scholarly journals Distribution and phylogenetic diversity of Anopheles species in malaria endemic areas of Honduras in an elimination setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Escobar ◽  
Krisnaya Ascencio ◽  
Andrés Ortiz ◽  
Adalid Palma ◽  
Gustavo Fontecha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Endemic Areas

Abstract Background : Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of malaria, one of the most important infectious diseases in the tropics. More than 500 Anopheles species have been described worldwide, and more than 30 are considered a public health problem. In Honduras, information on the distribution of Anopheles spp. and its genetic diversity is scarce. This study aimed to describe the distribution and genetic diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Honduras. Methods : Mosquitoes were captured in 8 locations in 5 malaria endemic departments during 2019. Two collectionmethods were used. Adult anophelines were captured outdoors using CDC light traps and by aspiration of mosquitoes at rest. The morphological identification was performed using taxonomic keys. Genetic analyses included the sequencing of a partial region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Results : A total of 1320 anophelines were collected and identified through morphological keys. Seven Anopheles species were identified. Anopheles albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (74.02%). To confirm the morphological identification of the specimens, 175 and 122 sequences were obtained for COI and ITS2 respectively. Both markers confirmed the morphological identification. COI showed a greater nucleotide diversity than ITS2 in all species. High genetic diversity was observed within the populations of An. albimanus while An. darlingi proved to be a highly homogeneous population. Phylogenetic analyses revealed clustering patterns in An. darlingi and An. neivai in relation to specimens from South America. New sequences for An. crucians , An. vestitipennis , and An. neivai are reported in this study. Conclusions : Here we report the distribution and genetic diversity of Anopheles species in endemic areas of malaria transmission in Honduras. According to our results, both taxonomic and molecular approaches are useful tools in the identification of anopheline mosquitoes. However, both molecular markers differ in their ability to detect intraspecific genetic diversity. These results provide supporting data for a better understanding of the distribution of malaria vectors in Honduras.

scholarly journals Distribution and phylogenetic diversity of Anopheles species in malaria endemic areas of Honduras in an elimination setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Escobar ◽  
Krisnaya Ascencio ◽  
Andrés Ortiz ◽  
Adalid Palma ◽  
Gustavo Fontecha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Endemic Areas

Abstract Background: Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of malaria, one of the most important infectious diseases in the tropics. More than 500 Anopheles species have been described worldwide, and more than 30 are considered a public health problem. In Honduras, information on the distribution of Anopheles spp. and its genetic diversity is scarce. This study aimed to describe the distribution and genetic diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Honduras. Methods: Mosquitoes were captured in 8 locations in 5 malaria endemic departments during 2019. Two collection methods were used. Adult anophelines were captured outdoors using CDC light traps and by aspiration of mosquitoes at rest. The morphological identification was performed using taxonomic keys. Genetic analyses included the sequencing of a partial region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Results: A total of 1320 anophelines were collected and identified through morphological keys. Seven Anopheles species were identified. Anopheles albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (74.02%). To confirm the morphological identification of the specimens, 175 and 122 sequences were obtained for COI and ITS2 respectively. Both markers confirmed the morphological identification. COI showed a greater nucleotide diversity than ITS2 in all species. High genetic diversity was observed within the populations of An. albimanus while An. darlingi proved to be a highly homogeneous population. Phylogenetic analyses revealed clustering patterns in An. darlingi and An. neivai in relation to specimens from South America. New sequences for An. crucians, An. vestitipennis, and An. neivai are reported in this study.Conclusions: Here we report the distribution and genetic diversity of Anopheles species in endemic areas of malaria transmission in Honduras. According to our results, both taxonomic and molecular approaches are useful tools in the identification of anopheline mosquitoes. However, both molecular markers differ in their ability to detect intraspecific genetic diversity. These results provide supporting data for a better understanding of the distribution of malaria vectors in Honduras.

scholarly journals Distribution of Anopheles species in malaria endemic areas of Honduras in an elimination setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Escobar ◽  
Krisnaya Ascencio ◽  
Andrés Ortiz ◽  
Adalid Palma ◽  
Gustavo Fontecha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Endemic Areas

