scholarly journals The Regulatory Effects of The Combined Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils And Organic Acids On The Microbial Communities of Cobb Broilers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayun Qiao ◽  
Zhiyuan Shang ◽  
Xuejiao Liu ◽  
Kewei Wang ◽  
Zhiwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Negative Effects

Abstract Background: The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic microorganisms have led to many countries enacting restricted use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. The combined use of essential oils and organic acids can help maintain intestinal health, improve animal growth performance, and alleviate the negative effects of banned antibiotics for certain economically important animals. However, the modes of action for the combined dietary supplementation of essential oils and organic acids (thymol-citric acid; EOA1, and thymol-butyric acid; EOA2) remain unclear, although it is speculated that their activities are achieved through beneficial modulation of gastrointestinal microbial communities and the inhibition of pathogen growth. In this study, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the effects of treatment with EOA1 and EOA2 on the jejunal, cecal, and fecal microbial communities of Cobb broilers (using enramycin and virginiamycin as positive controls) while also evaluating effects over different broiler ages (14, 28, 35, and 42 days old). Results: We found that the intestinal microbial communities of the broilers developed with increasing age, while Lactobacillus gradually came to dominate intestinal communities. Further, the microbial communities of feces were more complex than in the jejuna and ceca. The longitudinal changes in these communities were systematically explored for broilers of different ages. The addition of EOA1 or EOA2 to the diet: 1) inhibited the proliferation of Ralstonia pickettii and Alcaligenaceae in jejuna on the 28th day, 2) promoted the colonization and growth of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus, Clostridia, and Bacteroidia at various growth stages, and 3) enriched the abundances of certain microbiota functions including biological pathways related to metabolism (e.g., enzyme families).Conclusions: EOA1 and EOA2 dietary supplementation can affect various microbial metabolic pathways related to the metabolism and absorption of nutrients via the regulation of intestinal microbial community structures of Cobb broilers, while also playing an important role in promoting host growth.

scholarly journals Regulatory Effects of Combined Dietary Supplementation With Essential Oils and Organic Acids on Microbial Communities of Cobb Broilers

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayun Qiao ◽  
Zhiyuan Shang ◽  
Xuejiao Liu ◽  
Kewei Wang ◽  
Zhiwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Growth Promoters

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic microorganisms have resulted in many countries restricting the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. The combined use of essential oils and organic acids can help maintain intestinal health, improve animal growth performance, and alleviate the negative effects of banned antibiotics for certain economically important animals. Although the modes of action for the combined dietary supplementation of essential oils and organic acids such as thymol-citric acid (EOA1) and thymol-butyric acid (EOA2) remain unclear, it is speculated that their activities are achieved through beneficial modulation of gastrointestinal microbial communities and inhibition of pathogen growth. In this study, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the effects of treatment with EOA1 and EOA2 on the jejunal, cecal, and fecal microbial communities of Cobb broilers while also evaluating effects over different broiler ages. The intestinal microbial communities of broilers developed with increasing age, and Lactobacillus gradually came to dominate the intestinal communities of treated broilers. Further, the microbial communities of feces were more complex than those of the jejuna and ceca. We systematically elucidate that the longitudinal changes in the intestinal microbial communities of Cobb broiler chickens at different ages. Meanwhile, we found that the addition of EOA1 or EOA2 to the diet: (1) inhibited the proliferation of Ralstonia pickettii and Alcaligenaceae in the jejuna on day 28, (2) promoted the colonization and growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Clostridia, and Bacteroidia at various growth stages, and (3) enriched the abundance of certain microbiota functions, including biological pathways related to metabolism (e.g., enzyme families). Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that EOA1 and EOA2 dietary supplementation can affect various microbial metabolic pathways related to the metabolism and absorption of nutrients via regulation of the intestinal microbial community structures of Cobb broilers.

scholarly journals Plasmids persist in a microbial community by providing fitness benefit to multiple phylotypes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liguan Li ◽  
Arnaud Dechesne ◽  
Jonas Stenløkke Madsen ◽  
Joseph Nesme ◽  
Søren J. Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Fitness Effects

AbstractThe current epidemic of antibiotic resistance has been facilitated by the wide and rapid horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in microbial communities. Indeed, ARGs are often located on plasmids, which can efficiently shuttle genes across diverse taxa. While the existence conditions of plasmids have been extensively studied in a few model bacterial populations, their fate in complex bacterial communities is poorly understood. Here, we coupled plasmid transfer assays with serial growth experiments to investigate the persistence of the broad-host-range IncP-1 plasmid pKJK5 in microbial communities derived from a sewage treatment plant. The cultivation conditions combined different nutrient and oxygen levels, and were non-selective and non-conducive for liquid-phase conjugal transfer. Following initial transfer, the plasmid persisted in almost all conditions during a 10-day serial growth experiment (equivalent to 60 generations), with a transient transconjugant incidence up to 30%. By combining cell enumeration and sorting with amplicon sequencing, we mapped plasmid fitness effects across taxa of the microbial community. Unexpected plasmid fitness benefits were observed in multiple phylotypes of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae, which resulted in community-level plasmid persistence. We demonstrate, for the first time, that plasmid fitness effects across community members can be estimated in a high-throughput way without prior isolation. By gaining a fitness benefit when carrying plasmids, members within complex microbial communities might have a hitherto unrecognized potential to maintain plasmids for long-term community-wide access.

