Context-Dependent Effects of Inflammation On Retina Regeneration

Abstract Inflammation is required for the proliferation of Müller glia (MG) into multipotent progenitors (MGPCs) in the injured fish and avian retinas. However, its function in retina regeneration has not been fully understood. Here we investigated the role of inflammation in three different retinal regeneration paradigms in zebrafish (stab-injury, NMDA-injury and insulin treatment). We first show that different types of immune cells and levels of inflammatory cytokines were found in the retinas of these paradigms. Though zymosan injection alone was insufficient to induce MG proliferation in the uninjured retina, immune suppression significantly inhibited MGPC formation in all three paradigms. Enhancing inflammation promoted MGPC formation after stab-injury, while exhibiting a context-dependent role in the NMDA or insulin models. Furthermore, proper levels of inflammation promoted MG reprogramming and cell cycle re-entry after stab- or NMDA-injury, but excessive inflammation also suppressed MG proliferation in the latter model. Finally, while inflammation promoted retinal neuron regeneration after stab-injury, immune suppression surprisingly achieved the best regeneration in the NMDA model. Our study reveals the complex and context-dependent role of inflammation during retinal repair in fish, and suggests accurate inflammation management may be crucial for successful retina regeneration in mammals.

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The Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Leukemia

Acta Haematologica ◽

10.1159/000500315 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 143 (2) ◽

pp. 112-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yueyang Li ◽

M. James You ◽

Yaling Yang ◽

Dongzhi Hu ◽

Chen Tian

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Innate Immunity ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Leukemia Cell ◽

Tumor Associated Macrophages ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Different Types ◽

Tumor Growth And Metastasis

In addition to intrinsic factors, leukemia cell growth is influenced by the surrounding nonhematopoietic cells in the leukemic microenvironment, including fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, vascular cells, and various immune cells. Despite the fact that macrophages are an important component of human innate immunity, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have long been considered as an accomplice promoting tumor growth and metastasis. TAMs are activated by an abnormal malignant microenvironment, polarizing into a specific phenotype and participating in tumor progression. TAMs that exist in the microenvironment of different types of leukemia are called leukemia-associated macrophages (LAMs), which are reported to be associated with the progression of leukemia. This review describes the role of LAMs in different leukemia subtypes.

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Role of immune cells in the ocular manifestations of pemphigoid diseases

Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/2515841419868128 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 251584141986812

Author(s):

Tanima Bose

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Ocular Manifestations ◽

Different Types ◽

Ocular Distribution

Pemphigoid disease is classified according to the phenotypical location of the disease and the presence of different types of antibodies. The ocular distribution of pemphigoid mainly occurs in patients with bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Several immune cells, including the cells of the innate immune system (neutrophils and γδ T cells) and the adaptive immune system (T and B cells), are involved in pemphigoid disease. The treatment of pemphigoid is still wide-ranging, and the most utilized treatment is the use of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. In this scenario, it is absolutely important to screen the immune cells that are involved in this group of diseases and to determine if a targeted treatment approach is plausible. In conclusion, this review will identify some newer treatment possibilities for the whole spectrum of pemphigoid diseases.

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Evidence on the pathogenic role of auto-antibodies in acute cardiovascular diseases

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th12-10-0768 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 109 (05) ◽

pp. 854-868 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Federico Carbone ◽

Alessio Nencioni ◽

François Mach ◽

Nicolas Vuilleumier ◽

Fabrizio Montecucco

Keyword(s):

Immune Cells ◽

Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽

Plaque Vulnerability ◽

Pathogenic Role ◽

Pathophysiological Role ◽

Different Types ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Oxidative Processes ◽

Circulating Autoantibodies

SummaryAtherothrombosis is the major determinant of acute ischaemic cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Inflammatory processes have been linked to all phases of atherogenesis In particular, the identification of autoimmunity mediators in the complex microenvironment of chronic inflammation has become the focus of attention in both early and advanced atherogenic processes. Autoantibodies against self-molecules or new epitopes generated by oxidative processes infiltrate atherosclerotic plaques and were shown to modulate the activity of immune cells by binding various types of receptors. However, despite mounting evidence for a pathophysiological role of autoantibodies in atherothrombosis, the clinical relevance for circulating autoantibodies in cardiovascular outcomes is still debated. This review aims at illustrating the mechanisms by which different types of autoantibodies might either promote or repress atherothrombosis and to discuss the clinical studies assessing the role of auto-antibodies as prognostic biomarkers of plaque vulnerability.

