scholarly journals Geometric Method for Estimating Shading Degree of Objects in Solar Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Markin ◽  
Lyudmila Bobrik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Processor Time ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Problem Setting

The paper presents a geometric model for evaluating the effective area of photovoltaic solar panels, taking into account their shading cast upon the object when it is exposed to a solar flux directed as it has been set. The relevance of such research is due to the fact that solar energy is a source of ecologically clean energy on earth, in space - it is often the only source of life support for inhabited space stations and future extraterrestrial settlements. It describes problem setting, namely physical and mathematical approaches to evaluating energy efficiency of pho- tovoltaic solar panels. To estimate energy efficiency, we have chosen a voxel geometric model which samples the normal working area. The developed voxel geometric model differs from others significantly, namely it employs 4-digit code instead of 2-digit. Such multi-digit feature allows the solving algorithm to “trace” the shade source quickly when calculating the total effective area of photovoltaic solar panels. The paper presents the software implementation of the described geometric model, the graphical shell, and the results of verification of the afore- said geometric model. The results of its testing (estimates of accuracy and performance) are given. This results showing sufficient accuracy for practice and high speed of calculations (less than 10 seconds of processor time).

scholarly journals Geometric method for assessing the shadowing of objects in solar power engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (S) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Leonid V. MARKIN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Geometric Modeling ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Flow Density ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Power Engineering ◽  
Significant Difference

This paper describes a geometric model for assessing the effective area of solar panels with regard to their shadowing when the object is illuminated by the solar flow from a given direction. Using energy methods, the flow density, the irradiation created by it, and the exposure in radiant or effective units of measurement were determined. Both physical and mathematical formulation of the problem of assessing the energy efficiency of solar panels using the method of geometric modeling are described. To evaluate energy efficiency, a voxel geometric model was selected that discretizes the computational space. A significant difference in the developed voxel geometric model is that it is multivalued, i.e. uses not a 2-digit, but a 4-digit code. Such ambiguity allows the decisive algorithm to quickly “figure out” the origin of the shadow source when calculating the total effective area of solar panels. The described software implementation of the geometric model, graphical shell, and model verification results can be used in the optimization system for designing spacecraft and other solar energy facilities.

Energy Efficiency and Performance Optimized Control of a Hybrid Feed Drive

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molong Duan ◽  
Chinedum E. Okwudire
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Motor Drives ◽  
Precise Positioning ◽  
Feed Drive ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Precision Machine Tools

Linear motor drives (LMDs) are well known to provide significant advantages in terms of positioning speed and precision over traditional screw drives (SDs), making them better suited for high-speed, high-precision machine tools. However, their use in such machine tools is limited by their tendency to consume a lot of electrical energy and cause thermal issues that help drive up costs. A hybrid feed drive (HFD) has been proposed as a possible solution to this dilemma. The HFD combines LMD and SD actuation to achieve speeds and accuracies similar to LMDs while consuming much less energy. This paper explores control strategies to further improve the performance of the HFD without unduly sacrificing its efficiency. First, it highlights two performance limitations of the controller proposed for the HFD in prior work, namely, imperfect tracking and suboptimal feedback gains. Then it compares two approaches for achieving perfect tracking with regard to performance and energy efficiency. Finally, it presents an approach for optimizing the feedback gains of the HFD to achieve the best positioning performance. Simulations and experiments are used to demonstrate significant gains in precise positioning using the methods proposed in this paper, while maintaining superb energy efficiency relative to an equivalent LMD.

Discrete Geometric Models for Estimating the Degree of Shading in Solar Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л. Маркин ◽  
Leonid Markin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Geometric Models ◽  
Shape Characteristic ◽  
Set Up

Geometric simulation and its software for estimating the efficiency of deployment of solar panels on spacecraft and solar concentrators on the ground are considered in this work. Both the physical and mathematical set up of the problem for estimating the energy efficiency of solar panels, taking into account their shading both by each other and by other elements of a space station has been described in this paper. It has been shown that the known methods for mechanization and automation of such calculations are focused on objects of relatively simple geometric shapes (such as buildings), and are inefficient for objects of complex and diverse geometric shape, characteristic both for spacecraft themselves and their solar panels. Therefore, to solve this problem, a receptor (voxel) geometric model digitizing the computational space has been chosen. The receptor model’s uniqueness is that comparing the values of receptor codes allows easy determine the intersection of objects. Has been described a developed receptor geometric model for estimating the effective area of solar panels, taking into account their shading when the object (for example, a spacecraft) is illuminated by a flow of solar energy from a given direction. The essential difference between the developed receptor geometric model and the classical one is that the former is multiform, i.e. uses not the 2-digit code (0 and 1), but the 4-digit one (0, 1, 2 and 3). Has been demonstrated a software implementation of the described geometric model in C#, and a graphical shell developed for this problem, allowing see the obtained results’ numerical values. Have been provided examples of its implementation in solving of practical problems. The results of verification for the described receptor geometric model have been demonstrated. All this allows speak about efficiency of using receptor geometric models both in singular computation calculations and for creating the appropriate algorithmic, mathematical support and software for the corresponding CAD systems.