Effects of phytogenics and organic acids alone and in combination on growth performance of weaned piglets

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 200-200
Author(s):  
T. Steiner ◽  
C. Lückstädt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Intensive research has been directed to the potential of Natural Growth Promoters (NGPs) to replace antibiotics. Phytogenics and organic acids (OA) have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, thereby improving growth performance in pigs (Steiner, 2006). The addition of OA to nonruminant diets is supposed to have beneficial effects on feed safety since OA have a detrimental impact on moulds and other feed contaminants. Moreover, due to a decrease in gastric pH, acidification of the diets creates favourable conditions for nutrient digestibility, especially in young piglets (Radcliffe et al., 1998). Dietary supplementation with essential oils originating from aromatic plants may directly affect the intestinal microflora, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. As shown under in vitro (Helander et al., 1998) and in vivo conditions (Kroismayr et al., 2005), oregano essential oils have strong antimicrobial properties. Finally, it has been confirmed that addition of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) to diets for nonruminants may stabilize the gut microflora by selectively supporting the growth of beneficial bacteria (Macfarlane et al., 2006). Depending on individual farm conditions, a well-adjusted combination of different strategies is supposed to maximize the efficacy of NGPs in antibiotic-free feeding systems. The aim of the trial was to investigate the effects of phytogenics and OA alone and in combination in comparison with a commercial diet containing no additives.

scholarly journals Organic acids in piglet nutrition – a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Woźniakowska ◽  
Wojciech Kozera ◽  
Krzysztof Karpiesiuk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Epithelia ◽  
Weaning Pigs

The risk of developing cross-resistance of pathogens to antibiotics led to a ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed in the European Union since January 2006. In recent decades, acidifiers have been widely used as potential alternatives to antibiotics in the nursery pigs’ diet to overcome weaning stresses, prevent intestinal disturbances with diarrhea and to improve growth performance. Organic acids can reduce the digesta pH value in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), converting the inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin and increase the protein utilization. Acidifiers also promote beneficial microbial growth in the GIT and reduce infection from harmful microorganisms. Moreover, dietary inclusion of organic acids and their salts for weaning pigs can reduce intestinal epithelia damage, increase intestinal occludin expression and decrease small intestinal permeability, and improve immune indexes. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with acidifiers can decrease economic loss for pig producers.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Feed Additives—Future Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zora Stevanović ◽  
Jasna Bošnjak-Neumüller ◽  
Ivana Pajić-Lijaković ◽  
Jog Raj ◽  
Marko Vasiljević
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Active Compounds

The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives’ (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.

scholarly journals Development of a time-series shotgun metagenomics database for monitoring microbial communities at the Pacific coast of Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutoshi Yoshitake ◽  
Gaku Kimura ◽  
Tomoko Sakami ◽  
Tsuyoshi Watanabe ◽  
Yukiko Taniuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Pacific Coast Of Japan ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities

AbstractAlthough numerous metagenome, amplicon sequencing-based studies have been conducted to date to characterize marine microbial communities, relatively few have employed full metagenome shotgun sequencing to obtain a broader picture of the functional features of these marine microbial communities. Moreover, most of these studies only performed sporadic sampling, which is insufficient to understand an ecosystem comprehensively. In this study, we regularly conducted seawater sampling along the northeastern Pacific coast of Japan between March 2012 and May 2016. We collected 213 seawater samples and prepared size-based fractions to generate 454 subsets of samples for shotgun metagenome sequencing and analysis. We also determined the sequences of 16S rRNA (n = 111) and 18S rRNA (n = 47) gene amplicons from smaller sample subsets. We thereafter developed the Ocean Monitoring Database for time-series metagenomic data (http://marine-meta.healthscience.sci.waseda.ac.jp/omd/), which provides a three-dimensional bird’s-eye view of the data. This database includes results of digital DNA chip analysis, a novel method for estimating ocean characteristics such as water temperature from metagenomic data. Furthermore, we developed a novel classification method that includes more information about viruses than that acquired using BLAST. We further report the discovery of a large number of previously overlooked (TAG)n repeat sequences in the genomes of marine microbes. We predict that the availability of this time-series database will lead to major discoveries in marine microbiome research.

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