scholarly journals Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Emergency Medicine Trainee Residents in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Quantitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Khobrani ◽  
Osama Kentab ◽  
Ahmad AAl Ibrahim ◽  
Gamil Abdellatif ◽  
Ahmed Mosad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
P Value ◽  
Training Level ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Psychological stress has been high among healthcare workers on the frontlines fighting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Emergency medicine (EM) residents are members of the frontline care teams in the fight against COVID-19, which puts them at a higher risk of psychological stress compared to other medical trainees. This study examined the psychological impact of this pandemic on EM trainee residents in Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study used a survey sent to EM trainee residents throughout Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire collected demographic data and included questions evaluating stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout experienced while working during the pandemic.Results: Of the 100 respondents eligible for inclusion, 85% were aged between 25 and 30, 32% were in the R1 training level, 52% were training in the Central region of Saudi Arabia, 92% were directly managing patients with COVID-19, 19% had been infected with COVID-19, 54% were satisfied with the personal protective equipment available, 52% were satisfied with the psychological support provided, and only 8% were aware of the psychological support program. Smokers (p-value = 0.025) and those training in the Southern region (p-value = 0.047) experienced the highest levels of anxiety. Those aged 31 to 35 (p-value = 0.014), smokers (p-value = 0.015), those in the R3 training level (p-value = 0.036), and those with relatives who had contracted COVID-19 (p-value = 0.02) reported the highest levels of depression. Those aged 36 to 40 (p-value = 0.015), who were married (p-value = 0.038), and those training in the Northern and Central regions (p-value = 0.002) experienced the highest levels of stress. Those aged 31 to 35 (p-value = 0.041), smokers (p-value = 0.044), and those with relatives who had contracted COVID-19 (p-value = 0.043) showed the highest levels of burnout.Conclusions: EM trainee residents have been exposed to significantly high psychological affectation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological support was underutilized if trainee residents were aware of it at all. Awareness workshops or on-the-job orientation for EM residents regarding psychological support is required.

scholarly journals Orthodontic Diagnostic Tools and Material Usage in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Fawzi Baidas ◽  
Lubna Faleh Alfaleh
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Glass Ionomer Cement ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
P Value ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Introduction: The evaluation of changes in orthodontic practice over the years, is essential for defining treatment efficacy. Accordingly, shedding light on the profile of orthodontic practice in Saudi Arabia is crucial. Aim: To investigate current trends in orthodontic practice in Saudi Arabia and the factors affecting choices regarding materials and techniques among orthodontists. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to December 2019 at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. An electronic survey of 29 objective questions was sent to 1,500 orthodontic members of the Saudi Orthodontic Society. The survey collected demographic data, diagnostic records and information on the fixed orthodontic appliances used by the respondents. Frequency and percentages were calculated for all variables. Chi-square test was used to determine the effects of factors, including years of experience and place of work, on the choice of diagnosis protocol and fixed appliance material, with the significance set at p-value ≤0.05. Results: Two hundred and nine respondents completed the survey. The respondents reported a highly significant use of computers for digitising cephalometric analysis, with the traditional method of obtaining study models reported as highly significant (p<0.001). Orthodontists routinely used the MBT preadjusted bracket system (52.6%) and performed direct bonding of the bracket (91.4%). Bonding of the first molars was preferred by 36.4% of the clinicians. Glass ionomer cement was the most frequently used band cement (55.5%), and the most popular archwire material was nickel–titanium shape memory. Clinicians with less than five years of experience used significantly more postcephalometric radiographs (p=0.006) and postorthodontic treatment models (p=0.028). Senior orthodontists (10-15 years of experience) had a higher use of indirect bonding techniques (p=0.05). Conclusion: This study provides information on the relevant aspects of orthodontists in Saudi Arabia in terms of their individuality, training and techniques used. The findings can be used as a reference for future national surveys to evaluate changes in orthodontic practice in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Effect of Health Information Websites on Healthcare Facility Visits in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad AlJumaan ◽  
Ahmed Aldajani ◽  
Yousef Al Jamaan ◽  
Adnan Alawami ◽  
Mohammed Alarfaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
The Internet ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Website Use

