scholarly journals Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild-Type Physcomitrella patens and an OPDA-Deficient Physcomitrella patens Mutant with Disrupted PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 Genes after Wounding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifeng Luo ◽  
Setsuko Komatsu ◽  
Tatsuya Abe ◽  
Hideyuki Matsuura ◽  
Kosaku Talahashi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Energy Synthesis

Wounding is a serious environmental stress in plants. Oxylipins such as jasmonic acid play an important role in defense against wounding. Mechanisms to adapt to wounding have been investigated in vascular plants; however, those mechanisms in nonvascular plants remain elusive. To examine the response to wounding in Physcomitrella patens, a model moss, a proteomic analysis of wounded P. patens was conducted. Proteomic analysis showed that wounding increased the abundance of proteins related to protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, protein folding, photosystem, glycolysis, and energy synthesis. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was induced by wounding and inhibited growth. Therefore, OPDA is considered a signaling molecule in this plant. Proteomic analysis of a P. patens mutant in which the PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 genes, which are involved in OPDA biosynthesis, are disrupted showed accumulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis in response to wounding in a similar way to the wild-type plant. In contrast, the fold-changes of the proteins in the wild-type plant were significantly different from those in the aos mutant. This study suggests that PpAOS gene expression enhances photosynthesis and effective energy utilization in response to wounding in P. patens.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild-Type Physcomitrella Patens and an OPDA-Deficient Physcomitrella Patens Mutant with Disrupted PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 Genes after Wounding

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1417
Author(s):  
Weifeng Luo ◽  
Setsuko Komatsu ◽  
Tatsuya Abe ◽  
Hideyuki Matsuura ◽  
Kosaku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Energy Synthesis

Wounding is a serious environmental stress in plants. Oxylipins such as jasmonic acid play an important role in defense against wounding. Mechanisms to adapt to wounding have been investigated in vascular plants; however, those mechanisms in nonvascular plants remain elusive. To examine the response to wounding in Physcomitrella patens, a model moss, a proteomic analysis of wounded P. patens was conducted. Proteomic analysis showed that wounding increased the abundance of proteins related to protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, protein folding, photosystem, glycolysis, and energy synthesis. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was induced by wounding and inhibited growth. Therefore, OPDA is considered a signaling molecule in this plant. Proteomic analysis of a P. patens mutant in which the PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 genes, which are involved in OPDA biosynthesis, are disrupted showed accumulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis in response to wounding in a similar way to the wild-type plant. In contrast, the fold-changes of the proteins in the wild-type plant were significantly different from those in the aos mutant. This study suggests that PpAOS gene expression enhances photosynthesis and effective energy utilization in response to wounding in P. patens.

scholarly journals CAND2/PMTR1 Is Required for Melatonin-Conferred Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4014
Author(s):  
Lin-Feng Wang ◽  
Ting-Ting Li ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Jia-Xing Guo ◽  
Kai-Kai Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Melatonin Receptor ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Stress Response ◽  
In The Wild

Osmotic stress severely inhibits plant growth and development, causing huge loss of crop quality and quantity worldwide. Melatonin is an important signaling molecule that generally confers plant increased tolerance to various environmental stresses, however, whether and how melatonin participates in plant osmotic stress response remain elusive. Here, we report that melatonin enhances plant osmotic stress tolerance through increasing ROS-scavenging ability, and melatonin receptor CAND2 plays a key role in melatonin-mediated plant response to osmotic stress. Upon osmotic stress treatment, the expression of melatonin biosynthetic genes including SNAT1, COMT1, and ASMT1 and the accumulation of melatonin are increased in the wild-type plants. The snat1 mutant is defective in osmotic stress-induced melatonin accumulation and thus sensitive to osmotic stress, while exogenous melatonin enhances the tolerance of the wild-type plant and rescues the sensitivity of the snat1 mutant to osmotic stress by upregulating the expression and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase to repress H2O2 accumulation. Further study showed that the melatonin receptor mutant cand2 exhibits reduced osmotic stress tolerance with increased ROS accumulation, but exogenous melatonin cannot revert its osmotic stress phenotype. Together, our study reveals that CADN2 functions necessarily in melatonin-conferred osmotic stress tolerance by activating ROS-scavenging ability in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Acyadeletion mutant ofEscherichia colidevelops thermotolerance but does not exhibit a heat-shock response