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Immune Modulatory Short Noncoding RNAs Targeting the Glioblastoma Microenvironment

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.682129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Jun Wei ◽

Eli Gilboa ◽

George A. Calin ◽

Amy B. Heimberger

Keyword(s):

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Immune Suppression ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Antitumor Immunity ◽

Noncoding Rnas ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Glioblastomas are heterogeneous and have a poor prognosis. Glioblastoma cells interact with their neighbors to form a tumor-permissive and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Short noncoding RNAs are relevant mediators of the dynamic crosstalk among cancer, stromal, and immune cells in establishing the glioblastoma microenvironment. In addition to the ease of combinatorial strategies that are capable of multimodal modulation for both reversing immune suppression and enhancing antitumor immunity, their small size provides an opportunity to overcome the limitations of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability. To enhance glioblastoma delivery, these RNAs have been conjugated with various molecules or packed within delivery vehicles for enhanced tissue-specific delivery and increased payload. Here, we focus on the role of RNA therapeutics by appraising which types of nucleotides are most effective in immune modulation, lead therapeutic candidates, and clarify how to optimize delivery of the therapeutic RNAs and their conjugates specifically to the glioblastoma microenvironment.

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Targeting the Immune Microenvironment in Lymphomas of B-Cell Origin: From Biology to Clinical Application

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers11070915 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 915 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mulder ◽

Wahlin ◽

Österborg ◽

Palma

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Clinical Results ◽

Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽

Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽

Different Types ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Insight Into

In lymphomas of B-cell origin, cancer cells orchestrate an inflammatory microenvironment of immune and stromal cells that sustain the tumor cell survival and growth, known as a tumor microenvironment (TME). The features of the TME differ between the different lymphoma types, ranging from extremely inflammatory, such as in Hodgkin lymphoma, to anergic, leading to immune deficiency and susceptibility to infections, such as in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Understanding the characteristic features of the TME as well as the interactions between cancer and TME cells has given insight into the pathogenesis of most lymphomas and contributed to identify novel therapeutic targets. Here, we summarize the preclinical data that contributed to clarifying the role of the immune cells in the TME of different types of lymphomas of B-cell origin, and explain how the understanding of the biological background has led to new clinical applications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the clinical results of trials that assessed the safety and efficacy of drugs directly targeting TME immune cells in lymphoma patients.

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Adenosinergic Pathway: A Hope in the Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13020229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 229

Author(s):

Ketao Jin ◽

Chunsen Mao ◽

Lin Chen ◽

Lude Wang ◽

Yuyao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Adenosine Receptors ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Poor Response ◽

Combination Therapies ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Major Player ◽

Different Types

Brain tumors comprise different types of malignancies, most of which are originated from glial cells. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor with a poor response to conventional therapies and dismal survival rates (15 months) despite multimodal therapies. The development of immunotherapeutic strategies seems to be necessary to enhance the overall survival of GBM patients. So far, the immunotherapies applied in GBM had promising results in the primary phases of clinical trials but failed to continue their beneficial effects in later phases. GBM-microenvironment (GME) is a heterogenic and rigorously immunosuppressive milieu wrapping by an impenetrable blood-brain barrier. Hence, in-depth knowledge about the dominant immunosuppressive mechanisms in the GME could foster GBM immunotherapy. Recently, the adenosinergic pathway (AP) is found to be a major player in the suppression of antitumor immune responses in the GME. Tumor cells evolve to metabolize pro-inflammatory ATP to anti-inflammatory adenosine. Adenosine can suppress immune responses through the signaling of adenosine receptors on immune cells. The preclinical results targeting AP in GBM showed promising results in reinvigorating antitumor responses, overriding chemoresistance, and increasing survival. We reviewed the current GBM immunotherapies and elaborated on the role of AP in the immunopathogenesis, treatment, and even prognosis of GBM. We suggest that future clinical studies should consider this pathway in their combination therapies along with other immunotherapeutic approaches.

