scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Aflatoxins Levels in Edible Seeds, Estimation of Its Dietary Intake and Vitamin E Levels From Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Muhammed Muzammel Shehzad ◽  
Sunusi Usman ◽  
Nada Basheir Ali ◽  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Total Tocopherol ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edible Seeds ◽  
Pumpkin Seeds ◽  
Melon Seeds

A total of 779 samples of edible nuts (melon seeds, watermelon seeds, pumpkin seeds, and cantaloupe seeds) from southern cities of Punjab, Pakistan were collected from the summer and the winter seasons. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and vitamin E (tocopherols) levels were investigated using HPLC. The results have shown that 180 (43.4%) samples from the winter season and 122 (33.4%) samples from the summer season were found positive with AFs. The elevated average levels of total AFs (20.9±3.10 µg/kg) were observed in watermelon seeds without shell and the lowest average amount (15.9±3.60 µg/kg) were documented in melon seeds without shell samples from the winter season. The elevated average amount of total AFs 17.3±1.50 µg/kg were found in pumpkin seeds available as without shell. The results have documented a significant difference in total AFs levels in edible seeds available as shells versus without shells (α = 0.05 & 0.01). The highest dietary intake of 6.30 µg/kg/day was found in female individuals from pumpkin seeds (without shell) in the winter season and the value of 3.00 µg/kg/day were found in pumpkin seed without shell in summer season in female individuals. The highest amount of total tocopherol levels of 22.2 ± 7.70 ng/100g in pumpkin seeds samples from winter season and 14.5 ± 5.50 mg/100g were found in melon seeds samples from summer season. The variation of total tocopherol levels in edible seeds among the winter and summer seasons showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.0054), except watermelon seeds samples which shown non-significant difference (p ≥ 0.183).

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Aflatoxin Levels in Edible Seeds, Estimation of Its Dietary Intake and Vitamin E Levels in Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8964
Author(s):  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Muhammed Muzammel Shehzad ◽  
Sunusi Usman ◽  
Nada Basheir Ali ◽  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Total Tocopherol ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edible Seeds ◽  
Pumpkin Seeds ◽  
Melon Seeds

A total of 779 samples of edible nuts (melon seeds, watermelon seeds, pumpkin seeds, and cantaloupe seeds) from Southern Punjab (Pakistan), were collected during the summer and the winter seasons. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and vitamin E (tocopherols) levels were investigated using HPLC. The results have shown that 180 (43.4%) of samples from the winter season and 122 (33.4%) samples from the summer season were found positive for AFs. Elevated average levels of total AFs (20.9 ± 3.10 μg/kg, dry weight) were observed in watermelon seeds without shell, and the lowest average amount (15.9 ± 3.60 μg/kg) were documented in melon seeds without shell samples from the winter season. An elevated average amount of total AFs 17.3 ± 1.50 μg/kg was found in pumpkin seeds available without a shell. The results have documented a significant difference in total AFs levels in edible seeds available with shells versus without shells (α = 0.05 & 0.01). The highest dietary intake of 6.30 μg/kg/day was found in female individuals from consuming pumpkin seeds (without shell) in the winter season. A value of 3.00 μg/kg/day was found in pumpkin seed without shell in the summer season in female individuals. The highest total tocopherol levels were 22.2 ± 7.70 ng/100 g in pumpkin seeds samples from the winter season and 14.5 ± 5.50 mg/100 g in melon seed samples from the summer season. The variation of total tocopherol levels in edible seeds among the winter and summer seasons showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.0054), except watermelon seeds samples with non-significant differences (p ≥ 0.183).

Effect of Restricted Suckling on Growth Performance and Behaviour of Crossbred Piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laishram Sunitibala Devi ◽  
Chandrahas . ◽  
Sarada Prasanna Sahoo ◽  
Asu Singh Godara ◽  
Narender Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
T1 And T2