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shock Response ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Shock Proteins

SummaryAn adenyl cyclase deletion mutant (cya) ofE. colifailed to exhibit a heat-shock response even after 30 min at 42 °C. Under these conditions, heat-shock protein synthesis was induced by 10 min in the wild-type strain. These results suggest that synthesis of heat-shock proteins inE. colirequires thecyagene. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that a presumptive cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) binding site exists within the promotor region of theE. coli htp Rgene. In spite of the absence of heat-shock protein synthesis, when treated at 50 °C, thecyamutant is relatively more heat resistant than wild type. Furthermore, when heat shocked at 42 °C prior to exposure at 50 °C, thecyamutant developed thermotolerance. These results suggest that heat-shock protein synthesis is not essential for development of thermotolerance inE. coli.

scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis functional genomics: global characterization of the stringent response by proteome and transcriptome analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 184 (9) ◽  
pp. 2500-2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Eymann ◽  
Georg Homuth ◽  
Christian Scharf ◽  
Michael Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Stringent Response ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Stringent Control ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

ABSTRACT The stringent response in Bacillus subtilis was characterized by using proteome and transcriptome approaches. Comparison of protein synthesis patterns of wild-type and relA mutant cells cultivated under conditions which provoke the stringent response revealed significant differences. According to their altered synthesis patterns in response to dl-norvaline, proteins were assigned to four distinct classes: (i) negative stringent control, i.e., strongly decreased protein synthesis in the wild type but not in the relA mutant (e.g., r-proteins); (ii) positive stringent control, i.e., induction of protein synthesis in the wild type only (e.g., YvyD and LeuD); (iii) proteins that were induced independently of RelA (e.g., YjcI); and (iv) proteins downregulated independently of RelA (e.g., glycolytic enzymes). Transcriptome studies based on DNA macroarray techniques were used to complement the proteome data, resulting in comparable induction and repression patterns of almost all corresponding genes. However, a comparison of both approaches revealed that only a subset of RelA-dependent genes or proteins was detectable by proteomics, demonstrating that the transcriptome approach allows a more comprehensive global gene expression profile analysis. The present study presents the first comprehensive description of the stringent response of a bacterial species and an almost complete map of protein-encoding genes affected by (p)ppGpp. The negative stringent control concerns reactions typical of growth and reproduction (ribosome synthesis, DNA synthesis, cell wall synthesis, etc.). Negatively controlled unknown y-genes may also code for proteins with a specific function during growth and reproduction (e.g., YlaG). On the other hand, many genes are induced in a RelA-dependent manner, including genes coding for already-known and as-yet-unknown proteins. A passive model is preferred to explain this positive control relying on the redistribution of the RNA polymerase under the influence of (p)ppGpp.

Prolonged Life of Anucleolate Xenopus Tadpoles in Parabiosis

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-223
Author(s):  
H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Lethal Factor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Nucleolar Number ◽  
The Subject

The nucleolus is widely believed to play a part in ribonucleic acid metabolism and protein synthesis, being implicated especially in cellular differentiation, growth, and protein-secretion. Current attempts to elucidate the function of the nucleolus include notably the application of autoradiographic techniques (see reviews of Sirlin, 1960; Bogoroch & Siegel, 1961) and the use of mutations (Beermann, 1960; Wallace, 1962). A mutation affecting the nucleoli of Xenopus laevis has been the subject of several previous reports. The mutation is a recessive larval-lethal factor with only one known dominant effect: the wild-type (2n) and heterozygotes (1n) can be distinguished by their nucleolar number. For the present purpose they may be grouped as the viable phenotype +n. Homozygous (0n) mutants do not possess true nucleoli, hence ‘anucleolate’, and die at about the time their +n sibs begin to feed (Elsdale, Fischberg, & Smith, 1958; Fischberg & Wallace, 1960)

scholarly journals Microarray analysis of Arabidopsis WRKY33 mutants in response to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Synan AbuQamar ◽  
Khaled Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Molecular Components

