HUBUNGAN ANTARA KARAKTER VEGETATIF DE NGAN PRODUKSI PATI SAGU BARUQ

ABSTRAK Sagu baruq merupakan tanaman sumber karbohidrat yang diambil dari batang. Masalah yang dihadapi adalah seleksi produksi pati pada setiap pohon. Banyak atau sedikitnya produksi pati akan diketahui setelah pohon ditebang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi genetik plasma nutfah sagu baruq, terutama untuk mengetahui korelasi antara karakter-karakter vegetatif dengan produksi pati, yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan seleksi tetua. Salah satu alat yang bisa digunakan untuk mendapatkan informasi ini adalah metode sidik lintas. Karakter yang diamati adalah tinggi batang, jumlah daun, panjang rachis, panjang dan lebar petiol, panjang, lebar, dan jumlah anak daun, serta berat batang, empulur, dan pati. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengacu pada metode Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan tahun 2005. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis koefisien korelasinya untuk mengetahui hubungan langsung dan tidak langsung karakter-karakter vegetatif dengan berat tepung sebagai komponen hasil. Perhitungan koefisien lintas mengacu pada metode matriks oleh Singh dan Chaudari. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan terdapat enam karakter yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap berat tepung dan dapat dijadikan seleksi peningkatan produksi pati sagu baruq di Tabukan Tengah. Sementara itu, di Manganitu, terdapat sembilan karakter yang dapat dijadikan sebagai kriteria seleksi untuk perbaikan tanaman. Selain pengaruh langsung, dihasilkan juga 12 pengaruh tidak langsung yang dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai kriteria seleksi populasi sagu baruq di Tabukan Tengah dan 10 pengaruh tidak langsung untuk Manganitu.Kata kunci: Arenga macrocarpha, hubungan, karakter vegetatif, produksi pati Relationship Between Vegetative Characters an d SagoBaruq Starch Production From Sangihe District ABSTRACT Baruq sagu is an important source of carbohydrate from the stem, constrain in cultivation was difficulty in selecting high yield plants. The experiment was conducted at the District Tabukan Tengah and Manganitu Sangihe Regency, North Sulawesi in May 2012. The purpose of this study was to obtain genetic information for germplasm of sago Baruq, especially to determine the correlation between vegetative characters and the production of starch, which later can be used as the selection of mother palms. One of the tools that can be used to obtain this information was the method of path analysis. Research methods used was direct observation in the field. The number of plants observed for each site 1 0 trees, which were randomly selected. Characters observed were plant height, number of leaves, rachis length, length of petiol, petiol width, length of the leaf, width of leaf, number of leaves, stems weight, pith weight, and weight of starch. The collected data were analyzed to determine the direct and indirect relationship between vegetative characters and weight of starch using path analysis. The result showed that 10 vegetative characters of Baruq sago population in Tabukan Tengah District, Sangihe regency produced six characters directly influence the character of the starch weight and can be used as selection criteria to increasing production of baruq sago starch. Meanwhile, in District Manganitu 9 characters can be used as selection criteria for crop improvement. In addition to the direct effects, 12 indirect effects can be considered as a selection criteria for sago baruq population in District Tabukan Tengah and 10 indirect effects for the population baruq sago in the District Manganitu. Keywords: Arenga macrocarpha , relationships, vegetative character, starch production

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Korelasi dan Sidik Lintas Dua Belas Karakter Vegetatif, Generatif dan Komponen Buah Kelapa Dalam Odeska Lobu [Correlation and Path Analysis of Twelve Vegetative, Generative, and Fruit Component Characters of Odeska Lobu Coconut]

Buletin Palma ◽

10.21082/bp.v20n2.2019.83-90 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

NFN Miftahorrachman ◽

Meity Tulalo ◽

Elsje Tenda ◽

Jeanette Kumaunang ◽

Yulianus R Matana

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Selection Criteria ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Simple Correlation ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Absolute Requirement ◽