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Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000440 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (3-4) ◽

pp. 127-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zeshan Ali ◽

Zhenbin Wang ◽

Rai Muhammad Amir ◽

Shoaib Younas ◽

Asif Wali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Structure ◽

Review Paper ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Active Role ◽

Current Review ◽

Different Types ◽

Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

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Forming Impressions of Personality

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000179 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 153-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sanne Nauts ◽

Oliver Langner ◽

Inge Huijsmans ◽

Roos Vonk ◽

Daniël H. J. Wigboldus

Keyword(s):

Impression Formation ◽

Context Dependent

Asch’s seminal research on “Forming Impressions of Personality” (1946) has widely been cited as providing evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect, suggesting that warmth-related judgments have a stronger influence on impressions of personality than competence-related judgments (e.g., Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007 ; Wojciszke, 2005 ). Because this effect does not fit with Asch’s Gestalt-view on impression formation and does not readily follow from the data presented in his original paper, the goal of the present study was to critically examine and replicate the studies of Asch’s paper that are most relevant to the primacy-of-warmth effect. We found no evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect. Instead, the role of warmth was highly context-dependent, and competence was at least as important in shaping impressions as warmth.

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The Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants by the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time - The Central Role of Phosphatidyl Serine

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1661166 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 52 (02) ◽

pp. 172-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

P R Kelsey ◽

K J Stevenson ◽

L Poller

Keyword(s):

Screening Method ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Phosphatidyl Serine ◽

Test System ◽

Specific Factor ◽

Marginal Effect ◽

Constant Composition ◽

Lupus Anticoagulants ◽

Different Types

SummaryLiposomes of pure phospholipids were used in a modified APTT test system and the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the test system to the presence of lupus anticoagulants was assessed. Six consecutive patients with lupus anticoagulants and seven haemophiliacs with anticoagulants directed at specific coagulation factors, were studied. Increasing the concentration of phospholipid in the test system markedly reduced the sensitivity to lupus anticoagulants but had marginal effect on the specific factor inhibitors. The same effect was achieved when the content of PS alone was increased in a vehicle liposome of constant composition.The results suggest that the lupus anticoagulants can best be detected by a screening method using an APTT test with a reagent of low PS content. The use of a reagent rich in PS will largely abolish the lupus anticoagulant’s effect on the APTT. An approach using the two different types of reagent may facilitate differentiation of lupus inhibitors from other types of anticoagulant.

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The Role of Evaluative Tools in the Creation of the Memorial Media Portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019)

Nauchnyy dialog ◽

10.24224/2227-1295-2020-9-97-110 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 97-110

Author(s):

E. N. Mikhailova ◽

V. A. Telegina

Keyword(s):

Print Media ◽

Political Elite ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Research Material ◽

Political Orientations ◽

Different Types ◽

The Media ◽

The Creation ◽

Entire Text

The article is devoted to the study of evaluative tools used in modern French media in order to form the media image of a representative of the political elite. The techniques used in the creation of a memorial media portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019), President of France from 1995 to 2007 are considered. The research material was the most prestigious French print media of various political orientations, published in late September — early October 2019 in connection with the death of the ex-President of the French Republic. The relevance of the research topic is dictated by the close attention of modern linguistics to axiological phenomena, differently presented in different types of discursive practices. The novelty of the study is due to the appeal to the analysis of the complex of evaluation tools used in the French print media when characterizing the former leader of the state during the nation’s farewell period. The estimated potential of the title of the article and its influence on the formation of the estimated vector of the entire text of the publication are shown. A systematic analysis of the assessment expression means, reflected in the memorial media portrait of the politician, is given. The factors that influenced the peculiarities of their use in this type of media portrait are revealed.

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