Non-Coding RNAs: Uncharted Mediators of Thyroid Cancer Pathogenesis

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system and the ninth most common cancer globally. Despite the advances in the management of thyroid cancer, there are critical issues with the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer that result in the poor overall survival of undifferentiated and metastatic thyroid cancer patients. Recent studies have revealed the role of different non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are dysregulated during thyroid cancer development or the acquisition of resistance to therapeutics, and may play key roles in treatment failure and poor prognosis of the thyroid cancer patients. Here, we systematically review the emerging roles and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs that regulate thyroid tumorigenesis and drug response. We then propose the potential clinical implications of ncRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for thyroid cancer.

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The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Sorafenib Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.696705 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyao Hu ◽

Hua Zhu ◽

Yang Shen ◽

Xiaoyu Zhang ◽

Xiaoqin He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Vital Role ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

First Line ◽

Advanced Hcc ◽

Chemotherapy Agent ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Non Coding Rnas

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Sorafenib is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be a first-line chemotherapy agent for patients with advanced HCC. A portion of advanced HCC patients can benefit from the treatment with sorafenib, but many patients ultimately develop sorafenib resistance, leading to a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of sorafenib resistance are sophisticated and indefinite. Notably, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which include long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are critically participated in the occurrence and progression of tumors. Moreover, growing evidence has suggested that ncRNAs are crucial regulators in the development of resistance to sorafenib. Herein, we integrally and systematically summarized the molecular mechanisms and vital role of ncRNAs impact sorafenib resistance of HCC, and ultimately explored the potential clinical administrations of ncRNAs as new prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC.

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Sophisticated Gene Regulation for a Complex Physiological System: The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Photoreceptor Cells

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2020.629158 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina Carrella ◽

Sandro Banfi ◽

Marianthi Karali

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Developmental Process ◽

Photoreceptor Cells ◽

Sensory Transduction ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

And Function

Photoreceptors (PRs) are specialized neuroepithelial cells of the retina responsible for sensory transduction of light stimuli. In the highly structured vertebrate retina, PRs have a highly polarized modular structure to accommodate the demanding processes of phototransduction and the visual cycle. Because of their function, PRs are exposed to continuous cellular stress. PRs are therefore under pressure to maintain their function in defiance of constant environmental perturbation, besides being part of a highly sophisticated developmental process. All this translates into the need for tightly regulated and responsive molecular mechanisms that can reinforce transcriptional programs. It is commonly accepted that regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), are not only involved but indeed central in conferring robustness and accuracy to developmental and physiological processes. Here we integrate recent findings on the role of regulatory ncRNAs (e.g., miRNAs, lncRNAs, circular RNAs, and antisense RNAs), and of their contribution to PR pathophysiology. We also outline the therapeutic implications of translational studies that harness ncRNAs to prevent PR degeneration and promote their survival and function.

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Small extracellular vesicle non-coding RNAs in pancreatic cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

Journal of Hematology & Oncology ◽

10.1186/s13045-021-01149-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Moritz Reese ◽

Sameer A. Dhayat

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Prognostic Significance ◽

Extracellular Vesicle ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Liquid Biopsies ◽

Cancer Hallmarks ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Non Coding Rnas

AbstractPancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis among common tumors which is attributed to its aggressive phenotype, diagnosis at advanced, inoperable stages, and resistance to systemic therapy. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs have been established as important regulators of gene expression and their deregulation has been implicated in multiple diseases and foremost cancer. In the tumor microenvironment, non-coding RNAs can be distributed among cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), thereby facilitating intercellular communication and influencing major cancer hallmarks such as angiogenesis, evasion of the immune system, and metastatic dissemination. Furthermore, sEV-ncRNAs have shown promising potential as liquid biopsies with diagnostic and prognostic significance. In this review, we summarize the role of sEVs as carriers of ncRNAs and underlying molecular mechanisms in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we review the potential of sEV-ncRNAs as biomarkers and highlight the suitability of sEVs as delivery vehicles for ncRNA-based cancer therapy.

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Radio-Susceptibility of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Focus on Epstein- Barr Virus, MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs and Circular RNAs

Current Molecular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1874467213666191227104646 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 192-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fanghong Lei ◽

Tongda Lei ◽

Yun Huang ◽

Mingxiu Yang ◽

Mingchu Liao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Epstein Barr

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck cancer. As a neoplastic disorder, NPC is a highly malignant squamous cell carcinoma that is derived from the nasopharyngeal epithelium. NPC is radiosensitive; radiotherapy or radiotherapy combining with chemotherapy are the main treatment strategies. However, both modalities are usually accompanied by complications and acquired resistance to radiotherapy is a significant impediment to effective NPC therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective radio-sensitization and radio-resistance biomarkers for NPC. Recent studies have shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded products, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which share several common signaling pathways, can function in radio-related NPC cells or tissues. Understanding these interconnected regulatory networks will reveal the details of NPC radiation sensitivity and resistance. In this review, we discuss and summarize the specific molecular mechanisms of NPC radio-sensitization and radio-resistance, focusing on EBV-encoded products, miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs. This will provide a foundation for the discovery of more accurate, effective and specific markers related to NPC radiotherapy. EBVencoded products, miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs have emerged as crucial molecules mediating the radio-susceptibility of NPC. This understanding will improve the clinical application of markers and inform the development of novel therapeutics for NPC.

