scholarly journals Implications of Dipole Moment Secular Variation from 50,000–10,000 Years for the Radiocarbon Record

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Sternberg ◽  
P. E. Damon
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dc Gain ◽  
Ramp Function ◽  
Holocene Record ◽  
Linear Ramp

Sparse paleointensity data from 10–50 ka suggest that the average dipole moment (DM) was 50–75% of the average of 8.67 μ 1022 A m2 for the past 5 Ma, and 8.75 μ 1022 for the past 12 ka. A linear ramp function, increasing the DM from 4 to 8.75 μ 1022 A m2 between 50–10 ka BP, generates a total 14C inventory of 126 dpm/cme2, agreeing very well with an inventory assay of 128 dpm/cme2, which includes 14C in sediments. With the Lingenfelter and Ramaty (1970) production function and a model DC gain of about 100, this DM function would give a Δ14C of 500‰ at 20 ka BP, consistent with the Barbados coral record, and also gives a good match to the Holocene record. A Laschamp geomagnetic event at about 45 ka BP, with a DM of 25% of its average value and lasting 5 ka, would only increase the present inventory by 0.3–1.2 dpm/cme2, and would probably have only a small effect on Δ14C at 20 ka BP, but could produce a short-lived 14C spike of over 500‰.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Radiocarbon: Implications for the Geomagnetic Dipole Moment

Radiocarbon ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Sternberg ◽  
P E Damon
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Outer Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geochemical Cycle ◽  
Difference Form ◽  
Physical Fields ◽  
Geomagnetic Dipole ◽  
Insight Into

The geomagnetic field is one of the major physical fields of the earth. Because its source is fluid motion in the outer core, it exhibits temporal changes, called secular variation, which are quite rapid compared to most geologic phenomena. The prehistoric secular variation is usually inferred from paleomagnetic data. We will discuss here how changes in the atmospheric 14C content can be used to gain additional insight into the behavior of the dipole moment over the past 8500 years. By rewriting the differential equations representing the 14C geochemical cycle in finite-difference form, we are able to convert the atmospheric 14C activity record into an equivalent radiocarbon dipole moment.

A modified production function analysis of changing southern forest productivity

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1278-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Aggregate Production Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Productivity Gains

The analysis in this paper measures changes in forest productivity for 12 southern states using a modified, aggregate production function. The function combines cross section – time series, biological, and acreage data to estimate the shift in productivity, measured as either standing inventory plus removals or changes in inventory plus removals, over the past 4 decades. The annual shift in productivity is estimated to be approximately 0.5% for the standing volume measures used. However, productivity gains in the region have virtually stopped during the past decade. The largest contributions to productivity gains were from industrially owned lands and land managed as planted pine. Mixed pine–hardwood stands and public lands (except for plantations) showed lower productivity impacts. These results present an essential component for understanding the impact of technical change on aggregate forest productivity in the southern United States.

scholarly journals Product Complementarity in Production: The By-product Case

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Beattie ◽  
Stassen Thompson ◽  
Michael Boehlje
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Production Economics ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Product Optimization

The product-product relationship has been a traditional subject of most production economics and farm management courses for the past two decades. Although the traditional examples of product-product optimization have come primarily from the agricultural production sector (e.g., legume-corn rotations and crop-livestock combinations), the concept is useful in analyzing the organization of any multi-product firm-including those firms which produce externalities in the form of environmental degradation.Three concepts or ideas usually are offered as giving rise to a positively sloped or complementary range on the product transformation surface-(l) one production process uses as an input a by-product of another production process, (2) one process uses quantities of a factor that are “surplus” to another, or (3) technical interaction (production function shifts) occurs.

scholarly journals SALARIES OF ATHLETES: FEATURES OF FORMATION AND REGULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
O. A. Shavandina ◽  
E. Y. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Salary Increase ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Sports Organization ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The article discusses the features of the formation of wages of professional athletes in the Russian Federation. Foreign and Russian researchers, analyzing the formation of contractual remuneration, come to the conclusion that the income of athletes depends on the sport, the performance of the player in the past and present, the popularity of the fans of this athlete, the country of his birth, the interest of the team in this player, his individual characteristics, the financial capabilities of the team/club, etc. To analyze the factors that affect the amount of income of athletes, an integral model is proposed, which is based on individual indicators of the athlete and financial standards that transform the corresponding personalized indicator into a monetary equivalent. In addition, the authors propose to supplement the methodology for analyzing the wage fund with indicators of the concentration of wages by the average value, entropy, and the coefficient of dispersion. The proposed analytical procedures, according to the authors, will allow the management of a sports organization to ensure the comparability of individual indicators (achievements) of an athlete with his salary, increase its transparency, smooth out the disproportions in the distribution of income within the team/club and effectively use the financial and material resources of the organization.

