Thermochemical-Pulse Fracturing of Tight Gas: Investigation of Pulse Loading on Fracturing Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Al-Nakhli ◽  
Zeeshan Tariq ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Pulse Load ◽  
Tight Gas ◽  
Breakdown Pressure ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Stimulated Reservoir Volume ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Pressurization Rate ◽  
Induced Fractures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Unconventional and tight gas reservoirs are located in deep and competent formations, which requires massive fracturing activities to extract hydrocarbons. Some of the persisting challenges faced by operators are either canceled or non-productive fractures. Both challenges force oil companies to drill new substitutional wells, which will increase the development cost of such reservoirs. A novel fracturing method was developed based on thermochemical pressure pulse. Reactive material of exothermic components are used to generate in-situ pressure pulse, which is sufficient to create fractures. The reaction can vary from low pressure pulse, to a very high loading up to 20,000 psi, with short pressurization time. In this study, Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was used to investigate the impact of the generated pressure-pulse load, by chemical reaction, on the number of induced fractures and fracture length. Actual tests of pulsed fracturing conducted in lab scale using several block samples compared with modeling work. There was a great relationship between the pressure load and fracturing behavior. The greater the pulse load and pressurization rate, the greater the number of created fractures, and the longer the induced fractures. The developed novel fracturing method will increase stimulated reservoir volume of unconventional gas without introducing a lot of water to formation. Moreover, the new method can reduce formation breakdown pressure by around 70%, which will minimize number of canceled fracturing.

Thermochemical-Pulse Fracturing of Tight Gas: Investigation of Pulse Loading on Fracturing Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Al-Nakhli ◽  
Zeeshan Tariq ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Abdulazeez Abdulraheem
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Pulse Load ◽  
Tight Gas ◽  
Breakdown Pressure ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Stimulated Reservoir Volume ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Pressurization Rate ◽  
Induced Fractures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Unconventional and tight gas reservoirs are located in deep and competent formations, which requires massive fracturing activities to extract hydrocarbons. Some of the persisting challenges faced by operators are either canceled or non-productive fractures. Both challenges force oil companies to drill new substitutional wells, which will increase the development cost of such reservoirs. A novel fracturing method was developed based on thermochemical pressure pulse. Reactive material of exothermic components are used to generate in-situ pressure pulse, which is sufficient to create fractures. The reaction can vary from low pressure pulse, to a very high loading up to 20,000 psi, with short pressurization time. In this study, Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was used to investigate the impact of the generated pressure-pulse load, by chemical reaction, on the number of induced fractures and fracture length. Actual tests of pulsed fracturing conducted in lab scale using several block samples compared with modeling work. There was a great relationship between the pressure load and fracturing behavior. The greater the pulse load and pressurization rate, the greater the number of created fractures, and the longer the induced fractures. The developed novel fracturing method will increase stimulated reservoir volume of unconventional gas without introducing a lot of water to formation. Moreover, the new method can reduce formation breakdown pressure by around 70%, which will minimize number of canceled fracturing.

Contemporary Turkish-French Rivalry in Libya

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Islamic Identity ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

The research represents a real attempt to show the contemporary competition and conflict that erupted between countries to control the countries that affected by The Arab Spring. Especially the oil-rich, including Libya, which has a distinguished geographical location, so this is what made France and Turkey engage in a political adventure, an economic competition, and an attempt to establish influence in Libya. The State of Libya was completely destroyed in order to control its oil, which is targeted by Western countries and their oil companies. The Turkish government tried to exploit its Islamic identity to influence the emotions of the Libyan parties and provided support for them. Then, it made an agreement with the Libyan government headed by Fayez al-Sarraj to demarcate the maritime borders, which gave it space to pressure against its opponents in the Mediterranean, after its negotiations to join the European Union failed due to France's refusal to join. The research was divided into five parts, the first dealt with contemporary Turkish-French relations, while the second one dealt with Turkey's position on the French intervention in Libya in 2011. The third one showed France's position on Turkey's accession to the European Union. The fourth one clarified the Turkish-French relations after the 2011 Libyan crisis. The fifth one included the contemporary French strategy in Libya, and finally the sixth one revolved around the impact of the Turkish-French competition on Libya. Keywords: crisis, oil, Libya, Turkey, competition, France.

