Modified Carbon Dots with Lowered Retention and Improved Colloidal Stability for Application in Harsh Reservoir Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Reservoir Performance ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Limestone Rock ◽  
Reservoir Connectivity

Abstract Tracer technology has been increasingly used in inter-well tests to investigate reservoir performance, reservoir connectivity and residual oil saturation for providing useful information to improve decision making in reservoir management. Stable nanoparticle tracers with high-sensitive real-time detectability are highly desired, and as one of the nanoparticles tracers, carbon dots (C-dots) have been studied and tested as nano-agent tracer in field trial for reservoir monitoring. In this research, we report a modified method to synthesize fluorescent C-dots and fluorinated, sulfonated or zwitterionic functional groups were incoprtated into the C-dots. The synthesis reaction occurs at hydrothermal conditions with inexpensive starting materials and is readily to scale up for industrial application. Optical properties of the synthesized colloidal C-dots were studied by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. Colloidal stability was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, and retention of the C-dots in porous medium was evaluated by adsorption experiment with limestone rock. The synthesized C-dots are readily dispersible in freshwater and synthetic brines and exhibit improved colloidal stability in hot brine and lowered retention in reservoir rocks. In comparison with those C-dots reported in literatures, our results suggest that the synthesized C-dots using the modified procedure have excellent fluorescence properties, improved thermal stability, photostability, and water dispersibility, enabling their use as optically detectable nano-agent tracer in oil field application.

scholarly journals Injection-production optimization of carbonate reservoir based on an inter-well connectivity model

2021 ◽  
pp. 014459872199465
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zhou ◽  
Sheng Lei ◽  
Xuebiao Du ◽  
Shichang Ju ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
History Matching ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Connectivity Model

Carbonate reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. During waterflooding stage, the channeling phenomenon of displacing fluid in high-permeability layers easily leads to early water breakthrough and high water-cut with low recovery rate. To quantitatively characterize the inter-well connectivity parameters (including conductivity and connected volume), we developed an inter-well connectivity model based on the principle of inter-well connectivity and the geological data and development performance of carbonate reservoirs. Thus, the planar water injection allocation factors and water injection utilization rate of different layers can be obtained. In addition, when the proposed model is integrated with automatic history matching method and production optimization algorithm, the real-time oil and water production can be optimized and predicted. Field application demonstrates that adjusting injection parameters based on the model outputs results in a 1.5% increase in annual oil production, which offers significant guidance for the efficient development of similar oil reservoirs. In this study, the connectivity method was applied to multi-layer real reservoirs for the first time, and the injection and production volume of injection-production wells were repeatedly updated based on multiple iterations of water injection efficiency. The correctness of the method was verified by conceptual calculations and then applied to real reservoirs. So that the oil field can increase production in a short time, and has good application value.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots and Their Application in Ascorbic Acid Detection

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1246
Author(s):  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Hui Luo ◽  
Xu Jing ◽  
Jiali Yang ◽  
Meijun Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon Dots ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon

Water-soluble fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using citric acid as the carbon source and ethylenediamine as the nitrogen source. The repeated and scale-up synthetic experiments were carried out to explore the feasibility of macroscopic preparation of CDs. The CDs/Fe3+ composite was prepared by the interaction of the CDs solution and Fe3+ solution. The optical properties, pH dependence and stability behavior of CDs or the CDs/Fe3+ composite were studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Following the principles of fluorescence quenching after the addition of Fe3+ and then the fluorescence recovery after the addition of asorbic acid, the fluorescence intensity of the carbon dots was measured at λex = 360 nm, λem = 460 nm. The content of ascorbic acid was calculated by quantitative analysis of the changing fluorescence intensity. The CDs/Fe3+ composite was applied to the determination of different active molecules, and it was found that the composite had specific recognition of ascorbic acid and showed an excellent linear relationship in 5.0–350.0 μmol·L−1. Moreover, the detection limit was 3.11 μmol·L−1. Satisfactory results were achieved when the method was applied to the ascorbic acid determination in jujube fruit. The fluorescent carbon dots composites prepared in this study may have broad application prospects in a rapid, sensitive and trace determination of ascorbic acid content during food processing.

