated the GPX1, GPX4 and CATC transcripts. The higher antioxidative enzymatic activities might strength the stress resistant to ensure the stability of yield in fragrant rice form abiotic stress. Conclusions Foliar applications of sodium selenate at the initial heading stage increased the grain 2-AP content by enhancing the biosynthesis-related enzymes and precursors. The grain yield and quality of fragrant rice also increased due to selenate application. Furthermore, foliar application of selenate promoted the activities of enzymes such as POD, SOD and CAT and up-regulated the expression of gene GPX4, GPX1 and CATC.

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Evaluation by grafting technique of changes in the contribution of root-to-shoot development and biomass production in soybean (Glycine max) cultivars released from 1929 to 2006 in China

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp19052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaoning Cao ◽

Tingting Wu ◽

Shi Sun ◽

Cunxiang Wu ◽

Caijie Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Root Traits ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Node Number ◽

Grafting Technique ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Soybean Roots

Root traits are essential for optimising nutrient and water absorption and anchorage. However, changes in root traits and the contribution of root-to-shoot growth and development of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) across a century of breeding are poorly documented. In this study, we adopted a grafting technique, using 55 cultivars released in the three main soybean-production regions in China as rootstocks in a pot experiment and 24 cultivars from the Yellow-Huai-Hai Valley (YHH) region as rootstocks in a field experiment, with cv. Zigongdongdou as the common scion. Changes in soybean roots, including dry weight (DW) of roots, lateral root number (LRN) and taproot length (TRL), and their contribution to shoot development and biomass formation, including shoot DW, plant height and node number, were evaluated under optimal conditions in 2011. Aboveground traits declined with year of release in the YHH region and did not vary over time in the northern Heilongjiang province and mid-south Heilongjiang region except for shoot DW. The root traits root DW, LRN and TRL were similar over years of release in the pot and field experiments. The results suggest that the newer cultivars have lesser shoot growth and root capacity but the same amount of root growth as older cultivars. Root traits did not change during selection, suggesting that improvement in soybean root traits should be an aim in future breeding.

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The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: the effect of sowing date and soil type on root growth of high-yielding crops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960004332x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 59-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

P. B. Barraclough ◽

R. A. Leigh

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Thermal Time ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Distribution Of Roots

SummaryThe effect of sowing date on root growth of high-yielding crops (8–1 It grain/ha, 85% D.M.) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hustler) was measured at Rothamsted and Woburn in 1980 and 1981. Roots were sampled by coring on five occasions and changes in root dry weight and length were determined. The average growth rate between March and June was about 1 g/m2/day (200 m/m2/day), over 5 times that measured between December and March. Increases in root weight or length with time were generally exponential to anthesis when the crops had 101–172 g root/m2 (20–32 km/m2). September-sown wheat had more root than October-sown wheat at all times, but whereas early differences in length were maintained throughout the season, root weights converged between March and June. Overall, there was no significant difference in root dry-matter production between sites at anthesis, but there was a substantial difference between years. Differences in root growth between crops were reduced by plotting the amount of root against either the number of days from sowing or accumulated thermal time. Using che latter, root growth between December and June was reasonably linear although there was some indication of a lag below 500 °C days. Regression equations obtained for the relationships between root growth and accumulated thermal time also fitted previously published data and may provide general descriptions of root growth with time.Roots of September-sown crops reached 1 m depth by December but those of October-sown crops were not detectable at this depth until April. For most crops the distribution of roots with depth was reasonably described by an exponential decay function, with over 50% of the roots in the top 20 cm of soil at all times. At Woburn in 1981, a plough-pan restricted roots to the upper soil horizons for most of the season but apparently had little effect on the total amount of root produced. For one of the experimental crops an empirical mathematical function describing the distribution of roots with depth and time is presented.Using the data from this and previously published studies, the relationship between grain yield and the amount of root at anthesis was investigated. Total root length was positively correlated with grain yield but nonetheless similarly yielding crops could have different-sized root systems. Total root dry weight was poorly correlated with grain yield.