Abstract Background: Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of malaria, one of the most important infectious diseases in the tropics. More than 500 Anopheles species have been described worldwide, and more than 30 are considered a public health problem. In Honduras, information on the distribution of Anopheles spp. and its genetic diversity is scarce. This study aimed to update information on the diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Honduras with a morphological and molecular approach. Methods: Mosquitoes were captured in 8 locations in 5 malaria endemic departments during 2019. Two collections methods were used. Adult anophelines were captured outdoors using CDC light traps and by aspiration of mosquitoes at rest. The morphological identification was performed using taxonomic keys. Genetic analyses included the sequencing of a partial region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Results: A total of 1320 anophelines were collected and identified through morphological keys. Seven Anopheles species were identified. An. albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (74.02%). To confirm the morphological identification of the specimens, 175 and 122 sequences were obtained for COI and ITS2 respectively. Both markers confirmed the morphological identification. COI showed a greater nucleotide diversity than ITS2 in all species. High genetic diversity was observed within the populations of An. albimanus while An. darlingi proved to be a highly homogeneous population. Phylogenetic analyses revealed clustering patterns in An. darlingi and An. neivai in relation to specimens from South America. New sequences for An. crucians, An. vestitipennis, and An. neivai are reported in this study. Conclusions: Here we report the distribution of Anopheles species in endemic areas of malaria in Honduras. According to our results, both taxonomic and molecular approaches are useful tools in the identification of anopheline mosquitoes. However, both molecular markers differ in their ability to detect intraspecific genetic diversity. These results provide supporting data for a better understanding of the distribution of malaria vectors in Honduras.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and drug susceptibility patterns of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Yunnan, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruolan Bai ◽  
Shuijing Chi ◽  
Xiaofei Li ◽  
Xiting Dai ◽  
Zhenhua Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Mdr Tb

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which has been threatening global public health for many years. High genetic diversity is dominant feature of Mtb. Increasing cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious public health problem to TB control in China. Spontaneous mutations in the Mtb genome can alter proteins which are the target of drugs, making the bacteria drug resistant. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the genotype of Mtb isolates from some areas in Yunnan, China and explore the association between genotypes and MDR-TB. Using spoligotyping, we identified Beijing genotypes, six non-Beijing genotypes and a number of orphan genotypes from 270 Mtb isolates from patients in Yunnan Province during 2014–2016. Of 270 Mtb isolates, 102 clinical Mtb strains were identified as drug-resistant (DR) by drug susceptibility testing (DST), among them, 52 MDR strains. Beijing genotypes occupied the highest MDR proportion (78.85%) followed by the orphan genotypes (15.38%). The characteristics of MDR strains showed high genetic diversity. The results will help to efficiently improve diagnosis and treatment and provide valuable information for Mtb molecular epidemiology.

Anopheles species composition and some climatic factors that influence their survival and population abundance in Anambra East LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M Egbuche ◽  
A.E Onyido ◽  
P.U Umeanaeto ◽  
E.N Nwankwo ◽  
I.F Omah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Human Landing Catch ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes

Malaria parasites are transmitted in nature through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes. However, the vector distribution varies in time and space. This study aimed to determine the species composition, abundance and climatic factors influencing Anopheles mosquitoes in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria from October 2016 to September 2017. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from indoor and outdoor locations using Pyrethrum Knockdown Collection (PKC) and Human Landing Catch (HLC) Methods respectively. Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected using dipping method. Morphological identification of Anopheles species was carried out using standard identification keys. Climatic data was obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency Office in Anambra State. A total of 8181 female Anopheles mosquitoes which comprised 4127 (50.4%) larvae and 4054 (49.6%) adults were collected (P > 0.05) in the study. Four Anopheles species: An. gambiae s. l (70.1%), An. funestus group (18.2%), An. moucheti (6.3%) and An. nili (5.4%) were identified (P < 0.05). In the study area, 2608 (31.9%), 3025 (37.0%) and 2548 (31.1%) Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from Aguleri, Igbariam and Nsugbe respectively; with 100% species overlap. In each selected selected town, the Simpson’s index of diversity was ~2 and Shannon-wiener diversity was ~1. Only An. gambiaes l showed varied seasonal abundance with wet season contributing 67.9% and dry season 32.1% of the overall An. gambiaes. l collection (P < 0.05). The correlation between rainfall and An. gambiae s. l. abundance was significantly strong (r = 0.66; P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between Anopheles species abundance and temperature as well as relative humidity. The study revealed the preponderance of four Anopheles species: An. gambiae s. l., An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili; and rainfall is the only climatic factor that causes temporal change in the abundance of one of the species, An. gambiaes. l. in the study area. Keywords: Anopheles mosquitoes, abundance, temperature, rainfall, relative humidity

scholarly journals New insights into malaria vector bionomics in Lao PDR: a nationwide entomology survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Marcombe ◽  
Santi Maithaviphet ◽  
Julie Bobichon ◽  
Nothasin Phommavan ◽  
Simone Nambanya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Human Landing Catch ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Human Landing