Introduction: The internet has been widely available with 18 million users in Saudi Arabia alone. The rapid growth of internet use has proven to effect healthcare. The main objective was to determine a correlation between health-related information (HRI) website use & healthcare facility visits in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Methodology: This study was designed as a survey-based cross sectional study involving the population of the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected by distributing a validated survey via an online survey application over a 4-month period. It consisted of demographic data and questions concerning internet use for HRI. Logistic regression was used to establish a correlation between internet use for HRI & healthcare facility visits and to see influencing factors.Results: From the 1095 replies, 788 fit our inclusion criteria. 90% of our subjects have used the internet for HRI using mainly General medical websites 47.9%, Social Media 20.17%, Forums 19.16% and government websites 12.69%. We found 52.27% have used HRI websites to diagnose & treat their own medical conditions without professional medical advice. Visiting healthcare facilities after reading online HRI occurred 62.2% of the time, while the remaining did not due to being reassured of their condition. Outpatient clinics were most visited at 57.63% followed by ER & Pharmacy visits at 21.11% each. Those who have used the internet for HRI were more likely to visit a healthcare facility than those who haven't (OR(95%CI)) 2.05(1.24-3.36) (p-value<0.05).Conclusions: There seems to be a correlation between HRI website use & healthcare facility visits, which is influenced by level of education & occupation status.

scholarly journals Perceived Practitioner Barriers to the Management of Orofacial Pain in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 520-528
Author(s):  
Emad M. Hadlaq
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
General Dentists

Background: Orofacial Pain (OFP) is a group of non-dental painful conditions affecting the oral cavity and facial area. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore which barriers to manage the patient with chronic OFP as perceived by general dentists versus dental specialists and to investigate whether if professionals with degrees from their home country versus another country or number of years of professional experience differ in their perceptions. Methods: A closed-end questionnaire was hand-delivered to 600 participants [300 general dentists and 300 dental specialists] in four major provinces in Saudi Arabia. Demographic data were expressed as frequency. Proportional t-tests and chi-square tests were used to analyse intergroup differences. Statistical significance for all analyses was set at P-value < 0.05. Results: Overall, the response rate was 56.6% (340/600). Around two-thirds of the participants were general dentists (60.9%), while the remainder were dental specialists (39.1%). There was an obvious consensus by the participants that “Low payment/reimbursement” and “Lack of OFP knowledge” were among the most common barriers (85% and 83.5%, respectively). In contrast, “Legal risks” were the least frequently reported factor (38.8%). The most commonly reported barrier by general dentists was “Shortage of patients/lack of demand;” this was significantly different from the experience of dental specialists (87% vs. 72.2%; P- value < 0.01). In terms of the country of graduation or years of experience, there were no significant differences. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the existence of many significant barriers other than OFP knowledge, such as reimbursement, facility and demand that could present obstacles and challenges to the management of OFP by general dentists and dental specialists. Most participants believed that dentists should manage this condition and that OFP courses should be included in the dental school curriculum.

