Non-Compliance To Social Distancing During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Between the Developed and Developing Countries

Abstract Background: As of June 19th, 2021, there have been 178,765,626 reported COVID-19 cases and confirmed 3,869,994 COVID-19 related deaths. Despite the mass vaccination campaigns, number of SARS-CoV-2 infection cases continue to rise. Therefore, it’s important to control its spread for which the most potent method remains social distancing. Due to the diversity in the severity of the effect of the pandemic on different countries, it’s imperative to study the social distancing behavior among population in the developed and developing countries where the factors such as socioeconomic status, education, overpopulation, religious beliefs, and misconceptions play a role in altering the population’s behavior. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 384 participants from 14 different countries were surveyed via an online REDCap form. Results: In this study it was highlighted that although the knowledge regards to COVID-19 pandemic and its related prevention remains high, the overall compliances in both the developed and developing countries remain poor, the lowest being in the senior age group (≥ 65 years). It was found that out of all the age groups, adults aged between 25–64 years were the most compliant to social distancing. (p value = 0.003) Population from the developing countries were more compliant to all preventative measures against COVID-19 spread except for in handwashing compliance where the difference between the two populations remains insignificant. (p value = 0.038, < 0.001, 0.016) Socioeconomic status, prior history of COVID-19 infection or presence of comorbidities did not significantly affect compliance rates however, participants with no prior history of this infection were found to be more compliant to donning a mask in public as compared to those with a positive history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (p value = 0.044) Additionally, participants with no family history for comorbidities in developing countries had a higher hand washing and mask compliance as compared to those who had a positive family history. (p value = 0.035) Conclusion: Mass campaigns about awareness related to the preventative measures against COVID-19 remain essential in controlling the disease spread as despite having an overall high COVID-19 related literacy, compliance remains subpar in both developing and developed countries.

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Non-compliance to social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative cross-sectional study between the developed and developing countries

Journal of Public Health Research ◽

10.4081/jphr.2021.2614 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Faiqa Binte Aamir ◽

Syeda Maria Ahmad Zaidi ◽

Saadia Abbas ◽

Syed Roohan Aamir ◽

Syed Nauman Ahmad Zaidi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Prior History ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Distancing ◽

History Of

Background: Despite mass vaccination campaigns, the world has seen a steady rise in the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases, with 178,765,626 cases and 3,869,994 COVID-19 related deaths by June 19th, 2021. Therefore, it is important to enforce social distancing to control its spread. With the variation observed in the severity of the pandemic in different countries, it is also imperative to study the social distancing behaviors amongst the population in developed and developing countries.Design and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 384 participants from 14 different countries were surveyed via an online REDCap form.Results: In this study, it was highlighted that despite adequate knowledge, the overall compliance to COVID-19 related preventive measures remains poor, the lowest being in the senior age group (≥ 65 years), and the highest being in adults aged between 25-64 years (p-value =0.003). Population from the developing countries were more compliant to all preventative measures against COVID-19 spread, except for handwashing, where the difference between the two populations remained insignificant (p-value = 0.038, <0.001, 0.016). Socioeconomic status, prior history of COVID-19 infection, or presence of comorbidities did not significantly affect compliance rates, however, participants with no prior history of this infection were found to be more compliant to donning a mask in public as compared to those with a positive history (p-value = 0.044). Conclusions: Since compliance remains subpar in both the developing and the developed countries, mass campaigns about COVID-19 related preventive measures remain essential in controlling the disease spread.

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Psychological Effects and Coping Strategies for Home Isolation and Social Distancing in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19 Pandemic, A Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.24760 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abduljaleel Abdullatif Zainel

