Predicting the Total PAHs Concentrations in Sediments from Selected Congeners Using a Multiple Linear Relationship

Abstract In this study, four congeners, i.e., naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), phenanthrene (Phe) and benz(a)anthracene (BaA), screened out by hierarchical clustering analysis from 16 PAHs, are the characteristic PAHs congeners in emission sources and in sediments. Novel multiple linear relationships, i.e., the total PAHs emission factors and the total PAHs concentration with the emission factors of Nap, Acy, Phe and BaA and their sediment concentrations data reported in the past 30 years were established, respectively. The same characteristic congeners observed for PAHs in sediments and in emission sources indicates that the concentration of PAHs in sediments are largely dependant on the PAHs emission. Moreover, the ratio of multicomponents coefficient from the multiple linear relationship in sediments to that in emission sources correlated positively with the logKow values and biodegradation half-lifes of four characteristic congeners, indicating PAHs concentrations in sediments are also alternated by their environmental behaviors including sorption and biodegradation. However, the established relationship gives a useful way to predicted C∑PAHs in sediments without the PAHs emissions data and can eliminate the effects of environmental behaviors and the difference of emissions in various regions.

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Smart Estimation Ver-H.1.0

10.31227/osf.io/2tyqk ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sigit Haryadi

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Confidence Level ◽

Time Span ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Weight Factor ◽

The Past ◽

Level Of Confidence ◽

The Future ◽

Future Value ◽

The Difference

We cannot be sure exactly what will happen, we can only estimate by using a particular method, where each method must have the formula to create a regression equation and a formula to calculate the confidence level of the estimated value. This paper conveys a method of estimating the future values, in which the formula for creating a regression equation is based on the assumption that the future value will depend on the difference of the past values divided by a weight factor which corresponding to the time span to the present, and the formula for calculating the level of confidence is to use "the Haryadi Index". The advantage of this method is to remain accurate regardless of the sample size and may ignore the past value that is considered irrelevant.

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Major Elements to Consider in Developing Ammonia Emission Factor at Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incinerators

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2197

Author(s):

Seongmin Kang ◽

Joonyoung Roh ◽

Eui-chan Jeon

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Major Elements ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

The Difference ◽

The One

NH3 is one of the major substances contributing to the secondary generation of PM2.5; therefore, management is required. In Korea, the management of NH3 is insufficient, and the emission factor used by EPA is the same as the one used when calculating emissions. In particular, waste incineration facilities do not currently calculate NH3 emissions. In the case of combustion facilities, the main ammonia emission source is the De-NOx facility, and, in the case of a power plant with a De-NOx facility, NH3 emission is calculated. Therefore, in the case of a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator with the same facility installed, it is necessary to calculate NH3 emissions. In this study, the necessity of developing NH3 emission factors for an MSW incinerator and calculating emission was analyzed. In addition, elements to be considered when developing emission factors were analyzed. The study found that the NH3 emission factors for each MSW incinerator technology were calculated as Stoker 0.010 NH3 kg/ton and Fluidized Beds 0.004 NH3 kg/ton, which was greater than the NH3 emission factor 0.003 NH3 kg/ton for the MSW incinerator presented in EMEP/EEA (2016). As a result, it was able to identify the need for the development of NH3 emission factors in MSW incinerators in Korea. In addition, the statistical analysis of the difference between the incineration technology of MSW and the NH3 emission factor by the De-NOx facility showed a difference in terms of both incineration technology and De-NOx facilities, indicating that they should be considered together when developing the emission factor. In addition to MSW, it is believed that it will be necessary to review the development of emission factors for waste at workplaces and incineration facilities of sewage sludge.

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Differential Influence of Age on the Relationship between Genetic Mismatch and A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccine Effectiveness

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13040619 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 619

Author(s):

Lirong Cao ◽

Shi Zhao ◽

Jingzhi Lou ◽

Hong Zheng ◽

Renee W. Y. Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

The Elderly ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Amino Acid Mutation ◽

Epidemic Season ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

The Difference ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

The Relationship

Assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) and identification of relevant influencing factors are the current priorities for optimizing vaccines to reduce the impacts of influenza. To date, how the difference between epidemic strains and vaccine strains at genetic scale affects age-specific vaccine performance remains ambiguous. This study investigated the association between genetic mismatch on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and A(H1N1)pdm09 VE in different age groups with a novel computational approach. We found significant linear relationships between VE and genetic mismatch in children, young adults, and middle-aged adults. In the children’s group, each 3-key amino acid mutation was associated with an average of 10% decrease in vaccine effectiveness in a given epidemic season, and genetic mismatch exerted no influence on VE for the elderly group. We demonstrated that present vaccines were most effective for children, while protection for the elderly was reduced and indifferent to vaccine component updates. Modeling such relationships is practical to inform timely evaluation of VE in different groups of populations during mass vaccination and may inform age-specific vaccination regimens.