COVID-19: Psychological Impact on Lockdown Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 026-033
Author(s):  
Bhuvaneswari Rajachandrasekar ◽  
K. C. Muraleedharan ◽  
Neethu Raj ◽  
Sakthivel Vaiyapuri ◽  
Aneena MS
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
P Value ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to surge throughout the entire world. Most of the impacted countries implemented preventive measures and lockdown to control the spread of the disease. This restriction developed psychological resilience in a wide range of the population. The objective of this study is to explore the impact on the mental health of the individuals caused by the unforeseen lockdown. Methods A cross-sectional online survey form had been designed leveraging the Google form. In the introduction section, the purpose of study and the details of the investigators were elaborately explained. The survey response was voluntary and ensured the confidentiality of the responder. The online survey consent procedures were well documented and shared with the participants. The Google forms were circulated through various social media platforms for data capturing, and the data were analysed using statistical software SPSS 23.0. A chi-squared test was performed to determine the association between demographic data and emotional data during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Result A total of 2,150 responses were received out of which two of them were discarded due to insufficient data so total 2,148 responses were taken for analysis. The prevalence rate of emotional disturbance is 56.8% and 43.2% in females and males respectively (p-value = 0.001). The participant age ranges between 18 and 98 years, the mean age of participants is 33.25 years and the standard deviation is 12.24. The emotional disturbance response data are significantly associated with marital status (p-value = 0.021), socioeconomic status (p-value < 0.001), occupation (p-value = 0.019), loved one who were affected with COVID-19 (p-value = 0.034), preventive medicines taken (p-value = 0.017), sleep disturbance (p-value < 0.001), need of psychological support (p-value = 0.001), difficulty in monthly bill settlement (p-value < 0.0001), anxiouness and worry all the time during COVID-19 (p-value < 0.0001). Conclusion The survey data discovered the significant association between lockdown during COVID-19 and the emotional disturbance of the general population. These findings required additional research to identify mental health further.

POLA ASUH ORANGTUA TERHADAP TINGKAT KEMANDIRIAN PERSONAL HYGIENE CUCI TANGAN DAN GOSOK GIGI PADA ANAK PRASEKOLAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Dina Dewi Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT   The study aims todetermine the relationship between parenting style and the level of independence of Personal Hygiene Hand Wasting and Tooth Brush in Preschoolers in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora in 2019. The study is a quantitative study, based on the research location including the type of field reseaerch, based on the ansence of the treatment of subjects including survey research, based on time is a cross sectional study, and based on objectives includin correlation analytics. The population in this study were all parents in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora as many as 85 respondents. Based on the sample calculation, the sample obtained in this study that most parent in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora amounted to 70 respondents. Srearmen’s rho test analysis results parenting parents with the level of independence of personal hygiene hand wasting result obtained p value = 0,000 < α (0,05), and parenting patters with the independence of personal hygiene tooth brush obtained results p value = 0,000 < α (0,05). So it can be concluded that were is a significant relationship between parenting parents with the level of independence of personal hygiene washing hands and brushing their tooth at preschoolers in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora in 2019. Keywords: parenting; personal hygiene, preschool ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Pola Asuh Orangtua Terhadap Tingkat Kemandirian Personal Hygiene Cuci Tangan dan Gogok Gigi pada Anak Prasekolah di TK Negeri Pembina Blora Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, berdasarkan tempat penelitian termasuk jenis penelitian lapangan, berdasarkan tidak adanya perlakuan terhadap subjek termasuk penelitian survey, berdasarkan waktu merupakan penelitian cross sectional, dan berdasarkan tujuan termasuk analitik korelasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh orangtua di TK Negeri Pembina Blora sebanyak 85 responden. Berdasarkan perhitungan sampel  maka diperoleh sampel pada penelitian ini adalah sebagian orangtua di TK Negeri Pembina Blora sebanyak 70 responden. Hasil analisis uji spearmen’s rho pola asuh orangtua dengan tingkat kemandirian personal hygiene cuci tangan didapatkan hasil p value = 0,000 < α (0,05), dan pola asuh orangtua dengan kemandirian personal hygiene gosok gigi didapatkan hasil p value = 0,000 < α (0,05). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan tingkat kemandirian personal hygiene cuci tangan dan gosok gigi pada anak prasekolah di TK Negeri Pembina Blora Tahun 2019. Kata kunci: pola asuh; personal hygiene; prasekolah

scholarly journals COVID-19 Psychological Impact on Health Care Workers in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6076
Author(s):  
Hasan S. Alamri ◽  
Wesam F. Mousa ◽  
Abdullah Algarni ◽  
Shehata F. Megahid ◽  
Ali Al Bshabshe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Psychological Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Impact