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Social Media Platforms ◽

Almost All

BACKGROUND By the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. It rapidly spread due to a strong evidence of human-to-human transmission, resulting in a pandemic throughout the world. Almost all countries around the world, including Qatar, have established instructions and regulations to limit the spread of the virus and to preserve the health of societies. Unfortunately, these procedures are often associated with some negative effects on individuals’ psychological and intellectual well-being, including children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to screen the psychological effects of home isolation and social distancing on children and adolescents, and the strategies used to cope with those effects. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study implemented using an online scaling questionnaire through a SMS text messaging. All home-isolated children and adolescents registered in Primary Health Care Corporation aged 7-18 years old invited to participate in the study, children and adolescents with intellectual disadvantages excluded. A p value 0.05 (two tailed) is considered for statistically significant level. RESULTS Data were collected from 6608 participants through the period of June 23rd to July 18th, 2020. Almost all the participants have followed the official regulations during the period of home isolation and social distancing, and 69.1% of their parents expressed their children and adolescents were vulnerable to the virus as an average person, compared to 25% expressed they were not vulnerable at all. The mean score of emotional construct anger and depression have decreased with the increase of following official instructions, with p value of 0.04 and 0.11 respectively. The difference in mean score of all psychological effects and the coping strategies used among participants between the three levels of vulnerability to corona virus, were statistically significant. The trend of mean score varied little with the escalation of the level of vulnerability to the virus. This mild variation can make difference when sample size is large as in case of our study. CONCLUSIONS Screening for psychological and social disruptions is of importance to develop strategies by schools and healthcare providers to assess and monitor behavioral changes and negative psychological effects during reintegration post-COVID-19. Participants experiencing higher levels of anxieties should be given extra attention during reintegration and transitional phases in schools. Although electronic devices and social media platforms may have lowered the level of anxiety in some cases, it is important to address how electronic devices and social media platforms are used and how content is tailored to children and adolescents. It is also important to maintain an active lifestyle for children and young adults, and encourage them not to neglect their physical health, as it promotes better psychological state of mind.

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Incidence and Risk Factors of Post-Operative Delirium in Elderly Patients Who Underwent Spinal Anesthesia in Orotta, Halibet and Sembel Hospitals: A Cross Sectional Study in Eritrea

10.47363/jsar/2021(2)116 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Michael Beraki Mengistu ◽

◽

Yonatan Mehari Andemeske ◽

AriamTsegay Emhatsion ◽

HabtomTareke Wrieta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Spinal Anesthesia ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

Background: Delirium is a common but often underdiagnosed set of transient symptoms often seen in elderly patients following surgeries under spinal anesthesia. With early recognition and diagnosis based on the established standard criteria delirium can be improved. Early identification of the possible contributingfactors and the magnitude of the burden will help in the management of the fragile elderly patients. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of postoperative delirium and associated risk factors in elderly patients who have done surgery under spinal anesthesia. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the National Referral Hospitals and Sembel PrivateHospital, in Asmara, Eritrea from February to May, 2019. The study participants were elderly patients (age ≥65 years) having no known history of dementia or delirium or no mental disorder, no history of acute cerebrovascular disease. Basic background and clinical characteristics of the patients was collected. To assess the status of cognitive impairment level, the Mini Mental State Examination and Confusion Assessment Method tools were used. Data was collected through an interview method. After the data was entered into SPSS version 22 software, data was analyzed with frequency, percentage, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis method as appropriate. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 74 ±6.62 and 102 (79.1%) of the participants were males. POD occurred in 14 (10.9%) of the patients. Adjusting all the potential factors, age was identified as arisk factor for developing POD. Conclusion: Age was determined to be a significant risk factor of delirium. Elderly patients require more attention and care and the findings might help to develop preventive strategies to the occurrence of POD

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Epidemiology of Sports Related Concussion in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7020053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Matthew Spano ◽

Donald Risucci ◽

Mill Etienne ◽

Kristina Petersen

Keyword(s):

Wide Spectrum ◽

Female Gender ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lifetime Prevalence ◽

Prior History ◽

Return To Sports ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is a rapidly growing grappling sport with a wide spectrum of participants. This cross-sectional study examined the lifetime prevalence of concussion in adult BJJ practitioners in the United States using a 17-item survey. A total of 778 (11.4% female) BJJ practitioners with a median age of 31 years completed the survey. Overall, the lifetime prevalence of the self-reported BJJ-related concussion was 25.2%. However, the prevalence was higher among females than males (43.0% versus 22.9%; X2(1,740) = 15.129; p < 0.001). Factors independently associated with significantly increased odds of having sustained a BJJ-related concussion included a prior history of concussion (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.14–2.74; p = 0.011) and female gender (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.04–3.65; p = 0.037). The median return to sports time was three days, with 30.3% of participants returning on the same day as being concussed. The present study represents the first epidemiological research examining the concussions in BJJ. The results underscore the need for increased education on concussions and return to sports guidelines among BJJ coaches and practitioners.

