Effects of Well Cement Additive Particle Size and Density Towards Overall Blend Characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shameed Ashraf ◽  
Rahmad Haidzar Muhamad Husin ◽  
Fakhuma Ubaidillah Mohd Hafiz
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
High Density ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Simple Formulation ◽  
Fine Material ◽  
Compaction Ratio

Abstract Well cementing has evolved tremendously since its first application in the early 1900s. In the past, cement was mixed with water at the optimal ratio and combined with silica, bentonite, and additives according to the conditions of use. This simple formulation cannot serve the full breadth of oilfield applications. As a result, cement blend composition has evolved with advanced materials such as lightweight glass beads, cenospheres, polymeric beads, hematite, silica, manganese tetroxide, and many more. The wide variety of material used combined with poor understanding of the modern blend has resulted in operational issues, causing failures in blend delivery and execution. There have been cases of unfavorable blend leading to operation failure after it got stuck within the silo, unable to be pneumatically transferred. Some blend has high segregation potential, causing components to separate out, leading to problems in terms of mixing and having stable density during execution. The focus of this study is to establish a comprehensive understanding of modern cement blend additives for seamless operational execution. Several commonly used materials have been selected to form a case study of powder additive behavior. These materials are grouped into three categories: light, medium, and heavy density, with specific gravity between 0.1 and 1.9, 2.0 and 3.9, and 4.0 and 6.0 g/cm3, respectively. Each group is further divided into subcategories based on the particle sizes of fine, medium, and coarse. These materials are then characterized in terms of flowability factor, aeration energy, and compaction ratio, which consists of the Carr index and Hausner ratio. These are typical physical flow characteristics of the bulk solids. Results show that particle size and density significantly influence the flowability factor, aeration energy, and compaction ratio of a powder blend. In general, materials with fine particle size tend to have higher resistance to flow when evaluated through the flowability factor. Both medium- and coarse-particle additives tend to have higher flowability factor than fine-particle blends, that results in easier blend movement. Aeration energy requirements are much higher for high-density and coarse particles compared to medium and fine particles. The compaction ratio evaluation shows that coarse materials have lower tendency to compact compared to the fine and medium materials. Based on the established understanding of individual components, mixtures are then formed with the intention of improving the overall blend character. The poor characteristics of a high-density fine material are significantly improved by combining the fine material with a lightweight cenosphere. The high aeration energy requirements of heavy coarse particles can be halved by adding lightweight glass beads. For improved behavior, a different particle size of silica materials can be mixed at optimized ratio. Combining materials to obtain optimal particle-size distribution and density is crucial to ensuring an overall blend with favorable characteristics. The behavior of individual components based on particle size and density has paved the way for effective optimization of blends for seamless operational deliverables

scholarly journals Contribution of Fine Particles to Air Emission at Different Phases of Biomass Burning

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Ordou ◽  
Igor E. Agranovski
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Biomass Smoke ◽  
Smoke Particles ◽  
Air Emission ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Diffusion Properties

Particle size distribution in biomass smoke was observed for different burning phases, including flaming and smouldering, during the combustion of nine common Australian vegetation representatives. Smoke particles generated during the smouldering phase of combustions were found to be coarser as compared to flaming aerosols for all hard species. In contrast, for leafy species, this trend was inversed. In addition, the combustion process was investigated over the entire duration of burning by acquiring data with one second time resolution for all nine species. Particles were separately characterised in two categories: fine particles with dominating diffusion properties measurable with diffusion-based instruments (Dp < 200 nm), and coarse particles with dominating inertia (Dp > 200 nm). It was found that fine particles contribute to more than 90 percent of the total fresh smoke particles for all investigated species.

scholarly journals Study of pressurised metered dose inhalers for the purpose of standardization of quality attributes characterizing uniformity of dosing

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Elena Bezuglaya ◽  
Nikolay Lyapunov ◽  
Vladimir Bovtenko ◽  
Igor Zinchenko ◽  
Yurij Stolper
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Fine Particle Dose ◽  
Particle Dose ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Delivered Dose