Hydrodynamic Cavitation Device that Makes Straw Cuts Suitable for Efficient Biogas Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
pp. 572-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erzsébet Ancza ◽  
Monika Bakosné Dioszegi ◽  
Miklos Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Past

Due to its natural features and agrarian practices of the past centuries, Hungary is rich in biomass. This organic material is worth considering when selecting a method to produce biogas, which so far has not been used significantly in the country. It is known that some pretreatments of biomass can make the digestion of organic compounds easier, and thus accelerating the process of biogas production. This study describes a hydrodynamic device that makes straw cuts suitable for energetic use as lignocellulosic “waste”. Two types of raw material were available for the biogas fermentation after the treatment: the separated concentrate and the filtered liquid. The methane content of the biogas produced from the concentrate, was 58% and was considered to be an average value for the production of biogas from waste. However the methane concentration in the biogas generated from the filtrate was 87% and is considered outstanding for the production of biogas using the process.

A comparison of geomagnetic secular variation as recorded by historical, archaeomagnetic and palaeomagnetic measurements

1982 ◽  
Vol 306 (1492) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Secular Change ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Geomagnetic Secular Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Palaeomagnetic Data ◽  
Field Behaviour

Palaeomagnetic methods can extend the documentary record of changes in the Earth’s magnetic field far into the past. Tolerable agreement is found between various methods, demonstrating the geophysical value of palaeomagnetic experiments. Combining results from the different approaches of investigating secular change can lead to a better perspective and to superior models of geomagnetic field behaviour. Lake sediments have recently been found to hold remarkably detailed signatures of past field changes. A mathematical approach to formulating an empirical description of global geomagnetic field behaviour is proposed and applied to palaeomagnetic data spanning the last 10 ka.

High-resolution paleomagnetic secular variation and relative paleointensity records from the western Canadian Arctic: implication for Holocene stratigraphy and geomagnetic field behaviourThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Polar Climate Stability Network.GEOTOP Contribution 2008-0024.

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1265-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Barletta ◽  
Guillaume St-Onge ◽  
James E.T. Channell ◽  
André Rochon ◽  
Leonid Polyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Polar Climate ◽  
Climate Stability ◽  
Relative Paleointensity ◽  
Holocene Stratigraphy ◽  
Field Behaviour

Two piston cores recovered from the Chukchi and the Beaufort seas document Arctic Holocene geomagnetic field behaviour and highlight the potential of secular variation and relative paleointensity as a regional chronostratigraphic tool. Several centennial- to millennial-scale Holocene declination and inclination features can be correlated in both cores, with other high-resolution western North American lacustrine and volcanic paleomagnetic records and with records of changes in Earth’s dipole moment, supporting the geomagnetic origin of these features and implying that they are associated with changes in Earth’s dipole moment.

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SECULAR CHANGE AND THE NON-DIPOLE FIELDS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1372-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Whitham
Keyword(s):  
Secular Variation ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Dipole Field ◽  
Secular Change ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Local Fluctuations ◽  
The World ◽  
Minimum Residual ◽  
Harmonic Analyses ◽  
Westward Drift

Using airborne, ground, and repeat magnetic observations in Canada compiled in the isomagnetic and isoporic charts for epoch 1955.0, the drift and decay contributions of the non-dipole field to the observed secular variation have been estimated. The drift rates which produce the minimum residual secular variation were found to be unusually small. It is then confirmed, using the longitude displacement method and isomagnetic data only, that the westward drift of the non-dipole field in recent years in Canada is significantly smaller than the world-wide average. These results clearly demonstrate the large local fluctuations which occur in westward drift.The two different methods were applied to obtain relationships between the Gaussian coefficients in the spherical harmonic analyses of the earth's main field and the secular variation. Calculations show that both methods give the accepted world-wide average value of westward drift, that one half of the world-wide secular variation is produced by westward drift, and in general decay terms are unimportant.

Prevalent Change in Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents From 1995 to 2005 in Shandong, China

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 904-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxiu Zhang ◽  
Shurong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

Background: There is strong evidence of a positive secular trend in body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thickness (SFT) in most of the world over the past 10 years. However, no studies on this trend have been reported in Shandong Province, China. Aim: The present study assessed the decennial change in BMI and SFT in Shandong Province during the past 10 years and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. Subjects and methods: The BMI and SFT of adolescents aged 7 to 18 years was calculated using data from 2 national surveys on students’ constitution and health carried out by the government in 1995 and 2005 in Shandong Province, China. The distribution of BMI and SFT was reported, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity were obtained according to the screening criteria of overweight and obesity for Chinese students using BMI. Results: In the past 10 years, the P50 (50th percentile) of BMI and SFT increased rapidly. The average increments of BMI and SFT were 0.91 kg/m2, 7.99 mm for boys and 0.55 kg/m2, 7.13 mm for girls, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased rapidly: for overweight from 7.53% (boys), 4.89% (girls) in 1995 to 14.28% (boys), 8.75% (girls) in 2005; and for obesity from 2.92% (boys), 1.72% (girls) in 1995 to 10.78% (boys), 5.76% (girls) in 2005. Conclusion: The average value of BMI and SFT has increased over time; overweight and obesity among adolescents has become a serious public health problem. Comprehensive evidence-based strategies of intervention should be introduced, including periodic monitoring.

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