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A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON THANDAGAVATHAM (LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS) TO ASSESS THE LIFESTYLE FACTORS IN PATIENTS

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy ◽

10.7897/2277-4343.1205139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

K Mahalakshmi ◽

H Vetha Merlin Kumari ◽

H Nalini Sofia ◽

T Lakshmi Kantham ◽

R Meena Kumari

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Informed Consent ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lumbar Spondylosis ◽

History Of ◽

Study Population

Lumbar Spondylosis in earlier days used to be an ailment of people in their 60s and above. In recent years this trend is changing. Many lifestyle factors are blamed for this transition. Yet the factors are different for each population. In National Institute of Siddha Hospital, Lumbar spondylosis is one of the most common ailments for which patient visits OPD. Hence, A cross-sectional study was carried out to get an idea about which of those factors were common in the Thandagavatham patients visiting this hospital. Aim: To establish the most common lifestyle factors in Thandagavatham patients reporting at Ayothidoss Pandithar hospital OPD, National Institute of Siddha. Materials and methods: All the patients with a known history of Thandagavatham (Lumbar Spondylosis) were screened for this study. After obtaining informed consent, about 200 people were questioned to know about their lifestyle. Data was collected using the pre-designed questionnaire. The frequency for each factor was obtained after feeding the data in MS excel software. Result: Out of 14 factors considered in the study, age, menopause, BMI, socioeconomic status, exercise, history of falls were common among the study population.

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Prevalence of Pre-diabetes and its associated risk factors: A cross-sectional study in West Tripura district of India

Indian Journal of Community Health ◽

10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i03.012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 533-539

Author(s):

Bitan Sengupta ◽

Himadri Bhattacharjya

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Family History ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Data Entry ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of

Background: Early detection of Pre-diabetes and controlling the risk factors may delay the development of Diabetes and related complications. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of Pre-diabetes in West Tripura district of India and to study it’s associations with selected risk factors. Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted in West Tripura district of India, during 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019 among 320 individuals selected by multistage sampling. Fasting blood sugar was tested for diagnosing Pre-diabetes. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS-24. Result: Prevalence of Pre-diabetes in West Tripura district was 19.4%, 28.1% were hypertensive and 32.5% had high BMI. Multivariable logistic regression has identified age ≥40 yr (OR: 20.62, 95% CI: 4.97 – 85.49) higher socioeconomic status (OR: 4.99, 95% CI: 1.95 – 12.72), family history of diabetes (OR: 9.72, 95% CI: 2.51 – 37.61), higher BMI (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.32 – 5.89) and physical inactivity (OR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.66 – 7.46) as the predictors of Pre-diabetes. Conclusion: West Tripura district of India has higher prevalence of pre-diabetes than the national average. Age ≥40 yr, higher socioeconomic status, family history of diabetes, higher BMI and physical inactivity were identified as significant predictors of Pre-diabetes in this region.

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Prevalence and Duration of Post-Concussive Headaches in a Pediatric Sports Clinic: A Cross-sectional Study

Neurology ◽

10.1212/01.wnl.0000801792.09184.e1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 98 (1 Supplement 1) ◽

pp. S7.1-S7

Author(s):

Dipali P. Nemade ◽

Norman Cottrill ◽

Mary Payne

Keyword(s):

Brain Injuries ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Prior History ◽

Age Group ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

ObjectiveWe aim to identify the potential risk factors associated with increased susceptibility for persistent post-concussive headaches.BackgroundConcussions are common, but complex, traumatic brain injuries seen in pediatric athletes of all ages & skill levels & occur in a wide variety of athletic settings. These mild traumatic brain injuries often have neurologic sequelae, including headaches. Although athletes are advised to rest, duration of post-concussive symptoms is often unpredictable.Design/MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional study on patients with head injury aged 5–18 years presented to pediatric concussion clinic (N = 603) from September 2013 to Dec 2018. We excluded patients with skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhage. The data was compiled & analyzed using frequency, Pearson correlation test, chi square & ANOVA test using IBM SPSS- 26.ResultsPatient cohort consisted of 364 males & 239 females. The age range for males was 5–18 years (Mean age ± SD: 13.45 ± 2.86) & for females was 6–18 years (Mean age ± SD: 13.97 ± 2.84). There was statically significant association between various age groups & presence of headache at 3 & 6 months (p < 0.05). Out of all ages, age group 5–8 years had highest risk of persistent headache while the age group 14–18 years reported headaches at 3 months but then resolution of symptoms by one year (p < 0.05). Females were more likely than males (of all ages) to have persistent headaches despite treatment (p = 0.00). There was also a statistically significant difference between loss of consciousness, prior history of headaches & prior history of concussions towards the development of persistent headaches (p < 0.05). Furthermore, football, soccer and basketball had significantly more headaches compared to other sports related injuries (p = 0.001).ConclusionsThere was a statistically higher risk of developing persistent headaches for females and those with a history of prior headache, prior concussion, younger age, and those playing football, soccer or basketball.