Aim. The purpose was to provide the rationale of test in regard to uniformity of fine particles dose for pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). Materials and methods. The pMDIs containing suspensions of salbutamol sulfate (SS) or solutions of beclometasone dipropionate (BD) were studied by laser diffraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The particle size distribution of SS, the average dose mass and uniformity of dose mass, the average delivered dose and the uniformity of delivered dose, the average fine particles dose and uniformity of fine particles dose were determined. Apparatus A was used for assessment of fine particles dose. Results. The two analytical procedures for the quantitative determination of SS and BD by HPLC were validated in the ranges with low concentrations of these substances. The 5 medicinal products in pMDI dosage form were studied: 3 preparations were with SS and 2 ones contained BD. It was shown that three products with SS were very similar in regard to particle size distribution in containers and the average values of delivered dose were almost the same, but these products were different in the average dose mass and fine particle dose. According to the research results, the expediency of determining the average dose mass and the tests concerning uniformity of dosing of preparations by dose mass and by fine particle dose was substantiated. It was shown that in the case of pMDI the dosing of solutions of BD was more uniform compared to suspensions of SS. The approaches of leading and other pharmacopoeias concerning uniformity of dosing for pMDIs were critically discussed. The expediency of determination of uniformity of fine particle dose at the stage of pharmaceutical development was substantiated, as the therapeutic effect depends on fine particle dose. Issues concerning standardization pMDIs in regard to uniformity of fine particle dose were discussed. Conclusions. The expediency of standardization and quality control of pMDIs in regard to such attributes as the average dose mass, which characterizes the volume of the metering chamber of the valve as well as the uniformity of the dose mass and the uniformity of fine particle dose, which assure the therapeutic effect of each dose of the product was substantiated

The Role of Particle Size Distribution in the Performance and Modelling of Filtration

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Mackie ◽  
R. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Large Particles

The paper examines the importance of size distribution of the influent suspension on the performance of deep bed filters and its significance with regard to modelling. Experiments were carried out under a variety of conditions using suspensions which were identical in every respect apart from their size distribution. The results indicate that the presence of coarse particles does increase the removal of fine particles. Deposition of fine particles leads to a greater headloss than deposition of large particles. Changes in size distribution with time and depth play an important role in determining the behaviour of a filter, and models of both removal and headloss development must take account of this.

scholarly journals Changes in Particle Size Composition under Seepage Conditions of Reclaimed Soil in Xinjiang, China

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zizhao Zhang ◽  
Wanghua Sui ◽  
Kaikai Wang ◽  
Guobin Tang ◽  
Xiaoping Li
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Particle Content ◽  
Reclaimed Soil ◽  
Different Depths

The distribution of reclaimed soil particle size under seepage conditions after the management period will directly determine the success or failure of reclamation work. The geotechnical experimental method was used in this paper to study the changes in the granulometric composition of soil. The results show that the granulometric composition of the reclaimed soil varied obviously at different depths. The granulometric composition of the soil at a depth of 10 cm was not much different from undisturbed reclaimed soil (URS). At a depth of 30 cm, as the sharp decrease of the content of fine particles resulted in coarser reclaimed soil, the soil became more uniform, with an increase in porosity and water content. At a depth of 50 cm, the fine particle content was generally slightly lower than that of URS. At a depth of 70 cm, the fine particle content of the soil greatly exceeded that of the URS, with the finest soil particles and lowest porosity. The main reason for the above-mentioned changes of granulometric composition in the reclaimed soil was the seepage in soil caused by irrigation during the management period. The research results can provide a reference for management after land reclamation at non-metallic mines in Xinjiang, China.

scholarly journals Evidence for Asian dust effects from aerosol plume measurements during INTEX-B 2006 near Whistler, BC

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3523-3546 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Leaitch ◽  
A. M. Macdonald ◽  
K. G. Anlauf ◽  
P. S. K. Liu ◽  
D. Toom-Sauntry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Scanning Transmission

