scholarly journals The Changing Extreme Values of Summer Relative Humidity in the Tarim Basin in Northwestern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Nian ◽  
Marianna Linz ◽  
Todd A. Mooring ◽  
Zuntao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Tarim Basin ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consistent Tendency

Abstract Relative Humidity (RH) in the arid region of the Tarim Basin is crucial for many reasons. The Tarim Basin has experienced a tendency to become wetter in recent decades, and the RH here also shows an increase over the past decade. However, there has been little examination of these RH changes and especially the changes to the extremes. This study investigates the changes in extreme values and the probability distribution function (PDF) of summer RH using quantile regression during 2006-2018 to understand the possible reasons for the increase in the summer RH anomaly. We find that extremely high values of RH show a consistent significant increase, while extremely low values have no regionally consistent tendency. The overall average value of RH in the Tarim Basin becomes higher, driven by the upper half of the PDF. To explore the physical mechanism for these changes, we examine the corresponding regional meteorological anomaly patterns. The patterns indicate that the anomalous southwesterly airflow at 500hPa brings ample moisture into the basin and the ground in the middle of the basin significantly cools down when an extreme wet event occurs, promoting the occurrence of the extreme high RH. In this process, the contributions of water vapor transport and temperature are of equal significance though with different relative timing. These corresponding regional meteorological patterns occur more often in the most recent decade, which coincides with the recent increase in RH extremes in this region.

scholarly journals Reexamination of the Aridity Conditions in Arid Northwestern China for the Last Decade

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 9594-9602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Wei ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arid Northwestern China ◽  
Wet Climate

Water resources are an essential part of the ecosystem in the extremely arid northwestern part of China. Previous studies revealed a dry-to-wet climate change since the late 1980s in this region, which suggested a relief from the drought condition. However, the analysis in this study using the updated data shows that the arid situation has continued and even intensified in the past decade. This is reflected by the fact that the low-level air relative humidity and deep soil relative humidity have decreased in the past decade. Examination of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI) indicates that the severity and spatial extent of aridity and drought have increased substantially in northwestern China in the most recent decade. It is shown that the drought intensification in northwestern China is mainly caused by the increase of evaporation that results from the continuous rise in temperature, which will pose a continuous threat to the ecosystem and economic development in this region, especially under the background of global warming.

scholarly journals Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Lower Paleozoic Heituao Shale from Tadong Low Uplift of Tarim Basin, China: Implication for Shale Gas Development

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Shihu Zhao ◽  
Yanbin Wang ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Honghui Li ◽  
Zhaohui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Tarim Basin ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Lower Paleozoic ◽  
Development Potential ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Average Value

Tarim Basin is the largest Petroliferous basin in China, while its shale gas development potential has not been fully revealed. The organic-rich black shale in middle Ordovician Heituao Formation from Tadong low uplift of Tarim Basin has been considered as an important source rock and has the characteristic of large thickness, high organic matter content and high thermal maturity degree. To obtain its development potential, geochemical, mineralogical and mechanics research is conducted based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and uniaxial compression experiments. The results show that: (1) the TOC content ranges between 0.63 and 2.51 wt% with an average value of 1.22 wt%, the Tmax values are 382–523 °C (average = 468.9 °C), and the S2 value is relatively low which ranges from 0.08 to 1.37 mg HC/g rock (averaging of 0.42 mg HC/g rock); (2) the organic matter of Heituao shale in Tadong low uplift show poor abundance as indicated by low S2 value, gas-prone property, and post mature stage (stage of dry gas). (3) Quartz is the main mineral component in Heituao shale samples, accounting for 26–94 wt% with an average of 72 wt%. Additionally, its Young’s modulus ranges from 20.0 to 23.1 GPa with an average of 21.2 GPa, Poisson’s ratio ranges between 0.11 and 0.21 (average = 0.15); (4) the fracability parameter of brittleness index (BI) ranges between 0.28 and 0.99 (averaging of 0.85), indicating good fracability potential of Heituao shale of Tadong low uplift and has the potential for shale gas development. This study reveals the shale gas accumulation potential in middle Ordovician of the Tarim Basin, and beneficial for future exploration and production practice.