Correlation And Path Analysis

The use of quality and certified seeds is an absolute requirement in the construction of the seed garden of coconut plant. Lobu tall coconut is one of the potential coconuts owned by North Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted in Lobu Village, Touluwaan District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province from 2016 to 2018. The purpose of the study was to determine the characters that directly have an impact on the yield using path analysis based on Singh and Chaudary Formula on twelve morphology characters using programme of R i386 3.5.2 package Agricole software. The results of a simple correlation analysis show that there is no relationship between morphological characters and number of fruits, but correlates with the weight of whole fruit. The results of the path analysis showed that only the seed weight character had a direct effect on the weight of whole fruit (r = 0.53) and there were no indirect effects. Seed weight characters can be used as a selection criteria of mother palms to increase coconut productivity of Odeska Lobu coconut.ABSTRAKPenggunaan benih berkualitas dan bersertifikat merupakan syarat mutlak dalam pembangunan kebun induk tanaman kelapa. Kelapa Dalam Odeska Lobu merupakan salah satu kelapa potensial yang dimiliki daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Kegiatan dilakukan di Desa Lobu, Kecamatan Touluwaan, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, mulai tahun 2016 sampai dengan tahun 2018, untuk mengetahui karakter-karakter yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap hasil, dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis sidik lintas berdasarkan formula Singh dan Chaudary terhadap dua belas karakter vegetatif, generatif, dan komponen buah menggunakan program software R i386 3.5.2 package Agricole. Hasil analisis korelasi sederhana menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara karakter morfologi dengan karakter hasil jumlah buah, tapi berkorelasi dengan karakter hasil berat buah utuh. Hasil analisis lintas menunjukkan hanya karakter berat biji yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap berat buah utuh (r = 0.53) dan tidak terdapat pengaruh tidak langsung. Karakter berat biji dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kriteria seleksi pohon tetua sebagai sumber benih untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kelapa Dalam Odeska Lobu.

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Correlations and path analysis for fruit yield in pepper lines (Capsicum chinense L.)

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v8i2.1839 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 247-255

Author(s):

Renato Silva Soares ◽

Hellismar Wakson da Silva ◽

Willame Dos Santos Candido ◽

Luís Sérgio Rodrigues Vale

Keyword(s):

Path Analysis ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Selection Process ◽

Selection Index ◽

High Yield ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Environmental Correlations ◽

Highly Correlated

Information regarding the correlation between characters are of great importance to simultaneous traits selection in breeding programs. However, quantification and interpretation of the correlations magnitude do not imply in direct and indirect effects. In this context, the path analysis is presented as an alternative and viable tool for the selection process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations between eight major agronomic characters in pepper lines (C. chinense L.) and its consequences in direct and indirect effects by path analysis. Eight agronomic traits were assessed under field conditions in 22 C. chinense L lines. According to the results, there is a genetic variability among the evaluated lines, whose yield per plant (PY) and total number of fruits (NF) variables are highly correlated with high direct effect on pepper lines yield. The selection of pepper lines with high yield can be accomplished through direct selection or using a suitable selection index, being advantageous to select lines with other characteristics, such as appropriate scion height and diameter for conducting manual and mechanized harvesting. The use of the constant k is efficient to reduce the variance of path coefficients, providing better estimation of the effects that affects yield.

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Korelasi Karakter Vegetatif dan Generatif Terhadap Produksi

Buletin Palma ◽

10.21082/bp.v16n1.2015.104-114 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

WEDA MAKARTI MAHAYU ◽

. MIFTAHORRACHMAN

Keyword(s):

Path Analysis ◽

Fruit Production ◽

The Other ◽

Experimental Result ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Open Pollination ◽