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Absolute cardiovascular disease risk score and pharmacotherapy at the time of admission in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome due to coronary artery disease in a single Australian tertiary centre: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e038868

Author(s):

Amy Bailey ◽

Rosemary Korda ◽

Jason Agostino ◽

Tony Stanton ◽

Gabriela Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Prior History ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Coronary Syndrome ◽

Tertiary Centre ◽

History Of ◽

Artery Disease

ObjectivesTo describe (1) absolute cardiovascular disease risk (ACVDR) scores in patients presenting to hospital with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and (2) proportions of these patients on guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy according to their ACVDR score.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSingle-site tertiary centre hospital, Queensland, Australia over a 12-month period.ParticipantsPatients >18 years of age presenting to hospital with ACS due to coronary artery disease (CAD) confirmed by angiography.Primary and secondary outcome measuresProportion of patients without prior history of CVD with a high ACVDR score, and of patients with a prior history of CVD, who are on guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy.Results527 ACS patients were included of whom the mean age was 63 years and 75% were male. Overall, 66% (350) had no prior CVD and 34% (177) patients had prior CVD.In patients with no prior CVD, the proportions of patients with low, intermediate and high CVD risk scores were 41%, 24% and 36%. In the no prior CVD, high-risk patient group, 48% were on no preventative pharmacotherapy, 32% on single pharmacotherapy and 20% patients on complete guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy. In the prior CVD group, 7% patients were on no pharmacotherapy, 40% on incomplete pharmacotherapy and 53% were on complete guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy.ConclusionThis study adds to the evidence on implementation gaps in guideline-recommended management of ACVDR, showing that a large proportion of patients presenting with ACS due to CAD were at high risk of developing CVD prior to the event and most were not on guideline-recommended treatment. A significant proportion of these events are likely to have been preventable, and therefore, increased assessment and appropriate treatment of ACVDR in primary care is needed to reduce the incidence of CVD events in the population.

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Prevalence of Anemia and Its Association with Handgrip Strength in Indonesian Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Indonesian Family Life Survey Data Year 2014-2015

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1126145/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Noorwati Sutandyo ◽

Ikhwan Rinaldi ◽

Nina Kemala Sari ◽

Kevin Winston

Keyword(s):

Family Life ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Aim This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of anemia in Indonesian elderly population aged ≥60 years old and to analyze its association with handgrip strength in the elderly. Method This was a cross-sectional study using data from Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5). All participants aged ≥60 years old were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were: (1) respondents who refused to take health measurements (hemoglobin level, handgrip strength, weight, stature, and waist circumference); (2) respondents with incomplete or missing data; (3) respondents with history of stroke; and (4) respondents with history of pain, swelling, inflammation, injury, and surgery on one or both hands within the last 6 months. The dependent variable for this study was handgrip strength. The independent variables were hemoglobin level, gender, age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, smoking history, comorbidities, and current use of drug therapies. Statistical analyses included correlation, bivariable, and multivariable analyses. Result A total of 3192 individuals were selected for analysis. Overall, 38.8% of participants aged ≥60 years had anemia based on definition of anemia by WHO. There was a positive correlation between hemoglobin level and handgrip strength in Indonesian elderly population (r: 0.349; p value: 0.000). Multivariable analysis showed that anemia was significantly associated with weak handgrip strength (OR: 1.557; 95% CI: 1.314-1.846; p value: 0.000). This association was stronger for males and elderly aged ≥80 years old. Conclusion Based on the results, anemia was associated with weak handgrip strength in Indonesian elderly population and it is more pronounced in males and elderly aged ≥80 years old.

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