Abstract Background . In Laos, the malaria burden remains high despite a significant reduction of cases during the last decade. In the context of the disease elimination by 2030, a nationwide entomological survey was conducted to better understand the distribution, abundance and behavior of major malaria vectors ( Anopheles spp.) in the country. Methods . Mosquito collections were implemented in ten villages from ten provinces during the rainy and dry seasons of 2014 and 2015 by using human landing catch (HLC) and cow bait collection (CBC) methods. After morphological identification in the field, molecular identification of the sibling species of Anopheles mosquitoes from the Funestus, Leucosphyrus, and Maculatus groups were determined using PCR specific alleles. A screening of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections in the vectors was carried out by quantitative PCR assays. Results. A total of 14,146 adult mosquitoes representing 25 different Anopheles species were collected and morphologically identified. Molecular identification revealed the presence of 12 sibling species within the main primary vector groups including An. maculatus s.s., An. rampae , An. sawadwongporni , An. pseudowillmori , An. dravidicus , An. minimus s.s., An. aconitus , An. pampanai , An. harrisoni , An. dirus s.s., An. baimaii , An. nemophilous . Anopheles maculatus and An. minimus were predominant during both the dry and rainy seasons, but showed highly zoophilic preferences (Zoophilic index of 98% and 95%, respectively). Overall, 22% of the total malaria vectors were collected between 10:00 PM and 5:00 AM indoors when people are sleeping. Twenty-seven percent of primary and secondary vectors were collected outdoors before 10:00 PM or after 5:00 AM, times when people are usually awake and outdoors. Only two specimens were positive for P. falciparum , one An. aconitus from Phongsaly and one An. minimus from Vientiane Province Conclusions. The results indicate that people living in rural areas in Laos are constantly exposed to malaria vectors throughout the year and specifically outdoors. The use of LLINs/IRS remains important but innovative tools and new strategies are needed to address locally, the early and outdoor malaria transmission. Lack of expertise in general entomological methods may further exacerbate the situation.

scholarly journals New vectors in northern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, for the zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Ang Xin De ◽  
Khamisah Abdul Kadir ◽  
Dayang Shuaisah Awang Mohamad ◽  
Asmad Matusop ◽  
Paul Cliff Simon Divis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Anopheles Barbirostris ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Abstract Background: The vectors for Plasmodium knowlesi, a significant cause of human malaria in Southeast Asia, identified previously in nature all belong to the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group. Only one study has been previously undertaken in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, to identify vectors of P. knowlesi , where Anopheles latens was incriminated as the vector in Kapit, central Sarawak. A study was therefore undertaken to identify malaria vectors in a different location in Sarawak. Methods: Mosquitoes found landing on humans and resting on leaves over a 5-day period at two sites in the Lawas District of northern Sarawak were collected and identified. DNA samples extracted from salivary glands of Anopheles mosquitoes were subjected to nested PCR malaria-detection assays. The small sub-unit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) genes of Plasmodium , and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITSII) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of the mosquitoes were derived from the Plasmodium -positive samples for phylogenetic analyses. Results: A total of 65 anophelines and 127 culicines were collected. By PCR, six An. balabacensis and five An. barbirostris Clade VI were found to have single P. knowlesi infecions while three other An. balabacensis had either single, double or triple infections with P. inui, P. fieldi, P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi . Phylogenetic analyses of the Plasmodium SSUrRNA genes confirmed 3 An. barbirostris Clade VI and 3 An. balabacensis with single P. knowlesi infections, while 3 other An. balabacensis had two or more Plasmodium species of P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and possibly novel species of Plasmodium . Phylogenies inferred from the ITSII and COI sequences of An. balabacensis and An. barbirostris Clade VI indicate that the former is genetically indistinguishable from An. balabacensis in Borneo while the latter is a novel sibling species belonging to the Anopheles Barbirostris Subgroup. Conclusions: New vectors for P. knowlesi in Sarawak were identified, including An. barbirostris Clade VI , which is a species that does not belong to the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group.