Present study was planned to acclimatize the pre-weaned piglet for stress tolerance through restricted suckling with or without mother’s visibility for improved piglet and through stress tolerance. For this, 244 piglets from 36 pregnant crossbred sows (Landrace × Desi), with 18 sows each, during summer season having 147 piglets and during winter season having 97 piglets were used. Eighteen sows along with their piglets were randomly distributed in 3 treatment groups viz. T0 (No restriction), T1 (restricted suckling with mother’s visibility) and T2 (restricted suckling without mother’s visibility) for the above said study for 3 months. A total of 15 minutes time was allotted for suckling of piglets in T1 and T2 group. Different records pertaining to body weight, feed intake, behaviour and growth parameter of piglets were recorded up to 3 months of age. At the end of the study period, body weight of piglets showed non-significant difference between the treatment groups. Grower feed intake during post-weaning (after 42 days) period showed significant difference (P less than 0.01) during winter season with highest value observed in T2 group. In rest of the period, non-significant difference was observed for all the treatment groups both during summer and winter season. Higher values for suckling behaviour was recorded for T1 and T2 groups than T0. From the present study, restricted suckling without mother’s visibility may be recommended at farm level for quick adaptation of piglets after weaning.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Edible Vegetable Seeds and Oil Samples Available in Retail Markets and Estimation of Dietary Intake in Consumers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Wajeeha Pervaiz ◽  
Toheed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edible Seeds

A total of 744 samples of vegetable seeds and oil (soybean, sunflower, canola, olive, corn, and mustard) were collected for the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxins (AFs). The results have shown that 92 (56.7%) samples of branded and 108 (57%) samples of non-branded edible seeds were observed to be contaminated with AFs. The maximum mean of AFB1 and total AFs in non-branded soybean seeds was 21.01 ± 4.70 and 36.37 ± 6.10 µg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, all samples of edible seeds have concentrations of AFB1 greater than the proposed limit of European Union (EU, 2 µg/kg) and 12 (7.40%) samples of branded seeds and 14 (7.40%) samples of non-branded seeds were found in the range ≥ 50 µg/kg. About 78 (43.3%) samples of branded edible oil and 103 (48.3%) sample of non-branded edible oil were observed to be positive with AFs, and the elevated average of AFB1 (14.29 ± 2.51 µg/kg) and total AFs (25.61 ± 7.50) µg/kg were found in non-branded soybean oil samples. Furthermore, 16 (8.88%) and 6 (3.33%) samples of branded vegetable oil have levels of total AFs in a range (21 - 50 µg/kg) and ≥ 50 µg/kg, respectively. The findings have indicated significant difference of AFs levels between branded and non-branded vegetable oil samples (t = 22.274 and p = 0.000) at α = 0.05 and significant difference of AFs levels in vegetable seeds and oil samples ( t = -17.75, p = 0.000) at α =0.05. The highest dietary intake was found in non-branded sunflower oil sample (0.90 µg/kg/day) in female individuals (16-22 age group), followed by the dietary intake of 0.69 µg/kg/day body weight in male individuals (16-22 age group).

ICP-AES Determination of Mineral Elements in Five Edible Seeds after Microwave Assisted Digestion

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 827-830
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Qin Chao Ma ◽  
Hao Nan Xu ◽  
Kun Feng ◽  
Yan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Edible Seeds ◽  
Pumpkin Seeds ◽  
Melon Seeds ◽  
Microwave Assisted Digestion

The concentrations of 12 elements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Se, Mn, Zn, Sn, Cu and Al) were determined in raw and roasted pumpkin seeds by ICP-AES following microwave-assisted acid digestion. The accuracy of the method determined by spiking experiments was very good (recoveries 95.48103.2%) and the limits of detection of elements of interest were from 0.1 up to 17.4μg g-1, the relative standard deviations were less than 3.52%. Compared with watermelon seeds, winter melon seeds, sunflower seeds and hanging melon seeds, the results showed the five kinds of roasted melon seeds are all rich in mineral elements.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Edible Vegetable Seeds and Oil Samples Available in Pakistani Retail Markets and Estimation of Dietary Intake in Consumers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8015
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Wajeeha Pervaiz ◽  
Touheed Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Edible Seeds

Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites toxic to humans as well as animals. The environmental conditions, conventional agricultural practices, and illiteracy are the main factors which favor the production of AFs in food and feed. In the current study 744 samples of vegetable seeds and oils (soybean, sunflower, canola, olive, corn, and mustard) were collected and tested for the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total AFs. Liquid-liquid extraction was employed for the extraction of AFs from seeds and oil samples. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detection was used for the analysis. The results have shown that 92 (56.7%) samples of imported and 108 (57.0%) samples of local edible seeds were observed to be contaminated with AFs. All samples of edible seeds have AFB1 levels greater than the proposed limit set by the European Union (EU, 2 µg/kg) and 12 (7.40%) samples of imported seeds and 14 (7.40%) samples of local seeds were found in the range ≥ 50 µg/kg. About 78 (43.3%) samples of imported edible oil and 103 (48.3%) sample of local edible oil were observed to be positive for AFs. Furthermore, 16 (8.88%) and six (3.33%) samples of imported vegetable oil have levels of total AFs in a range (21–50 µg/kg) and greater than 50 µg/kg, respectively. The findings indicate significant differences in AFs levels between imported and local vegetable oil samples (t = 22.27 and p = 0.009) at α = 0.05 and a significant difference in AFs levels were found between vegetable seeds and oil samples (t = −17.75, p = 0.009) at α = 0.05. The highest dietary intake was found for a local sunflower oil sample (0.90 µg/kg/day) in female individuals (16–22 age group). The results have shown considerably high levels of AFB1 and total AFs in seeds and oil samples and emphasise the need to monitor carefully the levels of these toxic substances in food and feed on regular basis.

scholarly journals Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Sunusi Usman ◽  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Nada Basheir Ali ◽  
Tahmina Saif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The main goal of the present research was to explore the seasonal variation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, corn, and their products, collected during 2018–2019. Samples of 449 of wheat and products and 270 samples of corn and their products were examined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with a UV detector. The findings of the present work showed that 104 (44.8%) samples of wheat and products from the summer season, and 91 (41.9%) samples from winter season were contaminated with DON (concentration limit of detections (LOD) to 2145 µg/kg and LOD to 2050 µg/kg), from summer and winter seasons, respectively. In corn and products, 87 (61.2%) samples from summer and 57 (44.5%) samples from winter season were polluted with DON with levels ranging from LOD to 2967 µg/kg and LOD to 2490 µg/kg, from the summer and winter season, respectively. The highest dietary intake of DON was determined in wheat flour 8.84 µg/kg body weight/day from the summer season, and 7.21 µg/kg body weight/day from the winter season. The findings of the work argued the need to implement stringent guidelines and create awareness among farmers, stakeholders, and traders of the harmful effect of DON. It is mostly observed that cereal crops are transported and stockpiled in jute bags, which may absorb moisture from the environment and produce favorable conditions for fungal growth. Therefore, these crops must store in polyethylene bags during transportation and storage, and moisture should be controlled. It is highly desirable to use those varieties that are more resistant to fungi attack. Humidity and moisture levels need to be controlled during storage and transportation.

PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOINVERTA ORAIENSIS IN FRESH WATER FISH, CLARIAS BATRACHUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ADITYA NARAYAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Clarias Batrachus ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Water Fish

The present investigation deals with the prevalence of infection of cestode, Pseudoinverta oraiensis19 parasitizing Clarias batrachus from Bundelkhand Region (U.P.) India. The studies were recorded from different sampling stations of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. For this study 360 fresh water fish, Clarias batrachus were examined. The incidence of infection, monsoon season (17.50%) followed by winter season (20.00%) whereas high in summer season (30.00%).

APPLICATION OF SHIFTING ASSAY OF STANDARDIZED INDIRECT AGGLUTINATION (SSIA) FOR DETECTION OF ANTIGENS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUSES IN CHICKEN FAECES

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phạm Hồng Sơn ◽  
Phạm Hồng Kỳ ◽  
Nguyễn Thị Lan Hương ◽  
Phạm Thị Hồng Hà
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

. Using the method of shifting assay of standardized indirect agglutination (SSIA), the prevalence of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) and infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) in chickens reared in several districts of Thua Thien Hue province in the Spring-Summer and Fall-Winter seasons was determined. In the Spring-Summer season of 2011, about 22.3% of the chickens were infected with NDV, in which A Luoi  accounted for the highest percentage of 25% of the infected chickens and Huong Thuy  the lowest  of 18.2%. Meanwhile, 36% of the same chickens were infected with IBDV, with the highest percentage (46.66%) also in A Luoi and the lowest (30.3%) also in Huong Thuy. The intensity of NDV infection in the Spring-Summer season in A Luoi and Phu Vang was highest (GMT = 1.45), and in Huong Thuy lowest (GMT = 1.31). In addition, in the Fall-Winter season, about 46% of the chickens were infected with NDV and 46.3% with IBDV in Huong Thuy and Phu Vang – two neighbouring districts of Hue City, in which NDV was detected in 54.4% of the chickens in Huong Thuy and 33.9% in Phu Vang. In contrast, IBDV was detected in 41.9% and 52.7% of the chickens respectively in the two districts. The infection was not inter-dependent. Methodically, although the differences in the infection rates were insignificant with the accuracy of 95%, faecal samples showed higher sensitivity in SSIA analyses for both cases of NDV and IBDV infection in comparision with mouth exudates. By SSIA method, results could be read clearly with unaided eyes for a long time after the performance, and it was also proven applicable for cases of haemagglutinating viruses if proper treatments for depletion of animal RBCs’ surface agglutinins could be applied.

