scholarly journals Influence of Household Environment and Maternal Behaviors to Upper Respiratory Infection among Toddlers

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Reny Fahdiyani ◽  
Ardini S Raksanagara ◽  
Hadyana Sukandar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Slum Area ◽  
Behavioral Factors ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Environment And Behavior ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Upper respiratory infection (URI) in developing countries causes high morbidity among toddlers. Indonesia Health Ministry reported that non-pneumonia acute respiratory infection (ARI) increased by 2.6% from 2007 to 2011. Risk factors which may contribute to URI include environment and behavior. This study aimed to investigate environmental and behavioral factors with URI among toddlers. This case control study was conducted on February – April 2015 among toddlers in Tamansari that is a slum area in Bandung City. Case was 55 mothers with toddlers suffering from URI who came to primary health care, meanwhile control was twice bigger than cases selected from the environment and matched for age, sex and nutritional status. Environmental factors were density, humidity, ventilation, temperature and smoke disposal. Meanwhile, behavioral factors were hand-washing, mother’s smoking behavior, the use of mask, vitamin A consumption and exclusive breastfeeding. Results of study showed that environmental factor related to URI was only density with p value = 0.021 and OR = 2.843 (CI 95% = 1.168 – 6.920). None of maternal behavior factor was related to URI. Reducing density is an important and challenging issue in slum area, same as similary health promotion and prevention concerning URI are still necessary to reduce the risk of this disease among toddlers in urban slum area. Pengaruh Lingkungan Rumah Tangga dan Perilaku Ibu terhadap KejadianInfeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut Atas pada Anak Bawah Lima TahunInfeksi saluran pernapasan akut atas (ISPA atas) di negara berkembang menyebabkan morbiditas tinggi pada anak bawah usia lima tahun (balita). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia melaporkan bahwa ISPAnonpneumonia meningkat 2,6% dari tahun 2007 ke 2011. Faktor risiko yang dapat berkontribusi termasuk lingkungan dan perilaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki faktor perilaku dan lingkungan dengan ISPA atas pada balita. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan dari Februari-April 2015 pada balita di Tamansari yang merupakan daerah kumuh di Kota Bandung. Kasus adalah 55 ibu dengan balita menderita ISPA atas yang datang ke puskesmas, sedangkan kontrol dua kali lebih besar dari kasus dipilih dari lingkungan dan cocok untuk usia, jenis kelamin, dan status gizi. Faktor lingkungan adalah kepadatan, kelembaban, ventilasi, suhu, dan pembuangan asap. Sedangkan perilaku adalah mencuci tangan, perilaku merokok ibu, pemakaian masker, konsumsi vitamin Adan ASI eksklusif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan yang berkaitan dengan ISPA atas hanya kepadatan dengan nilai p = 0,021 dan OR = 2,843 (CI 95%: 1,168 – 6,920). Tidak terdapat faktor perilaku ibu yang berhubungan dengan ISPA atas. Pengurangan kepadatan merupakan masalah penting dan menantang di daerah kumuh, sama halnya dengan promosi kesehatan dan pencegahan tentang ISPA atas masih penting untuk mengurangi risiko penyakit ini pada balita di daerah kumuh perkotaan.

scholarly journals TNF-α inhibitors can increase the risk of respiratory infection when used in rheumatism: a meta-analysis and systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwen Luo ◽  
Luo Wenwen ◽  
Zhu Jialian ◽  
Cheng Xuan ◽  
Li Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Abstract Background The risk of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab) for the treatment of rheumatic diseases leading to infection events has not yet been established. This meta-analysis aims to assess the risk of developing serious infections of three TNF-α inhibitors for rheumatic diseases.Methods A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library was conducted through December 2018. Selecting the RCTs which subjects were diagnosed as rheumatoid diseases according to ACR criteria or other authoritative diagnostic criteria and over 18-year-old. Finally, RCTs with Jadad score greater than or equal to 4 were included in this meta-analysis. The Odds Ratio (OR), Confidence Interval (CI) and p value were calculated to assess the risk of serious infections. Results 34 RCTs involving 14166 subjects were included, including 11 RCTs for infliximab, 7 RCTs for etanercept, and 16 for adalimumab. Meta-analysis demonstrated that, with the pooled OR of 1.29 (95%CI 1.04 to 1.60), the TNF-α inhibitors group had a higher risk of serious infection than control group. In the subgroup analysis, infliximab and adalimumab had a higher risk of serious infection than control group, and the pooled ORs were 1.48 (p=0.03) and 1.47 (p=0.03), respectively. For other infections including pneumonia, upper respiratory infection, and nasopharyngitis, the risks of these adverse events were higher in experimental group than control group, while the risk of tuberculosis were not, with the pooled OR of 2.31 (p=0.08）.Conclusions TNF-α inhibitors, especially infliximab and adalimumab, can increase the risk of infections. Among the infections, pneumonia, upper respiratory infection and nasopharyngitis have higher risks in TNF-α inhibitors group than control group. As a result, we summarized that TNF-α inhibitors can increase the risks of respiratory infection when used in rheumatic disease. It is suggested that clinicians should pay attention to the prevention of respiratory infections when using TNF-α inhibitors, so as to achieve a better prognosis for patients with rheumatism.