scholarly journals How Oil Contracts Affect Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Maria João Mimoso ◽  
Clara da Conceição de Sousa Alves ◽  
Diogo Filipe Dias Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oil Contracts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Since the beginning of the 19th century, we have assisted major proliferation of the oil and gas industry. This phenomenon of exponential growth is due to the fact that oil companies hold the world’s oil monopoly on the extraction, processing and commercialization. Therefore, as being one of the most influential sectors in the world, is crucial to strictly regulate how oil and gas contracts concerns the potential environmental and social impacts arising from the conduct of petroleum operations and how such behavior affects the human rights. As a matter of fact, the social issues field is an emerging area, and despite such importance, oil contracts do not often deal with them in great detail, corresponding to an actual emptiness of the human rights provisions. In terms of responsibly, oil companies, have an inalienable obligation to ensure that their actions do not violate human rights or contribute for their violation. This study aims to trace a detailed analysis of the impact of the oil and gas agreements in human rights. In order to fully comprehend the deep effects of this industry, we will examine, in detail, numerous of published oil and gas agreements, as well as, decode which are the real standards and practices accepted by this industry. We will use a deductive and speculative reasoning. We will try to demonstrate how incipient and short protection is given to human rights and what responsible conducts must urgently be developed.

Advanced Well Completion Strategies to Improve Gas Production Deliverability in Marginal Tight Gas Reservoirs from an Onshore Abu Dhabi Gas Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajar Ali Abdulla Al Shehhi ◽  
Bondan Bernadi ◽  
Alia Belal Zuwaid Belal Al Shamsi ◽  
Shamma Jasem Al Hammadi ◽  
Fatima Omar Alawadhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Abu Dhabi ◽  
Tight Gas ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Well Productivity ◽  
Gas Saturation ◽  
Well Design ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Reservoir X is a marginal tight gas condensate reservoir located in Abu Dhabi with permeability of less than 0.05 mD. The field was conventionally developed with a few single horizontal wells, though sharp production decline was observed due to rapid pressure depletion. This study investigates the impact of converting the existing single horizontal wells into single long horizontal, dual laterals, triple laterals, fishbone design and hydraulic fracturing in improving well productivity. The existing wells design modifications were planned using a near reservoir simulator. The study evaluated the impact of length, trajectory, number of laterals and perforation intervals. For Single, dual, and triple lateral wells, additional simulation study with hydraulic fracturing was carried out. To evaluate and obtain effective comparisons, sector models with LGR was built to improve the simulation accuracy in areas near the wellbore. The study conducted a detailed investigation into the impact of various well designs on the well productivity. It was observed that maximizing the reservoir contact and targeting areas with high gas saturation led to significant increase in the well productivity. The simulation results revealed that longer laterals led to higher gas production rates. Dual lateral wells showed improved productivity when compared to single lateral wells. This incremental gain in the production was attributed to increased contact with the reservoir. The triple lateral well design yielded higher productivity compared to single and dual lateral wells. Hydraulic fracturing for single, dual, and triple lateral wells showed significant improvement in the gas production rates and reduced condensate banking near the wellbore. A detailed investigation into the fishbone design was carried out, this involved running sensitivity runs by varying the number of branches. Fishbone design showed considerable increment in production when compared to other well designs This paper demonstrates that increasing the reservoir contact and targeting specific areas of the reservoir with high gas saturation can lead to significant increase in the well productivity. The study also reveals that having longer and multiple laterals in the well leads to higher production rates. Hydraulic fracturing led to higher production gains. Fishbone well design with its multiple branches showed the most production again when compared to other well designs.