The WRKY33 transcription factor was reported for resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Using microarray-based analysis, we compared Arabidopsis WRKY33 overexpressing lines and wrky33 mutant that showed altered susceptibility to B. cinerea with their corresponding wild-type plants. In the wild-type, about 1660 genes (7% of the transcriptome) were induced and 1054 genes (5% of the transcriptome) were repressed at least twofold at early stages of inoculation with B. cinerea, confirming previous data of the contribution of these genes in B. cinerea resistance. In Arabidopsis wild-type plant infected with B. cinerea, the expressions of the differentially expressed genes encoding for proteins and metabolites involved in pathogen defense and non-defense responses, seem to be dependent on a functional WRKY33 gene. The expression profile of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid- and phytoprostane A1-treated Arabidopsis plants in response to B. cinerea revealed that cyclopentenones can also modulate WRKY33 regulation upon inoculation with B. cinerea. These results support the role of electrophilic oxylipins in mediating plant responses to B. cinerea infection through the TGA transcription factor. Future directions toward the identification of the molecular components in cyclopentenone signaling will elucidate the novel oxylipin signal transduction pathways in plant defense.

scholarly journals Chloramphenicol enhances Photosystem II photodamage in intact cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-235
Author(s):  
Sandeesha Kodru ◽  
Ateeq ur Rehman ◽  
Imre Vass
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Superoxide Production ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Pcc 6803

Abstract The effect of chloramphenicol, an often used protein synthesis inhibitor, in photosynthetic systems was studied on the rate of Photosystem II (PSII) photodamage in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Light-induced loss of PSII activity was compared in the presence of chloramphenicol and another protein synthesis inhibitor, lincomycin, by measuring the rate of oxygen evolution in Synechocystis 6803 cells. Our data show that the rate of PSII photodamage was significantly enhanced by chloramphenicol, at the usually applied 200 μg mL−1 concentration, relative to that obtained in the presence of lincomycin. Chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage has been observed earlier in isolated PSII membrane particles, and has been assigned to the damaging effect of chloramphenicol-mediated superoxide production (Rehman et al. 2016, Front Plant Sci 7:479). This effect points to the involvement of superoxide as damaging agent in the presence of chloramphenicol also in Synechocystis cells. The chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage was observed not only in wild-type Synechocystis 6803, which contains both Photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, but also in a PSI-less mutant which contains only PSII. Importantly, the rate of PSII photodamage was also enhanced by the absence of PSI when compared to that in the wild-type strain under all conditions studied here, i.e., without addition and in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We conclude that chloramphenicol enhances photodamage mostly by its interaction with PSII, leading probably to superoxide production. The presence of PSI is also an important regulatory factor of PSII photodamage most likely via decreasing excitation pressure on PSII.

Anatomical and chemical characteristics of culm of rice brittle mutant bc7(t)

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Cunxu Wei ◽  
Peisong Xie ◽  
Yifang Chen ◽  
Huaguang Yu ◽  
Yanjing Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Cp Mas Nmr