MANUFACTURING OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLAR PANELS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Андрей Дмитриевич Бухтеев ◽  
Виктория Буянтуевна Бальжиева ◽  
Анна Романовна Тарасова ◽  
Фидан Гасанова ◽  
Светлана Викторовна Агасиева
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Solar Panels

В данном обзоре приведены проблемы при использовании солнечных элементов и существующие решения этих проблем по повышению энергоэффективности фотоэлементов. Также сравнивается КПД этих солнечных элементов и рассматриваются их особенности. Одним из самых эффективных способов стало применение нанотехнологий. This review presents the problems of using solar cells and existing solutions to these problems to improve the energy efficiency of solar cells. The efficiency of these solar cells is also compared and their features are considered. One of the most effective methods was the use of nanotechnology.

scholarly journals Energy Policies at Crossroads − Will Europe's 2030 targets and framework be in line with the Paris Climate Agreement?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
The Eu

In November 2016, the European Commission presented the Clean-Energy-for-all-Europeans Package. It consists of eight legislative proposals which should define targets and policy and regulatory frameworks for the EU's climate and energy policies up to 2030 and beyond. Recasts of the existing Renewable Energies Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive, as well as proposals for a new energy market design, which should be fit for renewables, are among the key elements of the package, which aims at replacing the existing 2020-framework. The package includes 2030-targets for Greenhouse Gas Reduction (at least 40%), Energy Efficiency (at least 27/30%), and the share of Renewables in Gross Final Energy Consumption (at least 27%). In contrast to the 2020-framework, the EU-wide renewables-target would no longer be underpinned by binding national targets but should be reached in a joint effort with a new governance system. Since the proposal was submitted to the European Parliament and the European Council for the legislative procedures which must end in an agreement before the next elections for the European Parliament in 2019, controversial debates are taking place. The intention is to finalise the legal procedures before the end of 2018. Parliament and Council had planned to decide about their respective opinions about the various pieces by February 2018. Afterwards, probably not finished before the end of 2018, compromise negations will take place, before the whole package will eventually be accepted by both bodies. Among the most controversially discussed topics is the ambition level of the proposals and whether or not it is in line with the commitments signed by the EU and all its Member States in the context of the Paris Agreement. Industry stakeholders not only from the renewable energy sector and environmental NGOs have proposed significantly higher targets in order to stay “well below 2 °C” of global warming before the end of the century. They also suggested continuing binding national targets or − as a compromise − enacting a very strict governance system. I shall present and evaluate the state of play of the 2030-framework decision process. And I shall end with some policy recommendation still to be considered in the ongoing debate.

scholarly journals Spatially Resolved Experimental Modal Analysis on High-Speed Composite Rotors Using a Non-Contact, Non-Rotating Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4705
Author(s):  
Julian Lich ◽  
Tino Wollmann ◽  
Angelos Filippatos ◽  
Maik Gude ◽  
Juergen Czarske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Vibration Responses ◽  
And Performance

Due to their lightweight properties, fiber-reinforced composites are well suited for large and fast rotating structures, such as fan blades in turbomachines. To investigate rotor safety and performance, in situ measurements of the structural dynamic behaviour must be performed during rotating conditions. An approach to measuring spatially resolved vibration responses of a rotating structure with a non-contact, non-rotating sensor is investigated here. The resulting spectra can be assigned to specific locations on the structure and have similar properties to the spectra measured with co-rotating sensors, such as strain gauges. The sampling frequency is increased by performing consecutive measurements with a constant excitation function and varying time delays. The method allows for a paradigm shift to unambiguous identification of natural frequencies and mode shapes with arbitrary rotor shapes and excitation functions without the need for co-rotating sensors. Deflection measurements on a glass fiber-reinforced polymer disk were performed with a diffraction grating-based sensor system at 40 measurement points with an uncertainty below 15 μrad and a commercial triangulation sensor at 200 measurement points at surface speeds up to 300 m/s. A rotation-induced increase of two natural frequencies was measured, and their mode shapes were derived at the corresponding rotational speeds. A strain gauge was used for validation.

scholarly journals Prognostic Assessment of the Performance Parameters for the Industrial Diesel Engines Operated with Microalgae Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6482
Author(s):  
Sergejus Lebedevas ◽  
Laurencas Raslavičius
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Prognostic Assessment ◽  
High Speed Diesel ◽  
Microalgae Oil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Smoke Opacity ◽  
Efficiency Indicators