Downhole CO2 partial pressure calculation and tubing material selection – a case study of an offshore oil field in the South China Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yan ◽  
Yong Xiang ◽  
Wenliang Li ◽  
Jingen Deng
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Calculating Method ◽  
Oil Gas

Purpose This paper aims to establish the downhole CO2 partial pressure profile calculating method and then to make an economical oil country tubular goods (OCTG) anti-corrosion design. CO2 partial pressure is the most important parameter to the oil and gas corrosion research for these wells which contain sweet gas of CO2. However, till now, there has not been a recognized method for calculating this important value. Especially in oil well, CO2 partial pressure calculation seems more complicated. Based on Dolton partial pressure law and oil gas separation process, CO2 partial pressure profile calculating method in oil well is proposed. A case study was presented according to the new method, and two kinds of corrosion environment were determined. An experimental research was conducted on N80, 3Cr-L80 and 13Cr-L80 material. Based on the test results, 3Cr-L80 was recommended for downhole tubing. Combined with the field application practice, 3Cr-L80 was proved as a safety and economy anti-corrosion tubing material in this oil field. A proper corrosion parameter (mainly refers to CO2 partial pressure and temperature) can ensure a safety and economy downhole tubing anti-corrosion design. Design/methodology/approach Based on Dolton partial pressure law and oil gas separation process, CO2 partial pressure profile calculating method in oil well is proposed. An experimental research was conducted on N80, 3Cr-L80 and 13Cr-L80 material. A field application practice was used. Findings It is necessary to calculate the CO2 partial pressure properly to ensure a safety and economy downhole tubing (or casing) anti-corrosion design. Originality/value The gas and oil separation theory and corrosion theory are combined together to give a useful method in downhole tubing anti-corrosion design method.

scholarly journals Development of an analytical model to predict oil reservoirs performance using mechanical waves propagation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesham A. Abu Zaid ◽  
◽  
Sherif A. Akl ◽  
Mahmoud Abu El Ela ◽  
Ahmed El-Banbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Reservoir Performance ◽  
Mechanical Waves ◽  
Incremental Oil Recovery ◽  
Wave Induced

The mechanical waves have been used as an unconventional enhanced oil recovery technique. It has been tested in many laboratory experiments as well as several field trials. This paper presents a robust forecasting model that can be used as an effective tool to predict the reservoir performance while applying seismic EOR technique. This model is developed by extending the wave induced fluid flow theory to account for the change in the reservoir characteristics as a result of wave application. A MATLAB program was developed based on the modified theory. The wave’s intensity, pressure, and energy dissipation spatial distributions are calculated. The portion of energy converted into thermal energy in the reservoir is assessed. The changes in reservoir properties due to temperature and pressure changes are considered. The incremental oil recovery and reduction in water production as a result of wave application are then calculated. The developed model was validated against actual performance of Liaohe oil field. The model results show that the wave application increases oil production from 33 to 47 ton/day and decreases water-oil ratio from 68 to 48%, which is close to the field measurements. A parametric analysis is performed to identify the important parameters that affect reservoir performance under seismic EOR. In addition, the study determines the optimum ranges of reservoir properties where this technique is most beneficial.

Understanding ESP Performance Under High Viscous Applications and Emulsion Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Pastre ◽  
Jorge Biazussi ◽  
William Monte Verde ◽  
Antonio Bannwart
Keyword(s):  
High Viscosity ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Artificial Lift ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Field Deployment

Abstract Although being widely used as an artificial lift method for heavy oil field developments, Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) performance in high viscous applications is not fully understood. In order to improve knowledge of pump behavior under such conditions, Equinor has developed stage qualification tests as part of the technical requirements for deploying ESPs in Peregrino Field located offshore Brazil and has funded a series of research efforts to better design and operate the system more efficiently. Qualification tests were made mandatory for every stage type prior to field deployment in Peregrino. It is known that the affinity laws don´t hold true for high viscosity applications. Therefore, extensive qualification tests are required to provide actual stage performance in high viscous applications. Test results are used to optimize ESP system design for each well selecting the most efficient stage type considering specific well application challenges. In addition, the actual pump performance improves accuracy in production allocation algorithms. A better understanding of ESP behavior in viscous fluid application helps improving oil production and allows ESP operation with higher efficiency, increasing system run life. Shear forces inside ESP stages generate emulsion that compromises ESP performance. Lab tests in controlled environments have helped Equinor to gather valuable information about emulsion formation and evaluate ESP performance in conditions similar to field application. Equinor has funded studies to better understand two-phase flow (oil-water) which allowed visualization and investigation of oil drops dynamics inside the impeller. In addition, experimental procedures were proposed to investigate the effective viscosity of emulsion at pump discharge and the phase inversion hysteresis in the transition water-oil and oil-water emulsion. In addition to qualification tests and research performed to better understand system behavior, Equinor has developed and improved procedures to operate ESP systems in high viscous applications with emulsion production during 10 years of operation in Peregrino field. Such conditions also impose challenges to ESP system reliability. Over the years, Equinor has peformed failure analysis to enhance ESP system robustness which, combined with upper completion design, have improved system operation and reliability decreasing operating costs in Peregrino field.