Brittleness culm is an important agronomic trait that has a potential usefulness in agricultural activity as animal forage. In the present study, the anatomy of culm of rice (Oryza sativa L.) brittle mutant bc7(t) was investigated with light microscopy and electron microscopy. Findings showed bc7(t) exhibited higher area percentages of mechanical and conducting tissues, and lower cell wall thickness of sclerenchyma cells. Chemical analyses and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra of cell walls indicated that the content of cellulose decreased, and the contents of hemicellulose, lignin and silicon was increased in bc7(t). Lignin histochemical staining and cytochemical localisation revealed that the higher lignin was localised in epidermal, sclerenchyma and vascular bundle cells in bc7(t). The energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed that the contents of silicon were higher in bc7(t) than in the wild type. These results indicate that cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silicon and the area percentages of mechanical and conducting tissues could be regulated in a compensatory fashion, possibly contributing to metabolic flexibility and a growth advantage to sustain the bc7(t) normal growth habit like the wild-type plant.

scholarly journals The Mut+strain ofKomagataella phaffii(Pichia pastoris) expresses PAOX15 and 10 times faster than Mutsand Mut−strains: Evidence that formaldehyde or/and formate are true inducers of AOX

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Singh ◽  
Atul Narang
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Methylotrophic Yeast ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Methanol Metabolism ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Host Strains ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe methylotrophic yeastKomagataella phaffiiis among the most popular hosts for recombinant protein synthesis. Most recombinant proteins were expressed in the wild-type Mut+host strain from the methanol-inducible promoter PAOX1. Since methanol metabolism has undesirable consequences, two additional host strains, Muts(AOX1-) and Mut−(AOX1-AOX2-), were introduced which consume less methanol and reportedly also express recombinant protein better than Mut+. Both results follow from a simple model based on two widespread assumptions, namely methanol is transported by diffusion and the sole inducer of PAOX1. To test this model, we studied14C-methanol uptake in the Mut−strain and β-galactosidase expression in all three strains. We confirmed that methanol is transported by diffusion, but in contrast to the literature, Mut+expressed β-galactosidase 5- and 10-fold faster than Mutsand Mut−. These results imply that methanol is not the sole inducer of PAOX1— metabolites downstream of methanol also induce PAOX1. We find that formate or/and formaldehyde are probably true inducers since both induce PAOX1expression in Mut−which cannot synthesize intracellular methanol from formate or formaldehyde. Formate offers a promising substitute for methanol since it does not appear to suffer from the deficiencies that afflict methanol.

Nucleoside diphosphokinase and cell cycle control in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

1983 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-365
Author(s):  
J.R. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Dna Replication ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Restrictive Temperature ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Synchronous Cultures ◽  
In The Wild

Centrifugal elutriation was used to prepare synchronous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleoside diphosphokinase activity was measured throughout the cell cycle. In the wild-type strain (972) nucleoside diphosphokinase activity doubled in a stepwise fashion. The midpoint of the rise in enzyme activity was at 0.65 of a cycle, 0.29 of a cycle before the next S phase. Synchronous cultures of the mutant wee 1–6 were also prepared. In this strain S phase is delayed, occurring about 0.3 cycle later than in the wild-type. In wee 1–6 the midpoint of the stepwise doubling in nucleoside diphosphokinase activity occurred at 0.084; showing that the rise in enzyme activity is also delayed. Addition of cycloheximide to an exponentially growing culture caused an immediate inhibition of protein synthesis, yet nucleoside diphosphokinase activity continued to increase exponentially for a further 300 min. This indicates that the stepwise doubling of nucleoside diphosphokinase activity during the cell cycle is not achieved by a simple control on protein synthesis. Two temperature-sensitive cdc- mutants were also used: cdc2-33, a mutant whose single genetic lesion results in the twin defects of a loss of mitotic control and a loss of commitment to the cell cycle; and cdc 10–129, which has a defect in DNA replication. In both mutants a temperature shift-up of an asynchronously growing culture from the permissive (25 degrees C) to the restrictive temperature (36.5 degrees C) results in a rapid inhibition of DNA replication. In both mutants nucleoside diphosphokinase continues to increase exponentially. Therefore, although nucleoside diphosphokinase is required for DNA replication, apparently DNA replication is not required for an increase in nucleoside diphosphokinase activity.

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