Abstract. Several cases of aerosol plumes resulting from trans-Pacific transport were observed between 2 km and 5.3 km at Whistler, BC from 22 April 2006 to 15 May 2006. The fine particle (<1 μm) chemical composition of most of the plumes was dominated by sulphate that ranged from 1–5 μg m−3 as measured with a Quadrapole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS). Coarse particles (>1 μm) were enhanced in all sulphate plumes. Fine particle organic mass concentrations were relatively low in most plumes and were nominally anti-correlated with the increases in the number concentrations of coarse particles. The ion chemistry of coarse particles sampled at Whistler Peak was dominated by calcium, sodium, nitrate, sulphate and formate. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy of coarse particles sampled from the NCAR C-130 aircraft relatively close to Whistler indicated carbonate, potassium and organic functional groups, in particular the carboxyl group. Asian plumes reaching Whistler, BC during the INTEX-B study were not only significantly reduced of fine particle organic material, but organic compounds were attached to coarse particles in significant quantities. Suspension of dust with deposited organic material and scavenging of organic materials by dust near anthropogenic sources are suggested, and if any secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was formed during transport from Asian source regions across the Pacific it was principally associated with the coarse particles. An average of profiles indicates that trans-Pacific transport between 2 and 5 km during this period increased ozone by about 10 ppbv and fine particle sulphate by 0.2–0.5 μg m−3. The mean sizes of the fine particles in the sulphate plumes were larger when dust particles were present and smaller when the fine particle organic mass concentration was larger and dust was absent. The coarse particles of dust act to accumulate sulphate, nitrate and organic material in larger particles, diminishing the role of these compounds in indirect radiative forcing, but potentially enhancing their roles in direct radiative forcing.

MPT Influence on the Rheological Behaviour of Self-Flow Refractory Castables

2008 ◽  
Vol 587-588 ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abílio P. Silva ◽  
Ana M. Segadães ◽  
Tessaleno C. Devezas
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Aggregate Particle ◽  
Refractory Castables

The success of a refractory castable is largely due to the quality of its properties and ease of application. Self-flow refractory castables (SFRC), with high flowability index (>130%), can be easily accommodated in a mould without the application of external energy, being ideal for the manufacture of monolithic linings. SFRC castables without cement require a matrix of very fine particles, which guarantees improved rheological behaviour and performs the role of the binder in the absence of the refractory cement. The presence of the aggregate (coarse particles) hinders the flowability index, but improves the castable mechanical strength and reduces firing shrinkage, and also contributes to the reduction of the castable costs. The control of the maximum paste thickness (MPT) allows the reduction of the coarse particles interference, minimizing the number of contact points among the grains and avoiding the formation of an aggregate skeleton that impairs the flowability of the mixture. In the present work, 100% alumina SFRCs without cement were produced with a fixed matrix of fine particles, whose particle size distribution was optimized using statistical techniques (mixtures design and triangular response surfaces). Different aggregate particle size distributions were used, with several MPT values, with the objective of evaluating which was the mean distance that maximized the flowability index, simultaneously ensuring good mechanical strength for the refractory castable. Ensuring a minimum surface area of 2.22m2/g, the mixtures reach the self-flow turning point with a minimum water content and the maximum flowability is obtained for an aggregate particle size distribution modulus of q=0.22, and consequently an optimized MPT value. SFRC with high mechanical strength (>60MPa) were obtained.

scholarly journals Evidence for Asian dust effects from aerosol plume measurements during INTEX-B 2006 near Whistler, BC

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 18531-18589 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Leaitch ◽  
A. M. Macdonald ◽  
K. G. Anlauf ◽  
P. S. K. Liu ◽  
D. Toom-Sauntry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Scanning Transmission

Abstract. Several cases of aerosol plumes resulting from trans-Pacific transport were observed between 2 km and 5.3 km at Whistler, BC from 22 April 2006 to 15 May 2006. The fine particle (<1 μm) chemical composition of most of the plumes was dominated by sulphate that ranged from 1–5 μg m−3 as measured with a Quadrapole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS). Coarse particles (>1 μm) were enhanced in all sulphate plumes. Fine particle organic mass concentrations were relatively low in most plumes and anti-correlated with the increases in the coarse particles. The chemistry of coarse particles sampled at Whistler Peak was dominated by calcium, sodium, nitrate, sulphate and formate. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy of coarse particles sampled from the NCAR C-130 aircraft relatively close to Whistler indicated carbonate, potassium and organic functional groups, in particular the carboxyl group. Asian plumes reaching Whistler, BC during the INTEX-B study were not only significantly reduced of fine particle organic material, but organic compounds were attached to coarse particles in significant quantities. Scavenging of organic aerosol precursors by dust near source regions is suggested, and any formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during transport from Asian source regions across the Pacific was principally associated with the coarse particles. An average of profiles indicates that trans-Pacific transport between 2 and 5 km during this period increased ozone by about 10 ppbv and fine particle sulphate by 0.2–0.5 μg m−3. The mean sizes of the fine particles in the sulphate plumes were larger when dust particles were present and smaller when the fine particle organic mass concentration was larger and dust was absent. The coarse particles of dust act to accumulate sulphate, nitrate and organic material in larger particles, diminishing the role of these compounds in indirect radiative forcing, but potentially enhancing their roles in direct radiative forcing.