scholarly journals Impact of sugarcane irrigation on malaria vector Anopheles mosquito fauna, abundance and seasonality in Arjo-Didessa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assalif Demissew Shifera ◽  
Dawit Hawaria ◽  
Solomon Kibret ◽  
Abebe Animut ◽  
Arega Tsegaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheline Mosquito ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Although irrigation activities are increasing in Ethiopia, limited studies evaluated their impact on malaria vector mosquito composition, abundance and seasonality. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of sugarcane irrigation on species composition, abundance and seasonality of malaria vectors. Methods : Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps from three irrigated and three non-irrigated clusters in and around Arjo-Didessa sugarcane irrigation scheme in southwestern Ethiopia. Mosquito collections were conducted in four seasons: two wet and two dry, in 2018 and 2019. Mosquito species composition, abundance and seasonality were compared between irrigated and non-irrigated clusters. Anopheles mosquitoes were identified to species using morphological keys and An. gambiae s.l to sibling species using PCR. Chi-square was used to analyze the association between Anopheles species occurrence and environmental and seasonal parameters. Results: Overall, 2,108 female Anopheles mosquitoes comprising of six species were collected. Of these, 92.7% (n=1954) were from irrigated clusters and 7.3% (n=154) from the non-irrigated. An. gambiae s.l was the most abundant (67.3%) followed by An. coustani complex (25.3 %) and An. pharoensis (5.7%). PCR based identification revealed that 74.7% (n=168) of the An. gambiae s.l were An. arabiensis and 22.7% (n=51) An. amharicus . Density of An. gambiae s.l. (both indoor and outdoor) was higher in irrigated than non-irrigated clusters. The overall anopheline mosquito abundance during the wet seasons (87.2%; n=1837) was higher than the dry seasons (12.8%; n=271). Conclusion : The ongoing sugarcane irrigation activities in Arjo-Didessa created conditions suitable for increased malaria transmitting Anopheles species diversity and abundance. This in turn could drive malaria transmission in Arjo-Didessa and its environs in both dry and wet seasons. Thus, currently practiced malaria vector interventions need to be strengthened and consider larval source management to reduce vector abundance in the irrigated areas. Key Words: Malaria, Irrigation, Anopheles mosquitoes, vector density, An. amharicus , Ethiopia

scholarly journals Diversity of Anopheles species and trophic behavior of putative malaria vectors in two malaria endemic areas of northwestern Thailand

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krajana Tainchum ◽  
Wanapa Ritthison ◽  
Thipwara Chuaycharoensuk ◽  
Michael J. Bangs ◽  
Sylvie Manguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Northwestern Thailand

High genetic diversity, distant phylogenetic relationships and intraspecies recombination events among natural populations of Yam mosaic virus: a contribution to understanding potyvirus evolution

Microbiology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bousalem ◽  
E. J. P. Douzery ◽  
D. Fargette
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Single Clade ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Selection Of

To evaluate the genetic diversity and understand the evolution of Yam mosaic virus (YMV), a highly destructive pathogen of yam (Dioscorea sp.), sequencing was carried out of the C-terminal part of the replicase (NIb), the coat protein (CP) and the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of 27 YMV isolates collected from the three main cultivated species (Dioscorea alata, the complex Dioscorea cayenensis–Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea trifida). YMV showed the most variable CP relative to eight other potyviruses. This high variability was structured into nine distant molecular groups, as revealed by phylogenetic analyses and validated by assessment of the molecular evolutionary noise. No correlation was observed between the CP and 3′-UTR diversities and phylogenies. The most diversified and divergent groups included isolates from Africa. The remaining groups clustered in a single clade and a geographical distinction between isolates from the Caribbean, South America and Africa was observed. The role of the host in the selection of particular isolates was illustrated by the case of a divergent cultivar from Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic topological incongruence and complementary statistical tests highlighted the fact that recombination events, with single and multiple crossover sites, largely contributed to the evolution of YMV. We hypothesise an African origin of YMV from the yam complex D. cayenensis–D. rotundata, followed by independent transfers to D. alata and D. trifida during virus evolution.

scholarly journals Case Report: First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Astroviruses in Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Flores ◽  
Naomi Ariyama ◽  
Benjamín Bennett ◽  
Juan Mena ◽  
Claudio Verdugo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Monophyletic Cluster ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Human Astroviruses ◽  
Porcine Astrovirus

Porcine Astrovirus (PoAstV) causes mild diarrhea in young pigs and is considered an emerging virus in the swine industry worldwide. PoAstV has high genetic diversity and has been classified into five genetic lineages, PoAstV1–5. In Chile, only human astroviruses have been reported. This study aimed to determine the presence and genetic diversity of PoAstV circulating in intensive pig farms in Chile. Seventeen Chilean intensive swine farms from Valparaíso, Metropolitana, O'Higgins, Ñuble and Araucanía regions were sampled. A selection of oral fluid and fecal material samples from 1–80 days-old pigs were collected and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The circulation of PoAstV was confirmed in all studied farms. We obtained complete or partial sequences of PoAstV-2 (n = 3), PoAstV-4 (n = 2), and PoAstV-5 (n = 7). In 15 out of 17 farms, we detected more than one lineage co-circulating. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the seven PoAstV-5 strains in a monophyletic cluster, closely related to the United States PoAstV-5 strains. The three PoAstV-2 were located into two separate sub-clusters. PoAstV-4 sequences are also grouped in two different clusters, all related to Japanese strains. Thus, our results indicate that PoAstV circulates in Chile with high frequency and diversity. However, the lack of reference sequences impairs local evolution patterns establishment and regional comparisons. This is the first contribution of PoAstV genomes in Latin America; more studies are needed to understand the diversity and impact of PoAstV on swine health.

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