Understanding Unusual Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test Results in Tight Gas Fields - A Holistic Approach to Resolving the Data

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N.. N. Naidu ◽  
E.A.. A. Guevara ◽  
A.J.. J. Twynam ◽  
J.. Rueda ◽  
W.. Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
Tight Gas ◽  
Review Team ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is a commonly used completion approach for extracting hydrocarbon resources from formations, particularly in those formations of very low permeability. As part of this process the use of Diagnostic Fracture Injection Tests (DFIT) can provide valuable information. When the measured pressures in such tests are outside the expected range for a given formation, a number of possibilities and questions will arise. Such considerations may include: What caused such inflated pressures? What is the in-situ stress state? Was there a mechanical or operational problem? Was the test procedure or the test equipment at fault? What else can explain the abnormal behaviour? While there may not be simple answers to all of these questions, such an experience can lead to a technically inaccurate conclusion based on inadequate analysis. A recently completed project faced just such a challenge, initially resulting in poor hydraulic fracturing efficiency and a requirement to understand the root causes. In support of this, a thorough analysis involving a multi-disciplinary review team from several technical areas, including petrophysics, rock/geo-mechanics, fluids testing/engineering, completions engineering, hydraulic fracture design and petroleum engineering, was undertaken. This paper describes the evolution of this study, the work performed, the results and conclusions from the analysis. The key factors involved in planning a successful DFIT are highlighted with a general template and a work process for future testing provided. The importance of appreciating the impact of the drilling and completion fluids composition, their properties and their compatibility with the formation fluids are addressed. The overall process and technical approach from this case study in tight gas fields, will have applicability across similar fields and the lessons learned could help unlock those reserves that are initially deemed technically or even commercially unattractive due to abnormal or unexpected behaviour measured during a DFIT operation.

scholarly journals Propagation Characteristics of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Induced Fractures under True Tri-Axial Stresses

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hu ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Yuqiang Hu ◽  
Yong Kang ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Release Rate ◽  
Energy Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Breakdown Pressure ◽  
Ae Energy ◽  
Induced Fractures ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) fracturing is a non-aqueous fracturing technology, which has attracted considerable attention on exploiting shale gas. In this study, shale specimens and artificial sandstone specimens were used to conduct SC-CO2 fracturing and water fracturing experiments to investigate the characteristics of SC-CO2 induced fractures. An acoustic emission (AE) monitoring device was employed to monitor the AE energy release rate during the experiment. The experiment results indicate that the breakdown pressure of SC-CO2 fracturing is lower than that of water fracturing under the same conditions, and the AE energy release rate of SC-CO2 fracturing is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that of water fracturing. In artificial sandstone, which is homogeneous, the main fracture mainly propagates along the directions perpendicular to the minimum principal stress, no matter if using SC-CO2 or water as the fracturing fluid, but in shale with weak structural planes, the propagation direction of the fracture is controlled by the combined effect of a weak structural plane and in-situ stress.

Environmental liability and asset retirement obligations

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Michael Clark ◽  
John Claypool
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Well Abandonment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Oil companies, partnerships and entities developed for the exploration and/or production of hydrocarbons typically invest for a reasonably certain period of time, with the assets projected to have little or no value at the end of their life cycle. Historically, production facilities were decommissioned as cost effectively as possible, with limited consideration of the cost of this practice being factored into the initial costs or operating budgets, and the salvage value of the scrap metal was applied to cover the cost of the demolition. Today, most oil and gas producers are required to account for the estimated future cost of dismantling and removing facilities and equipment, as well as restoring land to its previous condition. The estimated costs for future dismantling, removal, and restoration are different to other costs associated with the acquisition and use of productive assets. The impact of potential environmental expenses associated with these practices typically occurs after an asset has ceased production. Planning for environmental costs for asset retirement obligations (AROs) is ideally conducted during the asset's operating life. This is so that compliance costs and other operating expenses are recorded consistently in conformance with accounting policies and regulations. Tentatively identified AROs include: asbestos, batteries, PCB transformers, underground or above ground storage tanks, well abandonment, waste impoundments, mercury, and other components of an active producing facility. Operators need to identify specific performance requirements that may impose obligations on their organisation. Federal, state and local requirements need be considered, as they apply to specific operating conditions.