Font Size ◽

Stem Height ◽

Self Pollination ◽

Vegetative Characters

ABSTRAK Analisis sidik lintas dibutuhkan untuk membantu pelaksanaan seleksi tanaman terhadap karakter yang bersifat poligenik (hasil atau komponen hasil) dengan mempertimbangkan karakter-karakter lain yang berkorelasi nyata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter vegetatif dan generatif yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kelapa Dalam Mapanget (DMT) generasi selfing sebagai dasar melakukan seleksi pohon induk untuk perakitan kelapa unggul hibrida dan mengetahui pengaruh penyerbukan (penyerbukan terbuka dan silangdalam) terhadap korelasi antar karakter pada populasi yang terbentuk. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap kelapa DMT bersari bebas (DMT OP 32 dan DMT OP 55) dan DMT hasil penyerbukan sendiri (DMT S3-32, DMT S4-32, DMT S3-55, dan DMT S4-55). Analisis sidik lintas dilakukan pada karakter tinggi batang, lingkar batang 150 cm, jumlah daun dan jumlah tandan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat karakter yang berkorelasi nyata baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung pada kelapa DMT OP-32, sedangkan pada kelapa DMT OP-55 karakter jumlah tandan memiliki pengaruh langsung terbesar terhadap peningkatan produksi buah per tandan. Karakter tinggi batang Kelapa DMT S3-32 dan DMT S3-55 memiliki sumbangan terbesar terhadap peningkatan produksi buah per tandan pada kedua aksesi tersebut. Jumlah daun berkorelasi nyata secara langsung terhadap produksi buah per tandan pada DMT S4-32. Tinggi batang, lingkar batang 150 cm dan jumlah daun kelapa DMT S4-55 berkorelasi nyata secara langsung dengan produksi buah per tandan. Kelapa DMT 32 dan DMT 55 silangdalam generasi ke tiga dan ke empat menunjukkan hubungan antar karakter yang lebih erat dibanding populasi DMT hasil penyerbukan terbuka yang dibuktikan oleh jumlah karakter yang berkorelasi nyata baik secara langsung maupun total terhadap produksi buah yang lebih banyak.Kata kunci: Analisis sidik lintas, penyerbukan terbuka, silangdalam, karakter vegetatif, karakter generatif. Correlation on Vegetative and Generative to Production of the Six Mapanget Tall Coconuts Due Self PollinationABSTRACT Path analysis was needed to assist the implementation of the crops selection on polygenic character (yield or yield components) with considering to the other characters that significantly correclated. This study aims to determine vegetative and generative characters impact on production of Mapanget Tall Coconut (MAT) significantly in selfing generation as the basic for selecting the parent tree to assemble superior coconut hybrid and to determine the effect of pollination types (open-pollinated versus selfing) on the relationship among characters in the formed population. Observations were conducted on the open pollinated (MAT OP 32 and MAT OP 55) and self-pollination of MAT (MAT S3-32, MAT S4-32, MAT S3-55, and MAT S4-55). Path analysis was applied on characters of stem height, girth of 150 cm stem, number of leaf and number of bunches. Experimental result showed that there was no correlation either directly or indirectly among characters on MAT coconut OP-32, on the other hand MAT OP-55 number of bunches character had the largest direct influence on increasing production of fruit per bunch. Character of stem height in Coconut MAT S3-32 and S3-55 has the largest contribution to increase fruit production in both accession. Number of leaf character significant correlated directly with fruit per bunch production in MAT S4-32. There were three characters directly correlated with fruit per bunch production in MAT S4-55, namely stem height, stem girth of 150 cm and number of leaf. The third and fourth generation of MAT coconut show more closely relationships among characters than open-pollination of MAT populations, proven by the number of characters which had significant correlated as directly ever totally to produce more number of fruits.Keywords: Path analysis, open pollination, selfing, vegetative characters, generative characters.

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Expression of Sucrose Transporters from Vitis vinifera Confer High Yield and Enhances Drought Resistance in Arabidopsis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21072624 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2624

Author(s):

Yumeng Cai ◽

Jing Yan ◽

Wenrui Tu ◽

Zhefang Deng ◽

Wenjie Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Drought Resistance ◽

Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

High Yield ◽

Sucrose Transport ◽

Sucrose Transporters ◽

Promising Target ◽

Number Of Leaves

Sucrose is the predominant form of sugar transported from photosynthetic (source) to non-photosynthetic (sink) organs in higher plants relying on the transporting function of sucrose transporters (SUTs or SUCs). Many SUTs have been identified and characterized in both monocots and dicots. However, the function of sucrose transporters (SUTs or SUCs) from Vitis is not clear. As the world’s most planted grape species, Vitis vinifera owns three sucrose transport activity verified SUTs. In this study, we constructed three kinds of VvSUC (Vitis vinifera SUC)-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis. VvSUC-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis was cultured on sucrose-supplemented medium. VvSUC11- and VvSUC12-overexpressing lines had similar thrived growth phenotypes, whereas the size and number of leaves and roots from VvSUC27-overexpressing lines were reduced compared with that of WT. When plants were cultured in soil, all SUT transgenic seedlings produced more number of leaves and siliques, resulting in higher yield (38.6% for VvSUC12-transformants) than that of WT. Besides, VvSUC27-transformants and VvSUC11-transformants enhanced drought resistance in Arabidopsis, providing a promising target for crop improvement