scholarly journals Applying Microfluidics for the Production of the Cationic Liposome-Based Vaccine Adjuvant CAF09b

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1237
Author(s):  
Signe Tandrup Schmidt ◽  
Dennis Christensen ◽  
Yvonne Perrie
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cationic Liposome ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Lipid Film ◽  
Gmp Production

Subunit vaccines require particulate adjuvants to induce the desired immune responses. Pre-clinical manufacturing methods of adjuvants are often batch dependent, which complicates scale-up for large-scale good manufacturing practice (GMP) production. The cationic liposomal adjuvant CAF09b, composed of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDA), monomycoloyl glycerol analogue 1 (MMG) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], is currently being clinically evaluated in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Microfluidics is a promising new method for large-scale manufacturing of particle-based medicals, which is scalable from laboratory to GMP production, and a protocol for production of CAF09b by this method was therefore validated. The influence of the manufacture parameters [Ethanol] (20–40% v/v), [Lipid] (DDA and MMG, 6–12 mg/mL) and dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] (0–10% v/v) on the resulting particle size, colloidal stability and adsorption of poly(I:C) was evaluated in a design-of-experiments study. [Ethanol] and [DMSO] affected the resulting particle sizes, while [Lipid] and [DMSO] affected the colloidal stability. In all samples, poly(I:C) was encapsulated within the liposomes. At [Ethanol] 30% v/v, most formulations were stable at 21 days of manufacture with particle sizes <100 nm. An in vivo comparison in mice of the immunogenicity to the cervical cancer peptide antigen HPV-16 E7 adjuvanted with CAF09b prepared by lipid film rehydration or microfluidics showed no difference between the formulations, indicating adjuvant activity is intact. Thus, it is possible to prepare suitable formulations of CAF09b by microfluidics.

Wet Welding as a “Serious” Repair Procedure?

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Szelagowski
Keyword(s):  
Welding Process ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Welding Processes

Due to intensive and concentrated research activities during the last 10 to 15 yr, the quality of wet-welded joints has been improved to an extent that this process is currently regarded as a potential alternative to the more costly dry hyperbaric welding processes in comparable water depths. The wet welding process has matured to an interesting alternative repair process due to its high flexibility and versatility and its low investment costs with respect to achieving comparable weldment quality. However, due to the previous bad reputation of the poor weldment quality in former times, related to extremely high hardness, high porosity, high hydrogen contamination, and, in combination with this, high cracking susceptibility, the wet welding process still requires concentrated activities to improve its reputation and credibility, especially in European oil field application. New acceptance creiteria, more detailed information on the achievable weldment quality, and especially the development of life-predicting data for wet-welded components on the one hand, and new design criteria especially related to the process application in wet environment as well as excellent training of diver welders on the other hand, have been required. Advanced testing methods had to be applied, additional design criteria had to be developed, and achievable weldment quality data had to be included in acknowledged and approved standards and recommendations in training and certification standards for diver welders. All these data are now available. These results have been achieved with the financial support of the European Community through the THERMIE PROJECT FUNDING.

scholarly journals Application of a physics-based lumped parameter model to evaluate reservoir parameters during CO2 storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3925-3935
Author(s):  
Samin Raziperchikolaee ◽  
Srikanta Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Oil Reservoir ◽  
Michigan Basin ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Lumped Parameter

Abstract Evaluating reservoir performance could be challenging, especially when available data are only limited to pressures and rates from oil field production and/or injection wells. Numerical simulation is a typical approach to estimate reservoir properties using the history match process by reconciling field observations and model predictions. Performing numerical simulations can be computationally expensive by considering a large number of grids required to capture the spatial variation in geological properties, detailed structural complexity of the reservoir, and numerical time steps to cover different periods of oil recovery. In this work, a simplified physics-based model is used to estimate specific reservoir parameters during CO2 storage into a depleted oil reservoir. The governing equation is based on the integrated capacitance resistance model algorithm. A multivariate linear regression method is used for estimating reservoir parameters (injectivity index and compressibility). Synthetic scenarios were generated using a multiphase flow numerical simulator. Then, the results of the simplified physics-based model in terms of the estimated fluid compressibility were compared against the simulation results. CO2 injection data including bottom hole pressure and injection rate were also gathered from a depleted oil reef in Michigan Basin. A field application of the simplified physics-based model was presented to estimate above-mentioned parameters for the case of CO2 storage in a depleted oil reservoir in Michigan Basin. The results of this work show that this simple lumped parameter model can be used for a quick estimation of the specific reservoir parameters and its changes over the CO2 injection period.

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