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The Burden of the Nondiversifiable Risk of Entrepreneurship

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.100.3.1163 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 1163-1194 ◽

Cited By ~ 132

Author(s):

Robert E Hall ◽

Susan E Woodward

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Risk Aversion ◽

Venture Capital ◽

Dynamic Program ◽

Certainty Equivalent ◽

Important Class ◽

Relative Risk Aversion ◽

The Past ◽

Equity Value ◽

The Difference

Entrepreneurship is risky. We study the risk facing a well-documented and important class of entrepreneurs, those backed by venture capital. Using a dynamic program, we calculate the certainty-equivalent of the difference between the cash rewards that entrepreneurs actually received over the past 20 years and the cash that entrepreneurs would have received from a risk-free salaried job. The payoff to a venture-backed entrepreneur comprises a below-market salary and a share of the equity value of the company when it goes public or is acquired. We find that the typical venture-backed entrepreneur received an average of $5.8 million in exit cash. Almost three-quarters of entrepreneurs receive nothing at exit and a few receive over a billion dollars. Because of the extreme dispersion of payoffs, an entrepreneur with a coefficient of relative risk aversion of two places a certainty equivalent value only slightly greater than zero on the distribution of outcomes she faces at the time of her company's launch. (JEL G24, G32, L26, M13)

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A Progress Report on the Quest to Establish a Cybersickness Dose Value

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193120204602604 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (26) ◽

pp. 2119-2123 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wei Chen ◽

S.L. Yuen ◽

R.H.Y. So

Keyword(s):

Linear Relationship ◽

Motion Sickness ◽

Progress Report ◽

Simulation Studies ◽

Current Effort ◽

British Standard ◽

The Past ◽

Frequency Weighting ◽

Made In

This paper summarizes the progress made in the quest to establish a Cybersickness Dose Value (CSDV). The Motion Sickness Dose Value (MSDV), reported in the British Standard BS6841, has been used to predict the severity of seasickness since 1987. In 1999, the authors of this paper proposed a CSDV formulation with a structure similar to that of the MSDV (So, 1999). Since then, several experiments and simulation studies have been conducted to modify and develop the proposed CSDV formula. In particular, progress has been made in (i) the methods to measure CSDV, (ii) the determination of a frequency weighting curve to equalize the non-linear relationship between the navigation velocity and levels of cybersickness, and (iii) the detailed formulation of CSDV. This paper summarizes the past progress and reports on the current effort in developing a CSDV.

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The Flynn Effect

Character Lab Tips ◽

10.53776/tips-the-flynn-effect ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Duckworth ◽

Keyword(s):

Graduate School ◽

The United States ◽

Delay Of Gratification ◽

Average Score ◽

Past Century ◽

Political Scientist ◽

Abstract Reasoning ◽

Flynn Effect ◽

The Past ◽

The Difference

In tandem with increases in delay of gratification, the human capacity for abstract reasoning has increased enormously over the past century. This phenomenon is called the Flynn Effect, after the political scientist who discovered it. I first learned about the Flynn Effect in graduate school. I remember thinking it was impossible. How could it be that as a species, we're getting smarter? And not just a little bit smarter. The size of the Flynn Effect is staggering: more than 30 IQ points—the difference between getting an average score on a standard intelligence test versus qualifying as mentally gifted. Gains are comparable in all areas of the United States and, indeed, around the world.

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Avoiding Psychiatric Disability Overdiagnosis, Part 1: General Disability and Occupational Disability—Going Beyond Medical Impairment Assessments

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2021.julaug01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 3-7

Author(s):

Fabien Gagnon ◽

Les Kertay

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Work Disability ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychiatric Disability ◽

Disability Assessment ◽

Health Work ◽

Occupational Disability ◽

The Past ◽

The Difference ◽

Mental Health Work

Abstract Claims of occupational psychiatric disability have increased considerably over the past 20 years. To avoid psychiatric disability overdiagnosis, it is important to improve the clinical assessment of mental health work disability. This article discusses general disability issues and their impact on individual well-being, social participation, and frequently associated poverty. It defines the difference between impairment assessment and disability assessment, explores three common disability models, and raises issues about psychiatric disability and its potential overdiagnosis.

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Frequency of deep convective clouds in the tropical zone from 10 years of AIRS data

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-13-10795-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 10795-10806 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

H. H. Aumann ◽

A. Ruzmaikin

Keyword(s):

Brightness Temperature ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Tropical Zone ◽