scholarly journals SALARIES OF ATHLETES: FEATURES OF FORMATION AND REGULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
O. A. Shavandina ◽  
E. Y. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Salary Increase ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Sports Organization ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The article discusses the features of the formation of wages of professional athletes in the Russian Federation. Foreign and Russian researchers, analyzing the formation of contractual remuneration, come to the conclusion that the income of athletes depends on the sport, the performance of the player in the past and present, the popularity of the fans of this athlete, the country of his birth, the interest of the team in this player, his individual characteristics, the financial capabilities of the team/club, etc. To analyze the factors that affect the amount of income of athletes, an integral model is proposed, which is based on individual indicators of the athlete and financial standards that transform the corresponding personalized indicator into a monetary equivalent. In addition, the authors propose to supplement the methodology for analyzing the wage fund with indicators of the concentration of wages by the average value, entropy, and the coefficient of dispersion. The proposed analytical procedures, according to the authors, will allow the management of a sports organization to ensure the comparability of individual indicators (achievements) of an athlete with his salary, increase its transparency, smooth out the disproportions in the distribution of income within the team/club and effectively use the financial and material resources of the organization.

scholarly journals Beyond the Post-Sovereign State?: The Past, Present, and Future of Constitutional Pluralism

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 6-23
Author(s):  
Michael WILKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
European State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Constitutional Pluralism

AbstractConstitutional pluralism is a theory for the post-sovereign European state. This only makes sense historically, emerging out of postwar European reconstruction through the repression of popular sovereignty and restraining of democracy, including through the project of European integration. It became unsettled at Maastricht and evolved from a series of irritants into a full-blown crisis in the recent decade, with sovereignty claims returning both from the bottom-up and the top-down, to the extent that we can legitimately ask whether we are now moving ‘beyond the post-sovereign state’? Constitutional pluralist literature fails to capture this in that evades material issues of democracy and political economy.

scholarly journals Implications of Dipole Moment Secular Variation from 50,000–10,000 Years for the Radiocarbon Record

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Sternberg ◽  
P. E. Damon
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dc Gain ◽  
Ramp Function ◽  
Holocene Record ◽  
Linear Ramp

Sparse paleointensity data from 10–50 ka suggest that the average dipole moment (DM) was 50–75% of the average of 8.67 μ 1022 A m2 for the past 5 Ma, and 8.75 μ 1022 for the past 12 ka. A linear ramp function, increasing the DM from 4 to 8.75 μ 1022 A m2 between 50–10 ka BP, generates a total 14C inventory of 126 dpm/cme2, agreeing very well with an inventory assay of 128 dpm/cme2, which includes 14C in sediments. With the Lingenfelter and Ramaty (1970) production function and a model DC gain of about 100, this DM function would give a Δ14C of 500‰ at 20 ka BP, consistent with the Barbados coral record, and also gives a good match to the Holocene record. A Laschamp geomagnetic event at about 45 ka BP, with a DM of 25% of its average value and lasting 5 ka, would only increase the present inventory by 0.3–1.2 dpm/cme2, and would probably have only a small effect on Δ14C at 20 ka BP, but could produce a short-lived 14C spike of over 500‰.

Hydrodynamic Cavitation Device that Makes Straw Cuts Suitable for Efficient Biogas Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
pp. 572-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erzsébet Ancza ◽  
Monika Bakosné Dioszegi ◽  
Miklos Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Past

Due to its natural features and agrarian practices of the past centuries, Hungary is rich in biomass. This organic material is worth considering when selecting a method to produce biogas, which so far has not been used significantly in the country. It is known that some pretreatments of biomass can make the digestion of organic compounds easier, and thus accelerating the process of biogas production. This study describes a hydrodynamic device that makes straw cuts suitable for energetic use as lignocellulosic “waste”. Two types of raw material were available for the biogas fermentation after the treatment: the separated concentrate and the filtered liquid. The methane content of the biogas produced from the concentrate, was 58% and was considered to be an average value for the production of biogas from waste. However the methane concentration in the biogas generated from the filtrate was 87% and is considered outstanding for the production of biogas using the process.