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Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs and the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Insulin Resistance

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147256 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7256

Author(s):

Vianet Argelia Tello-Flores ◽

Fredy Omar Beltrán-Anaya ◽

Marco Antonio Ramírez-Vargas ◽

Brenda Ely Esteban-Casales ◽

Napoleón Navarro-Tito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

Biological Species ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein ◽

Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are single-stranded RNA biomolecules with a length of >200 nt, and they are currently considered to be master regulators of many pathological processes. Recent publications have shown that lncRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of insulin resistance (IR) and glucose homeostasis by regulating inflammatory and lipogenic processes. lncRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to other non-coding RNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and DNA. In recent years, several mechanisms have been reported to explain the key roles of lncRNAs in the development of IR, including metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), imprinted maternal-ly expressed transcript (H19), maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT), and steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA), HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), and downregulated Expression-Related Hexose/Glucose Transport Enhancer (DREH). LncRNAs participate in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the inflammatory process, and oxidative stress through different pathways, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1/element-binding transcription factor 1c (PTBP1/SREBP-1c), AKT/nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), AKT/forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK). On the other hand, the mechanisms linked to the molecular, cellular, and biochemical actions of lncRNAs vary according to the tissue, biological species, and the severity of IR. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate the role of lncRNAs in the insulin signaling pathway and glucose and lipid metabolism. This review analyzes the function and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs involved in the development of IR.

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CRISP2, CATSPER1 and PATE1 Expression in Human Asthenozoospermic Semen

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10081956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1956

Author(s):

Francesco Manfrevola ◽

Bruno Ferraro ◽

Carolina Sellitto ◽

Domenico Rocco ◽

Silvia Fasano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sperm Motility ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Gradient Centrifugation ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Amino Acid Supplementation ◽

Differential Analysis ◽

Mrna Targets ◽

Motility Regulation ◽

Quantitative Changes

The etiology of human asthenozoospermia is multifactorial. The need to unveil molecular mechanisms underlying this state of infertility is, thus, impelling. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in microRNA (miRNA) inhibition by a sponge activity to protect mRNA targets. All together they form the competitive endogenous RNA network (ceRNET). Recently, we have identified differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs) in normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic patients, associated with high-quality (A-spermatozoa) and low-quality (B-spermatozoa) sperm. Here, we carried out a differential analysis of CRISP2, CATSPER1 and PATE1 mRNA expression in good quality (A-spermatozoa) and low quality (B-spermatozoa) sperm fractions collected from both normozoospermic volunteers and asthenozoospermic patients. These sperm fractions are usually separated on the basis of morphology and motility parameters by a density gradient centrifugation. B-spermatozoa showed low levels of mRNAs. Thus, we identified the possible ceRNET responsible for regulating their expression by focusing on circTRIM2, circEPS15 and circRERE. With the idea that motility perturbations could be rooted in quantitative changes of transcripts in sperm, we evaluated circRNA and mRNA modulation in A-spermatozoa and B-spermatozoa after an oral amino acid supplementation known to improve sperm motility. The profiles of CRISP2, CATSPER1 and PATE1 proteins in the same fractions of sperm well matched with the transcript levels. Our data may strengthen the role of circRNAs in asthenozoospermia and shed light on the molecular pathways linked to sperm motility regulation.

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Predictive role of nontumoral sodium iodide symporter activity and preoperative thyroid characteristics in remission process of thyroid cancer patients

Annals of Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.1007/s12149-014-0854-5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 623-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nilufer Yildirim-Poyraz ◽

Aylin Yazgan ◽

Elif Ozdemir ◽

Aysegul Gozalan ◽

Mutlay Keskin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Sodium Iodide ◽

Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽

Predictive Role

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Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22062904 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 2904

Author(s):

Peiyu Zhu ◽

Shuaiyin Chen ◽

Weiguo Zhang ◽

Guangcai Duan ◽

Yuefei Jin

Keyword(s):

Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Enterovirus Infection ◽

Research Directions ◽

Cardiorespiratory Failure ◽

New Ideas ◽

Non Coding Rnas

Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that can cause various types of human diseases and conditions such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), myocarditis, meningitis, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Although EV infections in most patients are generally mild and self-limiting, a small number of young children can develop serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and cardiorespiratory failure, resulting in fatalities. Established evidence has suggested that certain non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and progression of many human diseases. Recently, the involvement of ncRNAs in the course of EV infection has been reported. Herein, the authors focus on recent advances in the understanding of ncRNAs in EV infection from basic viral pathogenesis to clinical prospects, providing a reference basis and new ideas for disease prevention and research directions.

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The effective function of circular RNA in colorectal cancer

Cancer Cell International ◽

10.1186/s12935-021-02196-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mandana Ameli-Mojarad ◽

Melika Ameli-Mojarad ◽

Mahrooyeh Hadizadeh ◽

Chris Young ◽

Hosna Babini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Rna Binding ◽

Rna Binding Proteins ◽

Circular Rna ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Colorectal Tumorigenesis ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Mirna Sponges ◽

Mechanisms Of Development

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd most common type of cancer worldwide. Late detection plays role in one-third of annual mortality due to CRC. Therefore, it is essential to find a precise and optimal diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for the identification and treatment of colorectal tumorigenesis. Covalently closed, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs, which can have the same function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, as regulators of splicing and transcription, and as interactors with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Therefore, circRNAs have been investigated as specific targets for diagnostic and prognostic detection of CRC. These non-coding RNAs are also linked to metastasis, proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and drug resistance, illustrating the importance of understanding their involvement in the molecular mechanisms of development and progression of CRC. In this review, we present a detailed summary of recent findings relating to the dysregulation of circRNAs and their potential role in CRC.

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