scholarly journals Reduction of body-weight gain enhances in vitro embryo production in overfed superovulated dairy heifers

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Freret ◽  
B Grimard ◽  
A A Ponter ◽  
C Joly ◽  
C Ponsart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of our study was to test whether a reduction in dietary intake could improve in vitro embryo production in superovulated overfed dairy heifers. Cumulus–oocyte complexes of 16 Prim’ Holstein heifers (14 ± 1 months old) were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU), every 2 weeks following superovulation treatment with 250 μg FSH, before being matured and fertilized in vitro. Embryos were cultured in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid medium for 7 days. Heifers were fed with hay, soybean meal, barley, minerals and vitamins. From OPU 1 to 4 (period 1), all heifers received individually for 8 weeks a diet formulated for a 1000 g/day live-weight gain. From OPU 5 to 8 (period 2), the heifers were allocated to one of two diets (1000 or 600 g/day) for 8 weeks. Heifers’ growth rates were monitored and plasma concentrations of metabolites, metabolic and reproductive hormones were measured each week. Mean live-weight gain observed during period 1 was 950 ± 80 g/day (n = 16). In period 2 it was 730 ± 70 (n = 8) and 1300 ± 70 g/day (n = 8) for restricted and overfed groups respectively. When comparing period 1 and period 2 within groups, significant differences were found. In the restricted group, a higher blastocyst rate, greater proportions of grade 1–3 and grade 1 embryos, associated with higher estradiol at OPU and lower glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate, were observed in period 2 compared with period 1. Moreover, after 6 weeks of dietary restriction (OPU 7), numbers of day 7 total embryos, blastocysts and grade 1–3 embryos had significantly increased. On the contrary, in the overfed group, we observed more <8 mm follicles 2 days before superovulation treatment, higher insulin and IGF-I and lower nonesterified fatty acids in period 2 compared with period 1 (no significant difference between periods for embryo production). After 6 weeks of 1300 g/day live-weight gain (OPU 7), embryo production began to decrease. Whatever the group, oocyte collection did not differ between period 1 and 2. These data suggest that following a period of overfeeding, a short-term dietary intake restriction (6 weeks in our study) may improve blastocyst production and embryo quality when they are low. However, nutritional recommendations aiming to optimize both follicular growth and embryonic development may be different.

scholarly journals Comparative Tissue Responses of Marine Mollusks on Seasonal Changes in the Northern Adriatic Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2874
Author(s):  
Natalija Topić Popović ◽  
Martina Krbavčić ◽  
Josip Barišić ◽  
Blanka Beer Ljubić ◽  
Ivančica Strunjak-Perović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Marine Mollusks ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

In the shallow Northern Adriatic, marine mollusks are affected by bottom trawling and seafood disturbance. Seasonal oscillations of oceanographic factors additionally influence their physiology, stress responses and survival. Tissue responses to seasonal variations in green ormer (Haliotis tuberculata L.) and Mediterranean scallop (Pecten jacobaeus L.) in the Northern Adriatic have not been reported. Hence, their biochemical and antioxidant defense properties over seasons were studied and the microanatomical structure of their tissue was correlated with function. Histological analysis of gonads revealed two peaks of gonadal maturation and spawning during the spring/summer period and winter season for scallops, and one peak during the fall for ormers. The gonadal maturation of both species was correlated with their seasonal variations of metabolic demands and antioxidant capacity. The lipid vacuoles of tubuloacinar terminations in the digestive gland differed between the two species; in scallop they are several-fold larger in size and number. Low temperatures in winter contributed to a decline in enzymatic antioxidant defense in scallop tissues, having lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and higher concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant status (TAS). In ormers, winter induced lower TAS, TBARS, SOD and GPx concentrations. The significant difference of winter TAS and TBARS levels between ormers and scallops was correlated with variations in their reproductive cycles, as well as in antioxidant defense systems. The most important factor for stress-related parameters for both species in this work was found to be the season-induced temperature change.

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