Objective: Little is known about the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) among the health care workers in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the health care workers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May till mid-July among 389 health care workers from government and private hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a pre-structured online questionnaire that measured adverse psychological outcomes, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale. The Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the distribution of depression and anxiety among health care workers. Results: A high level of anxiety was recorded among the health care workers, and 69.3% of health care workers below the age of 40 were found to have depression. There was a significant increase in depression among staff with chronic health problems (72.1% vs. 61.9%; p = 0.048). High anxiety levels were detected among young staff compared to others (68.7% vs. 43.8%; p = 0.001). Moreover, 82.1% of the female staff were anxious, as compared to 55.6% of the males (p = 0.001). Conclusions: We found increased prevalence of adverse psychological outcomes among the health care workers in Saudi Arabia during the outbreak of COVID-19. Therefore, there is a need for proper screening and development of corresponding preventive measures to decrease the adverse psychological outcomes.

scholarly journals The Level of Lymphedema Awareness among Women with Breast Cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Fatmah Alsharif ◽  
Wedad Almutairi ◽  
Faygah Shibily ◽  
Fatmah Alhothari ◽  
Fidaa Batwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Medical Team ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
The Status

Background: Lymphedema is a condition in which excessive fluid accumulates in soft tissues. It is a common complication of breast cancer treatments. It can lead to serious consequences and interfere with the activity of daily living. This study aimed to determine the level of awareness of breast-cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) among women with breast cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This was a descriptive quantitative cross-sectional design that included a convenience sample of women diagnosed with breast cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected by distributing a self-administrated online questionnaire consisting of four parts, including demographic data (five items), the status of education about BCRL (three items), basic medical history of breast cancer (six items), and BCRL level of awareness of risk factors and management (nine items). Results: In total, 95 out of 135 of participants did not know about lymphedema, 119 of the participants (88.1%) did not receive any explanation about the possibility of lymphedema from their medical team before surgery, and 121 of them (89.6%) did not receive it after surgery. The most significant factor affecting participants’ level of awareness regarding BCRL was the lack of information about the possibility of BCRL occurrence, which was not provided to them by the medical team. Recommendation: Early and continuous education for future management is essential to prevent problems related to BCRL and improve quality of life.

scholarly journals POS0548 OPTIMAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ANKLE AND HINDFOOT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 508.2-509
Author(s):  
K. Maatallah ◽  
H. Boussaa ◽  
H. Riahi ◽  
H. Ferjani ◽  
M. Habechi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Foot Disease

Background:Foot disease is a common problem in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therapeutic decisions are often based on clinical examination (CE) alone, which can be adversely affected by factors such as deformity, obesity, and peripheral edema. Ultrasonography (US) has previously been shown to be more sensitive than CE for detecting synovitis and tenosynovitis in RA forefeet, but few data exist for the hindfoot and ankle.Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare CE and US for the detection of hindfoot and ankle synovitis and tenosynovitis in patients with established RA.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study including patients with RA (ACR/EULAR 2010). Demographic data and disease parameters were collected. CE was performed by a rheumatologist for the presence or absence of tenderness, swelling, and mobility restriction of both ankles. The following tendons were examined for tenosynovitis: tibialis anterior (TA) and posterior (TP), fibularis longus (FL), and brevis (FB) (assessed together). In a second time, US examination of the tibiotalar, talonavicular, and subtalar joints and the same tendons as CE was performed by a blinded radiologist experienced in musculoskeletal imaging using a Philips HD11 device with a high-frequency linear transducer. The presence or absence of synovitis and tenosynovitis was recorded, and the composite synovitis score (power doppler / grayscale ultrasound (PDUS)) was measured for each joint. The US score of each patient was defined by the sum of the composite scores of the joints studied (0-30). A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.Results:Sixty-two feet were examined in 31 RA patients (25 women and six men) with a mean age of 54.8±10.8 years old [32-70]. The mean disease duration was 8.5±7.2 years [1-37]. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and Anti-Citrullinated Peptides Antibodies (ACPA) were positive in 61.3% and 83.8% of cases. The mean DAS28 ESR was 3.8±1.5 [0.6-7].Clinical examination of ankles revealed tenderness in 57.4% of cases, swelling in 38.8% of cases, and restriction in the range of motion in 11.1% of cases. TA tenosynovitis was noted in 14.8% of cases, TP tenosynovitis in 22.2% of cases, and FL and FB tenosynovitis in 31.5% of cases.US showed tibiotalar synovitis in 59.3% of cases, talonavicular synovitis in 64.8% of cases, and subtalar synovitis in 46.3% of cases. TA tenosynovitis was noted in 5.6% of cases, TP tenosynovitis in 22.2% of cases, and FB and FL tenosynovitis in 25% and 11.1% of cases respectively.An association was found between clinical tenderness and US synovitis of the tibiotalar joint (p=0.013) and the talonavicular joint (p=0.027). No association was noted between clinical swelling and US synovitis in these joints.No association was noted between clinical and US tenosynovitis of TA (p=0.279), TP (p=0.436), FB (p=0.495) and FL (p=0.315).Conclusion:Clinical examination of RA ankles may be challenging and needs to be coupled with US, which is more sensitive and accurate in the detection of synovitis and tenosynovitis.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Results from the Saudi Residents’ Intention to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19 (SRIGVAC) Study