The Merits of Confidence Intervals Relative to Hypothesis Testing

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 553-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon F. Burmeister ◽  
David Bimbaum ◽  
Samuel B. Sheps
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Finite Population ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Average Value

A variety of statistical tests of a null hypothesis commonly are used in biomedical studies. While these tests are the mainstay for justifying inferences drawn from data, they have important limitations. This report discusses the relative merits of two different approaches to data analysis and display, and recommends the use of confidence intervals rather than classic hypothesis testing.Formulae for a confidence interval surrounding the point estimate of an average value take the form: d= ±zσ/√n, where “d” represents the average difference between central and extreme values, “z” is derived from the density function of a known distribution, and “a/-∨n” represents the magnitude of sampling variability. Transposition of terms yields the familiar formula for hypothesis testing of normally distributed data (without applying the finite population correction factor): z = d/(σ/√n).

scholarly journals Recent changes of relative humidity: regional connections with land and ocean processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 915-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano ◽  
Raquel Nieto ◽  
Luis Gimeno ◽  
Cesar Azorin-Molina ◽  
Anita Drumond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Warming Scenario ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Global Warming Scenario

Abstract. We analyzed changes in surface relative humidity (RH) at the global scale from 1979 to 2014 using both observations and the ERA-Interim dataset. We compared the variability and trends in RH with those of land evapotranspiration and ocean evaporation in moisture source areas across a range of selected regions worldwide. The sources of moisture for each particular region were identified by integrating different observational data and model outputs into a Lagrangian approach. The aim was to account for the possible role of changes in air temperature over land, in comparison to sea surface temperature (SST), but also the role of land evapotranspiration and the ocean evaporation on RH variability. The results demonstrate that the patterns of the observed trends in RH at the global scale cannot be linked to a particular individual physical mechanism. Our results also stress that the different hypotheses that may explain the decrease in RH under a global warming scenario could act together to explain recent RH trends. Albeit with uncertainty in establishing a direct causality between RH trends and the different empirical moisture sources, we found that the observed decrease in RH in some regions can be linked to lower water supply from land evapotranspiration. In contrast, the empirical relationships also suggest that RH trends in other target regions are mainly explained by the dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms related to the moisture supply from the oceanic source regions. Overall, while this work gives insights into the connections between RH trends and oceanic and continental processes at the global scale, further investigation is still desired to assess the contribution of both dynamic and thermodynamic factors to the evolution of RH over continental regions.

Recently exposed subglacial carbonate deposits at the retreating Triglav Glacier, Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matej Lipar ◽  
Andrea Martín Pérez ◽  
Jure Tičar ◽  
Miha Pavšek ◽  
Matej Gabrovec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
The Past ◽  
Holocene Climatic Optimum ◽  
Frost Weathering ◽  
Climatic Optimum ◽  
Carbonate Deposits

<p>Subglacial carbonate deposits have been exposed on the lee sides of small protuberances on a bare polished and striated limestone bedrock surface in the immediate vicinity of the retreating Triglav Glacier in southeastern Alps. They are fluted and furrowed crust-like deposits generally around 5 mm thick and characterized by brownish, greyish or yellowish colour. The deposits are generally around 0.5 cm in thickness and internally laminated. They offer a unique opportunity to gain additional knowledge of the past glacier’s behaviour and consequently the characteristics of the past climate which is essential to understand and predict future changes. Currently, the known extent and behaviour of the Triglav Glacier spans from the present to the Little Ice Age, the cool-climate anomaly between the Late Middle Ages and the mid-19th century, and is based on geomorphological remnants, historical records, and systematic monitoring. However, the preliminary uranium-thorium (U-Th) ages of the subglacial carbonates yielded considerably old ages: 23.62 ka ± 0.78 ka, 18.45 ka ± 0.70 ka and 12.72 ka ± 0.28 ka; the results indicate that these subglacial carbonate dates fall within the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Younger Dryas (YD).</p><p>The Triglav Glacier has generally been viewed as relict of the LIA, with discontinuous presence due to the Holocene Climatic Optimum, a period of high insolation and generally warmer climate between 11,000 and 5,000 years BP. Present chemical denudation rates of carbonate rocks in Alpine and temperate climate vary from ca. 0.009 to 0.140 mm/year. Taking the low and high extreme values for, e.g., 6 ka during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, the denudation in the Triglav area would be between 54 and 840 mm, so the exposed 5 mm thick subglacial carbonate would have already been denuded if exposed in the past. In addition, carbonate surfaces in periglacial areas are additionally exposed to frost weathering, promoting disintegration of depositional features. And lastly, glaciers cause pronounced erosion and in case of just a short-term retreat beyond the subglacial carbonates, the re-advance of the glacier would likely abrade the deposits. Therefore, had the subglacial carbonate deposits been exposed in the past, they should have been eroded by chemical denudation, frost weathering, or erosion at the onset of individual Holocene glacial expansion episodes, such as the LIA. May the presence of subglacial carbonates dated to the LGM and the YD at the Triglav Glacier suggest the continuous existence of the glacier throughout all but the latest Holocene?</p>

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