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HUBUNGAN KARAKTER FENOTIPIK DAN HASIL BIJI PLASMA NUTFAH KACANG TUNGGAK [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] MENURUT ANALISIS LINTASAN

BERITA BIOLOGI ◽

10.14203/beritabiologi.v17i2.2262 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mastur Mastur ◽

Mamik Setyowati ◽

Dwi N. Susilowati

Keyword(s):

Plant Breeding ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Selection Criteria ◽

High Yield ◽

High Quality ◽

Phenotypic Characters ◽

Breeding Activity ◽

Selection Of

Selection of high quality seedling through plant breeding activity can be conducted using yielded seeds, but usually it produces a low heritability. Therefore, this study was aimed to examine and analize several secondary phenotypic characters of 115 cowpea germ plasms in relation to seed yield. Relationship between secondary characters and seed yield was analyzed using path analysis. The result of path analysis showed that the number of cluster and the number of pod exhibited direct and significant effect to the seed yield of cowpea. Therefore, number of cluster and number of pod are necessary to be included as the selection criteria for breeding programme to produce high quality cowpea seedling with high yield.

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Determinants of self-management behaviors among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a path analysis

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-021-00888-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jin Li ◽

Jie Pu ◽

Jiaqing Liu ◽

Qingya Wang ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Education ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Family Support ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Self Management ◽

Directly Observed Therapy ◽

Enabling Factors ◽

Reinforcing Factors ◽

Study Sites

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death in the world. Since Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) as a core strategy for the global TB control are not applicable to all types of TB patients, and self-management of TB patients (SMTP) as a patient-centered supervision type is a supplement to DOT and can improve TB case management. However, the factors related to SMTP are complex and need more study. This study aimed at identifying the determinants of SMTP and examining the direct/indirect effects of these determinants. Methods The purposive sampling technique was used to select study sites and participants were recruited from the study sites by the consecutive sampling method. The PRECEDE model was used as the framework to analyze the determinants of SMTP. The responses of TB patients were acquired via a questionnaire survey for data collection. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to define the relationship between the predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors with SMTP behaviors. A regression-based path analysis was used to determine the action paths of the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors on SMTP behaviors. Results The predisposing (TB knowledge), enabling [health education and healthcare workers (HCWs) support], reinforcing factors (family support) had significant positive correlations with SMTP behaviors (P < 0.05). The predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors were positively correlated with each other (r = 0.123‒0.918, P < 0.05), except for family support and HCWs support. The predisposing factors (TB knowledge, β = 0.330) and the enabling factors (HCWs support, β = 0.437) had direct effects on SMTP behaviors. The enabling factors (health education and HCWs support) and the reinforcing factors (family support) had indirect effects on SMTP behaviors. Conclusions This study revealed the effects and action path of TB knowledge, health education, HCWs support, and family support on SMTP behaviors via a path analysis. Assessing patient’s needs for SMTP along with promoting effective TB health education and providing firm support from HCWs and family members are potential strategies to promote SMTP behaviors. Graphic abstract

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From Victims to Perpetrators of Bullying: The Role of Irrational Cognitions, Externalizing Problems, and Parental Attachment

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211043583 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110435

Author(s):

Raluca Balan ◽

Anca Dobrean ◽

Robert Balazsi

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Externalizing Problems ◽

Parental Attachment ◽

Bullying Victimization ◽

Indirect Pathway ◽

Bullying Perpetration ◽

Interaction Terms

The transition from bullying victimization to bullying perpetration is well documented in the literature. However, the mechanisms linking bullying victimization to perpetration are not fully understood. The main aim of the current study was to conduct a preliminary research investigating the indirect effects of youths bullying victimization on bullying perpetration through irrational cognitions and externalizing problems. The second aim of the study was to explore the moderating role of the type of parental attachment (secure vs. insecure) in the proposed model in explaining the association of bullying victimization and bullying perpetration. Data were collected from 269 adolescents (11-15 years; M = 11.98, SD = .68), enrolled in middle public schools from Romania. Path analysis and moderated path analysis were conducted to explore the direct and indirect effects and moderating effects, respectively. Study findings indicate that bullying victimization was indirectly related to bullying perpetration separately through youths’ irrational cognition as well as through externalizing problems. The serial indirect pathway from victimization to perpetration through irrational cognitions leading further to externalizing problems was also significant. However, the type of attachment that adolescents reported having toward their parents failed to moderate the indirect pathways, since all the interaction terms were nonsignificant. These findings advance the field prevention and intervention by identifying irrational cognitions and externalizing problems as important targets that anti-bullying programs should address to stop the transition from victims of bullying to perpetrators.