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Sami H. Alzahrani ◽  
Mukhtiar Baig ◽  
Mohammed W. Alrabia ◽  
Mohammed R. Algethami ◽  
Meshari M. Alhamdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Web Based

Vaccine uptake could influence vaccination efforts to control the widespread COVID-19 pandemic; however, little is known about vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia. The present study aimed to assess the Saudi public’s intent to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and explore the associated demographic determinants of their intentions as well as the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. A cross-sectional, web-based survey was distributed to public individuals in Saudi Arabia between 25 December 2020 and 15 February 2021. Participants were asked if they were willing to get vaccinated, and the responses, along with demographic data were entered into a multinomial logistic regression model to assess the relative risk ratio (RRR) for responding “no” or “unsure” versus “yes”. Among 3048 participants (60.1% female, 89.5% Saudi), 52.9% intend to get vaccinated, 26.8% were unsure, and 20.3% refused vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy was significantly higher among females (RRR = 2.70, p < 0.0001) and those who had not been recently vaccinated for influenza (RRR = 2.63, p < 0.0001). The likelihood was lower among Saudis (RRR = 0.49, p < 0.0001), those with less than a secondary education (RRR = 0.16, p < 0.0001), perceived risks of COVID-19, and residents of the southern region (RRR = 0.46, p < 0.0001). The most often cited reasons for hesitancy were short clinical testing periods and concerns about adverse events or effectiveness. Vaccine hesitancy is mediated by many demographic factors and personal beliefs. To address vaccine-related concerns and amend deeply rooted health beliefs, communication should provide transparent information.

scholarly journals Perception of Threat and Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Expatriates in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6650
Author(s):  
Majed A. Algarni ◽  
Mohammad S. Alzahrani ◽  
Yasser Alatawi ◽  
Raghad A. Alasmari ◽  
Hashem O. Alsaab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
Perception Of Threat

In the first few months of the pandemic, Makkah region reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases among all regions in Saudi Arabia. More than 80% of these reported cases were non-Saudi residents. In this study, we evaluated the perceived threat from and psychological impact of COVID-19 among non-Saudi residents of Makkah region. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected using a standardized self-report questionnaire. A total of 292 expatriates were included in the study, the majority of whom were non-Arabic speakers. The prevalence of self-reported depression was nearly 40%, anxiety was 32%, and stress was 43%. The findings indicated variability in the prevalence of psychological symptoms among expatriates from different ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, work environment and perceived threat were strong predictors of psychological disorders. This suggested that the perceived threat from and psychological burden of COVID-19 among non-Saudis in Makkah region is substantial. Future research should investigate the reasons behind these variations in the psychological impact of the pandemic among different ethnic groups.

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