A study conducted on the high-speed diesel engine (bore/stroke: 79.5/95.5 mm; 66 kW) running with microalgae oil (MAO100) and diesel fuel (D100) showed that, based on Wibe parameters (m and φz), the difference in numerical values of combustion characteristics was ~10% and, in turn, resulted in close energy efficiency indicators (ηi) for both fuels and the possibility to enhance the NOx-smoke opacity trade-off. A comparative analysis by mathematical modeling of energy and traction characteristics for the universal multi-purpose diesel engine CAT 3512B HB-SC (1200 kW, 1800 min−1) confirmed the earlier assumption: at the regimes of external speed characteristics, the difference in Pme and ηi for MAO100 and D100 did not exceeded 0.7–2.0% and 2–4%, respectively. With the refinement and development of the interim concept, the model led to the prognostic evaluation of the suitability of MAO100 as fuel for the FPT Industrial Cursor 13 engine (353 kW, 6-cylinders, common-rail) family. For the selected value of the indicated efficiency ηi = 0.48–0.49, two different combinations of φz and m parameters (φz = 60–70 degCA, m = 0.5 and φz = 60 degCA, m = 1) may be practically realized to achieve the desirable level of maximum combustion pressure Pmax = 130–150 bar (at α~2.0). When switching from diesel to MAO100, it is expected that the ηi will drop by 2–3%, however, an existing reserve in Pmax that comprises 5–7% will open up room for further optimization of energy efficiency and emission indicators.

Renewable energy selection based on a new entropy and dissimilarity measure on an interval-valued neutrosophic set

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
ShuoYan Chou ◽  
Truong ThiThuy Duong ◽  
Nguyen Xuan Thao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Membership Function ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Dissimilarity Measure ◽  
Neutrosophic Set ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance

Energy plays a central part in economic development, yet alongside fossil fuels bring vast environmental impact. In recent years, renewable energy has gradually become a viable source for clean energy to alleviate and decouple with a negative connotation. Different types of renewable energy are not without trade-offs beyond costs and performance. Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) has become one of the most prominent tools in making decisions with multiple conflicting criteria existing in many complex real-world problems. Information obtained for decision making may be ambiguous or uncertain. Neutrosophic is an extension of fuzzy set types with three membership functions: truth membership function, falsity membership function and indeterminacy membership function. It is a useful tool when dealing with uncertainty issues. Entropy measures the uncertainty of information under neutrosophic circumstances which can be used to identify the weights of criteria in MCDM model. Meanwhile, the dissimilarity measure is useful in dealing with the ranking of alternatives in term of distance. This article proposes to build a new entropy and dissimilarity measure as well as to construct a novel MCDM model based on them to improve the inclusiveness of the perspectives for decision making. In this paper, we also give out a case study of using this model through the process of a renewable energy selection scenario in Taiwan performed and assessed.

scholarly journals Power and Performance Evaluation of Memory-Intensive Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4089
Author(s):  
Kaiqiang Zhang ◽  
Dongyang Ou ◽  
Congfeng Jiang ◽  
Yeliang Qiu ◽  
Longchuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Job Scheduling ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Processor Core ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reasonable Use ◽  
Server System

In terms of power and energy consumption, DRAMs play a key role in a modern server system as well as processors. Although power-aware scheduling is based on the proportion of energy between DRAM and other components, when running memory-intensive applications, the energy consumption of the whole server system will be significantly affected by the non-energy proportion of DRAM. Furthermore, modern servers usually use NUMA architecture to replace the original SMP architecture to increase its memory bandwidth. It is of great significance to study the energy efficiency of these two different memory architectures. Therefore, in order to explore the power consumption characteristics of servers under memory-intensive workload, this paper evaluates the power consumption and performance of memory-intensive applications in different generations of real rack servers. Through analysis, we find that: (1) Workload intensity and concurrent execution threads affects server power consumption, but a fully utilized memory system may not necessarily bring good energy efficiency indicators. (2) Even if the memory system is not fully utilized, the memory capacity of each processor core has a significant impact on application performance and server power consumption. (3) When running memory-intensive applications, memory utilization is not always a good indicator of server power consumption. (4) The reasonable use of the NUMA architecture will improve the memory energy efficiency significantly. The experimental results show that reasonable use of NUMA architecture can improve memory efficiency by 16% compared with SMP architecture, while unreasonable use of NUMA architecture reduces memory efficiency by 13%. The findings we present in this paper provide useful insights and guidance for system designers and data center operators to help them in energy-efficiency-aware job scheduling and energy conservation.

scholarly journals Improving the energy efficiency of using solar panels

2020 ◽  
Vol 613 ◽  
pp. 012092
Author(s):  
G V Nikitenko ◽  
E V Konoplev ◽  
V K Salpagarov ◽  
I V Danchenko ◽  
G V Masyutina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Solar Panels
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