Convective Clouds ◽

The Past ◽

Atmospheric Window ◽

Deep Convective Clouds ◽

Sst Anomaly ◽

The Difference ◽

Global Precipitation

Abstract. Deep convective clouds (DCCs) have been widely studied because of their association with heavy precipitation and severe weather events. Changes in the properties of DCCs are likely in a changing climate. Ten years of data collected by Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) allow us to identify decadal trends in frequency of occurrence of DCCs over land and ocean. In the past, DCCs have been identified in the thermal infrared by three methods: (1) thresholds based on the absolute value of an atmospheric window channel brightness temperature; (2) thresholds based on the difference between the brightness temperature in an atmospheric window channel and the brightness temperature centered on a strong water vapor absorption line; and (3) a threshold using the difference between the window channel brightness temperature and the tropopause temperature based on climatology. Simultaneous observations of these infrared identified DCCs with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit–Humidity Sounder for Brazil (AMSU-HSB) using 183 GHz water channels provide a statistical correlation with microwave deep convection and overshooting convection. In the past 10 years, the frequency of occurrence of DCCs has decreased for the tropical ocean, while it has increased for tropical land. The area of the tropical zone associated with DCCs is typically much less than 1%. We find that the least frequent, more extreme DCCs show the largest trend in frequency of occurrence, increasing over land and decreasing over ocean. The trends for land and ocean closely balance, such that the DCC frequency changed at an insignificant rate for the entire tropical zone. This pattern of essentially zero trend for the tropical zone, but opposite land/ocean trends, is consistent with measurements of global precipitation. The changes in frequency of occurrence of the DCCs are correlated with the Niño34 index, which defines the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the east-central Pacific. This is also consistent with patterns seen in global precipitation. This suggests that the observed changes in the frequency are part of a decadal variability characterized by shifts in the main tropical circulation patterns, which does not fully balance in the 10-year AIRS data record. The regional correlations and anti-correlations of the DCC frequency anomaly with the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) provide a new perspective for the regional analysis of past events, since the SST anomaly in the Nino34 region is available in the form of the extended MEI from 1871.

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Esham, the Origin of Sukuk for Facing the Crisis: Historical Experience

IQTISHODUNA: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam ◽

10.36835/iqtishoduna.v10i1.945 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Khairunnisa Musari

Keyword(s):

Lower Cost ◽

Low Cost ◽

Foreign Debt ◽

Historical Experience ◽

The Public ◽

Goods And Services ◽

The Past ◽

State Budgets ◽

The Difference ◽

The Government

Pandemic brings a crisis. This makes world leaders have to work hard and smartly in managing state budgets. During the heyday of Islam, Muslims also faced crises. Given that time the power of Islam mastered many areas of the world, it can be assumed that the crisis that occurred in the past was a global crisis as it is happening today. The difference is the crisis that occurred at the time because of losing the war. This paper tries to describe the historical experience of the esham, one of the fiscal instruments in the Islamic world that helped the Ottoman Empire overcome the crisis. Esham has mobilized low-cost funds from the public in a relatively concise time. Esham served as a better choice than looking for foreign debt. As the origin of sukuk, esham has simpler structure so that can be used as an alternative to sukuk with a lower cost. To deal with a crisis, esham may intervene in the economy. Esham funds to the real sector in turn will help the government drive the economy as well as control prices in the market for goods and services. Therefore, esham has the potential in facing the crisis.

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IN INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS AND PERITONITIS

Kharkiv Surgical School ◽

10.37699/2308-7005.2.2021.17 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 90-96

Author(s):

A. V. Kotov ◽

V. I. Desyaterik ◽

S. P. Mikhno

Keyword(s):

Absolute Number ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

The Past ◽

Rational Therapy ◽

Acinetobacter Spp ◽

The Difference ◽

Abdominal Infections ◽

Staphylococcus Spp ◽

Klebsiella Spp

Summary. Purpose of the reserche. To study changes in microflora and sensitivity of isolated strains to antibiotics using bacteriological research methods for intra-abdominal infections and peritonitis to determine their resistance when planning antibiotic therapy. Results and discussion. The paper presents data from a retrospective analysis of the results of studies of microflora and its resistance in intra-abdominal infections (IAI) and peritonitis for 2 periods: I period — from january 2007 to december 2008, II period — from january 2018 to december 2019. The difference between period II and I was in the increase in the number of individual pathogenic strains of microorganisms. Thus, the number of Klebsiella spp. increased from 13.8 % to 23.8 %, which in absolute number of their total number amounted to a 73.5 %, ranking second in the overall structure among pathogens sown in IAI and peritonitis. The number of strains of Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp. has also increased by 2.4–5.8 % respectively. Among the strains Klebsiella spp., E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. the number of poly- and multi-polyresistant forms has increased. Thus, the number of such forms among Klebsiella spp. increased from 19.2 to 44.5 %, Staphylococcus spp. — from 43.8 to 67.1 % and E. coli from 18.2 to 23.5 %, respectively. Conclusions. Over the past 10 years, with IAI and peritonitis, the most significant changes were revealed on the part of pathogenic strains of Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Multidrug resistant strains were predominantly susceptible to carbapenems, semisynthetic ureidopenicillins, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, oxazalidinones, phosphonoic acid derivatives. In the context of changes in the microbial landscape observed over the past decade, an increase in the number of poly- and multi-resistant forms of pathogenic microorganisms in IAI and peritonitis, the choice of antibiotics for rational therapy should be based solely on bacterioscopy and antibiograms.

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