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Associations between morphological and agronomic characteristics in garlic crop

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620190211 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 204-209

Author(s):

Valter C de Andrade Júnior ◽

Amanda G Guimarães ◽

Tiago D Firme ◽

Aline Aparecida A Costa ◽

Márcia Regina da Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Path Analysis ◽

Total Yield ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Phenotypic Correlations ◽

Genotypic And Phenotypic Correlations ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Commercial Yield ◽

Selection Of ◽

Bulb Yield

ABSTRACT Correlations and path analysis between characteristics can aid the selection of important attributes in breeding programs. Thus, the objective of this work was to perform genotypic, phenotypic correlations and path analysis under commercial yield of garlic bulbs, depending on morphological and agronomic variables. The experiment was carried out in 2017 at the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri and Universidade Federal de Lavras, using ten garlic genotypes, eight trials and two commercial cultivars, Caçador and Jonas. We evaluated: plant height; number of leaves, total bulb number; total bulb mass, total bulb yield, marketable bulb yield and number of cloves per bulb. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations were positive and significant between marketable yield of bulbs with bulb mass, total yield and number of cloves per bulb, indicating that selection based on these characteristics will help increase the yield of garlic. However, only the number of cloves per bulb had a direct effect and a relevant indirect effect on the marketable yield of garlic.

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Character association and path analysis in garlic (Allium sativum L) for yield and its attributes

SAARC Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.3329/sja.v11i1.18374 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

SR Singh ◽

NA Ahmed ◽

S Lal ◽

Asima Amin ◽

Mudasir Amin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Path Analysis ◽

Plant Height ◽

Direct Effect ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Stem Length ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Average Weight ◽

Character Association ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Bulb Yield

Character association and path analysis in twenty genotypically diverse indigenous genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were studied at the Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar during the years 2010 and 2011 for nine important characters. Total bulb yield showed positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic associations with plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo-stem length, bulb weight and number of cloves per bulb, indicating that selection based on these traits will help increasing the yield of garlic. Path coefficient analysis provides an effective means of a critical examination of specific force action to produce a given correlation and measure the relative importance of each factor. In this analysis bulb yield was taken as dependant variable and rest characters were considered as independent variable. Bulb weight showed high positive and direct effect and significant positive correlation with total bulb yield. Therefore, bulb with higher weight should be considered in selection criteria for increasing the total bulb yield and emphasis should be given for selecting the genotypes with higher bulb weight. Overall path analysis indicated that direct effect of bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter and indirect effect of plant height, number of leaves per plant, pseudo stem length, polar bulb diameter, equatorial bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb and average weight of 50 cloves should be considered simultaneously for amenability of total bulb yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18374 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 45-52 (2013)

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Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on the wheat phenotype

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2021.1259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 288 (1958) ◽

pp. 20211259

Author(s):

Victor O. Sadras

Keyword(s):

Precision Agriculture ◽

Current Model ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

High Yield ◽

Striking Similarity ◽

Stabilizing Selection ◽

Grain Number ◽

Offspring Number ◽

Trade Offs

Technologies, from molecular genetics to precision agriculture, are outpacing theory, which is becoming a bottleneck for crop improvement. Here, we outline theoretical insights on the wheat phenotype from the perspective of three evolutionary and ecologically important relations—mother–offspring, plant–insect and plant–plant. The correlation between yield and grain number has been misinterpreted as cause-and-effect; an evolutionary perspective shows a striking similarity between crop and fishes. Both respond to environmental variation through offspring number; seed and egg size are conserved. The offspring of annual plants and semelparous fishes, lacking parental care, are subject to mother–offspring conflict and stabilizing selection. Labile reserve carbohydrates do not fit the current model of wheat yield; they can stabilize grain size, but involve trade-offs with root growth and grain number, and are at best neutral for yield. Shifting the focus from the carbon balance to an ecological role, we suggest that labile carbohydrates may disrupt aphid osmoregulation, and thus contribute to wheat agronomic adaptation. The tight association between high yield and low competitive ability justifies the view of crop yield as a population attribute whereby the behaviour of the plant becomes subordinated within that of the population, with implications for genotyping, phenotyping and plant breeding.

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