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Effect of plant density and detopping following silking on cob growth, fodder and grain yield of maize (Zea mays)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600012156 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 297-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. K. Roy ◽

P. K. Biswas

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Plant Density ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Research Station ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fodder Yield ◽

Stem Reserves

SUMMARYMaize was grown al the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Hathazari, Bangladesh during 1988/89 and 1989/90 to study fodder yield, cob growth and grain yield together with the contribution of pre-silking stem reserves to grain. Population densities were 33300, 44400 and 66600 plants/ha. Plants were either detopped after silking and pollen shedding, keeping 0, 2 or 3 leaves above the cob, or were left entire.The results showed that the maize crop could successfully be detopped for fodder with little or no adverse effect on grain yield. Fodder yield increased with increased plant density and among the detopping treatments the highest fodder yield was obtained when the plants were detopped just above the cob. Cob growth followed a sigmoid pattern and the highest dry weight per cob was obtained from the lowest plant density and from entire plants. The number of cobs/m2 increased with increased plant density but detopping treatments did not give any significant difference in relation to densities. The number of grains/cob was highest with 33300 plants/ha but, among the detopping treatments, plants detopped just above the cob had the lowest number of grains/cob in both years. Weight of 1000-grain decreased with increasing plant density but it was increased by detopping plants just above the cob during 1988/89, although it was decreased in 1989/90. The highest apparent translocation of pre-silking reserves was obtained using densities of 44400 plants/ha but detopping treatments did not show any consistent effect, although the highest apparent translocation (20%) and harvest index (58%) were obtained from plants detopped just above the cob.

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Growth parameters and yield attributing characters of PR-118 (V1) and PR-116 (V2) varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by different planting methods

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v6i2.532 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 755-762

Author(s):

Amandeep Kaur ◽

L. K. Dhaliwal

Keyword(s):

Conventional Method ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Area Index ◽

Planting Methods ◽

Planting Method

Field experiments were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab) to study the effect of different agronomic aspects of bed planting on growth and yield of rice during Kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013. The 30 days old seedlings of both rice varieties PR-118 (V1) and PR-116 (V2) were transplanted on 15th June (D1), 30th June (D2) and 15th July (D3). The two rice varieties were transplanted under bed planting (M1) and conventional planting (M2) methods respectively. The results showed that growth parameters like number of tillers per plant, dry weight per plant leaf area index (LAI) and plant height were significantly higher in bed planting than conventional method. In bed planting method, grain yield of rice (48.82q/h) was found to be more than the conventional method (35.74 q/h) during 2012.Varieties PR-118 yielded 47.61q/h more than PR-116 (39.97 q/h) in bed planting. Yield contributing characters like number of effective tillers, number of grains per plant and 1000-grain weight of rice were more in bed planting than conventional method. Harvest index and biological yield was also found to be more in bed planting method than conventional planting. Rice transplanted on 15th June yielded (50.15q/h) more than 30th June (41.45q/h) and 15th July (35.27q/h). Similar results were found in Kharif 2013. Interaction between dates of transplanting and varieties and between varieties and planting methods were found significant.

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Effect of seedling age on growth and yield of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties transplanted in Saline Coastal Area of Baros, Yogyakarta

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) ◽

10.22146/ipas.38107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Riza Afrinda ◽

Budiastuti Kurniasih

Keyword(s):

Coastal Area ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Seedling Age ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Significant Difference

Marginal land along the coast should be utilized to increase the national rice production. In addition, the use of saline resistant varieties, it is necessary to determine the best seedling age for saline soil. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield responses of two rice varieties transplanted at different seedling age on saline soil. The experiment was arranged in a factorial Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted at saline coastal area of Baros, Yogyakarta, starting from January to June 2017. The first factor was rice varieties, consisting of Dendang and IR-64. Meanwhile, the second factor was the seedling age, consisting of 2 and 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) seedlings. The results showed that the growth and yield of two rice varieties (Dendang and IR-64) showed significant difference, and Dendang showed a better performance than IR-64. The higher yield of Dendang compared to IR-64 was supported by higher plant growth (shoot dry weight) and yield components (number of seeds per panicle, seed weight per plot, and productivity). The 2 and 4 WAS seedlings did not give significantly different effects on nearly all growth variables. However, 2 WAS Dendang rice seedlings had higher shoot dry weight. Meanwhile, IR-64 had higher leaf greenness in 4 WAS seedlings compared to that in 2 WAS seedlings.

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