scholarly journals A simulated client exploration of nonprescription availability of antibiotics at drugstores for childhood acute diarrhea and upper respiratory infection in Lahore, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Rashid Malik ◽  
Jie Chang ◽  
Furqan Hashmi ◽  
Naveel Atif ◽  
Hareem Basir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Abstract Background The excessive consumption of antibiotics is a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance, especially in children. Children are often being advised antibiotics for viral infections. In developing countries, the drugstores are a prime source of easy access to nonprescription antibiotics. Also, in Pakistan, their irrational use is an “everyday routine”. The study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the dispensing of nonprescription antibiotics for children at drugstores of Lahore, Pakistan.Methods Using the pediatric acute diarrhea and acute upper respiratory infection as disease scenarios, a simulated client, cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan to explore the antibiotics’ ease of availability at both categories of drugstores (pharmacies and medical stores) from November 1st, 2019 to January 31st, 2020. Chi-square (x2) test was used to compare the differences in practices of different categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to analyze the association of various factors with antibiotics dispensing.Results Antibiotics were dispensed without prescription in 456 (59%) of 773 simulated visits out of which 425 (93.2%) were dispensed on the advice of the drugstore staff. The qualified pharmacist was available in only 164 (21.2%) cases. Of 386 visits for acute diarrhea and 387 for acute upper respiratory infection, nonprescription antibiotic dispensing occurred in 259 (67.1%) and 197 (50.9%) visits respectively. The considerable differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed between the practices of the towns, disease scenario presented, categories of drugstores, and pharmacist-supervised drugstores. Conclusions The inappropriate dispensing practices were prevalent to a large extent at the drugstores and antibiotics were effortlessly obtainable without prescriptions. The quality of the services provided, especially by the non-pharmacist staff, was also not satisfactory. Therefore, the Drug Regulating Authority of Pakistan must enforce strict implementation of drug laws at the drugstores without delays especially in major cities to help curb the felonious use of antibiotics.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS WONOREJO SAMARINDA TAHUN 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Novi Anggun Pusvitasary
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Habits ◽  
P Value ◽  
Behavioral Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Standards

Pneumonia disease is the leading cause of death of babies in the world. The prevalence of pneumonia in infants is 18.5 / mil. Data from Samarinda City Health Office during the last 1 year there are 91 cases of pneumonia in Karang Anyar Village and 63 cases in Teluk Lerong Ulu Village. Factors causing pneumonia are toddler factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors. The results show there is a relationship between house humidity (p value = 0,013; OR = 0,192), house dwelling density (p value = 0,024; OR = 0,214), and family member smoking behavior (p value = 0,006; OR = 10,450) with incidence of pneumonia in toddlers in the Working Area of Puskesmas Wonorejo Samarinda. There was no correlation between house temperature (p value = 0,214; OR = 0,337), house lighting (p value = 0,095; OR = 3,188) and family disease history (p value = 0,707; OR = 0,753) with Pneumonia occurrence in infant in region Work Puskesmas Wonorejo Samarinda. It was concluded that there was a relationship between house humidity, home dwelling density, and smoking behavior of family members with the incidence of pneumonia in infants. It is recommended to be able to apply housing health requirements that meet health standards to reduce the incidence of pneumonia in infants and change smoking habits.

Do Children Who Experience Laryngospasm Have an Increased Risk of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection?

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480. ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Schreiner ◽  
Irene O'Hara ◽  
Dorothea A. Markakis ◽  
George D. Politis
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Airway Surgery ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Background Laryngospasm is the most frequently reported respiratory complication associated with upper respiratory infection and general anesthesia in retrospective studies, but prospective studies have failed to demonstrate any increase in risk. Methods A case-control study was performed to examine whether children with laryngospasm were more likely to have an upper respiratory infection on the day of surgery. The parents of all patients (N = 15,183) who were admitted through the day surgery unit were asked if their child had an active or recent (within 2 weeks of surgery) upper respiratory infection and were questioned about specific signs and symptoms to determine if the child met Tait and Knight's definition of an upper respiratory infection. Control subjects were randomly selected from patients whose surgery had occurred within 1 day of the laryngospasm event. Results Patients who developed laryngospasm (N = 123) were 2.05 times (95% confidence interval 1.21-3.45) more likely to have an active upper respiratory infection as defined by their parents than the 492 patients in the control group (P &lt; or = 0.01). The development of laryngospasm was not related to Tait and Knight's definition for an upper respiratory infection or to recent upper respiratory infection. Children with laryngospasm were more likely to be younger (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.87-0.99), to be scheduled for airway surgery (odds ratio = 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.21-3.59), and to have their anesthesia supervised by a less experienced anesthesiologist (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.7) than children in the control group. Conclusion Laryngospasm was more likely to occur in children with an active upper respiratory infection, children who were younger, children who were undergoing airway surgery, and children whose anesthesia were supervised by less experienced anesthesiologists. Understanding the risk factors and the magnitude of the likely risk should help clinicians make the decision as to whether to anesthetize children with upper respiratory infection.

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