scholarly journals Temporal variability of carbon recycling in coastal sediments influenced by rivers: assessing the impact of flood inputs in the Rhône River prodelta

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1187-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cathalot ◽  
C. Rabouille ◽  
L. Pastor ◽  
B. Deflandre ◽  
E. Viollier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Rhône River ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Rhone River ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. River deltas are particularly important in the marine carbon cycle as they represent the transition between terrestrial and marine carbon: linked to major burial zones, they are reprocessing zones where large carbon fluxes can be mineralized. In order to estimate this mineralization, sediment oxygen uptake rates were measured in continental shelf sediments and river prodelta over different seasons near the outlet of the Rhône River in the Mediterranean Sea. On a selected set of 10 stations in the river prodelta and nearby continental shelf, in situ diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) and laboratory total oxygen uptake (TOU) measurements were performed in early spring and summer 2007 and late spring and winter 2008. In and ex situ DOU did not show any significant differences except for shallowest organic rich stations. Sediment DOU rates show highest values concentrated close to the river mouth (approx. 20 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) and decrease offshore to values around 4.5 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 with lowest gradients in a south west direction linked to the preferential transport of the finest riverine material. Core incubation TOU showed the same spatial pattern with an averaged TOU/DOU ratio of 1.2±0.4. Temporal variations of sediment DOU over different sampling periods, spring summer and late fall, were limited and benthic mineralization rates presented a stable spatial pattern. A flood of the Rhône River occurred in June 2008 and delivered up to 30 cm of new soft muddy deposit. Immediately after this flood, sediment DOU rates close to the river mouth dropped from around 15–20 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 to values close to 10 mmol O2 m−2 d−1, in response to the deposition near the river outlet of low reactivity organic matter associated to fine material. Six months later, the oxygen distribution had relaxed back to its initial stage: the initial spatial distribution was found again underlining the active microbial degradation rates involved and the role of further deposits. These results highlight the immediate response of the sediment oxygen system to flood deposit and the rapid relaxation of this system towards its initial state (6 months or less) potentially linked to further deposits of reactive material.

scholarly journals Research on the Energy Release Characteristics of Six Kinds of Reactive Materials

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianwen Ran ◽  
Liangliang Ding ◽  
Jingyuan Zhou ◽  
Wenhui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Release ◽  
The Self ◽  
Weight System ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Reactive Materials ◽  
Release Test ◽  
Penetration Ability ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Impact

Currently, PTFE/Al is widely used in the reactive fragmentation warhead. However, for the same explosive yield, the reactive fragments usually have a smaller damage-radius than the inert fragments because PTFE/Al has a poor penetration ability and needs an impact-speed up to 1000 m/s to stimulate its chemical reaction. To enhance the damage power of reactive fragments, six kinds of reactive materials (PTFE/Al, PTFE/B, PTFE/Si, PTFE/Al/B, PTFE/Al/Si, and PTFE/Al/CuO) based on PTFE were designed and studied. Through the drop weight system and the self-designed energy release test device, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the energy release ability of six kinds of reactive materials were carried out. The qualitative analysis results indicate that the reactions of PTFE/B and PTFE/Si are weak under the impact of drop hammer with only a very weak fire light produced, while the reactions of PTFE/Al, PTFE/Al/B, PTFE/Al/Si, and PTFE/Al/CuO are relatively intense, and the reaction of PTFE/Al/Si is the most intense. Through the self-designed energy release test device, the energy release ability of the reactive material was quantitatively compared and analyzed. The results show that the energy release ability of the four formulations were as follows: PTFE/Al/Si > PTFE/Al/CuO > PTFE/Al/B > PTFE/Al. Therefore, it can be concluded that the PTFE/Al/Si formulation is a new reactive material with strong energy release ability, which can be a new choice for reactive fragment.

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