scholarly journals Size Characteristics of Sediments Eroded under Different Masson Pine Litter Covers in South China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2190
Author(s):  
Fangfang Zhu ◽  
Yuchen Li ◽  
Jinhua Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Sediment Distribution ◽  
The Relationship

The particle size distribution characteristics of runoff sediments are vital for understanding the effect of the mechanism of soil erosion on slopes. The objective of this study was to investigate the particle-size distribution of sediments eroded from slopes covered by different litter coverage masses under artificial rainfall simulation. Litter was spread on the surface of a soil tank according to different biomasses (0 g·m−2, 100 g·m−2, 200 g·m−2 and 400 g·m−2). The mean weight diameter (MWD), fractal dimension (D) and enrichment ratio (ER) are characteristic parameters of sediment particle size. The MWD and D were more sensitive to soil erosion and had a significant negative correlation with the slope angle and rainfall intensity. The performance of the MWD on the slope (5°) was less than the MWD on the slope (10°). The relationship between eroded sediment distribution characteristic parameters and the litter coverage mass had a significant influence on the content of coarse particles. The content of fine particles accelerated, decreased and then stabilized, whereas coarse particles increased first and then stabilized. The litter diameter and surface area were the main parameters that affected the MWD and D. Under different rain intensities and slopes, the ER varied inconsistently with litter coverage mass. Coarse particles were eroded easily and selectively, and soil erosion had no sorting effect on fine particles. These findings support the quantitative study of the relationship between the amount of litter coverage mass and the particle size of soil sediments.

Study on the New Fine Particle Size Measurement Technique With Laser Interference Fringes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroto Sakaki ◽  
Akiko Kaneko ◽  
Yutaka Abe ◽  
Masatoshi Ike
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Laser Interference ◽  
Particle Size Measurement ◽  
Interference Fringes ◽  
Fine Particle Size

We propose one fine partice size measurement technique with laser interference fringes which is expected to achieve both non-contact and in-line measurement of the diameter of several hundred nano meter particles. However, the principle of this measurement technique with laser interference fringes is not clear and applicability of fine particle size measurement is unclear. The objective of this study is to examine the principle of this measurement technique with laser interference fringes and evaluate its applicability. We measure the flow structure in a flow cell which is the test section with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to optimize the setting of the flow cell in the measurement system. From the velocity profile along the flow cell, 20 mm downward from the inlet is set as the measurement point. Next, we visualize the laser interference fringes formed with a high-speed video camera to identify the appearance and the behavior of the laser interference fringes through fine particles in the flow cell. Finally, we measure both the time variation of the intensity of the laser interference fringes and the intensity of the scattering light with photodiodes. Passage time of a particle in the laser beam and the voltage intensity have correlation each other. The effect of particle sizes on the laser signal is discussed.

Study on Preparation of the High-Density Ammonium Polyvanadate

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
Zhen Xiu Wu ◽  
Zhao Hui Sun ◽  
Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
High Density ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Laser Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer

The high-density ammonium polyvanadate was prepared by means of fine-grained ammonium polyvanadate (APV) produced in vanadium plant. The effects of amount of fine particles, temperature and pH of vanadium solution on preparation of high-density ammonium polyvanadate were investigated. The research results showed that the density of APV could be achieved 0.88g/cm3 under the conditions of addition of 13-31% fine particles, temperature range from 70°C to 100°C and the pH of vanadium solution range from 2.5 to 4, but loss rate of vanadium was the lowest. Moreover, the particle size of high-density ammonium polyvanadate mainly distributes in range of 10 ~ 90μm and is significantly larger than that of the fine APV particles, on the basis of results of the laser particle size analyzer.

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