scholarly journals Silicon-Mediated Regulation of Sodium Distribution in Barley Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wei ◽  
Pengbo Zhang ◽  
Elena Bocharnikova ◽  
Vladimir Matichenkov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Stress Growth ◽  
Polysilicic Acid ◽  
Saline Environment ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Apoplastic Pathway ◽  
Plant Exposure

Abstract Salinity is one of the largest problems in the world today. Silicon (Si)-mediated increase in plant tolerance to saline environment has been well documented, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Monosilicic acid, polysilicic acid, and sodium (Na) were analyzed in the apoplast and symplast of roots, stems and leaves of salt-stressed barley plants in dynamics. Sodium moved predominantly via apoplastic pathway. The dynamics of Na in apoplast represented a parabolic curve. Soluble Si in nutrient solution increased the total Na in the roots but restricted the Na root-to-shoot transport via apoplastic pathway and reduced Na accumulation in stems and leaves. Plant exposure to high concentration of Na resulted in increased polysilicic acids in the root symplast and stem apoplast and symplast. These increases are attributable to Si redistribution within plant with its accumulation in stressed tissue. Probably, Si moves in the form of polysilicic acid. Under optimum or low stress growth conditions, Si mainly accumulated in the roots and leaves. Under higher stress, this Si can be redistributed to a mostly stress-affected place.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ENHANCED PLANT TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSES UNDER APPLICATION OF SILICON SUBSTANCES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bocharnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
System Development ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Laboratory and field experiments evidence that silicon fertilizers contribute to plant tolerance to unfavorable growth conditions: drought, frost, salinity, heavy metal contamination, and others. Silicon-induced underlying mechanisms include thickening of the epidermal layer, enhanced root system development, chemical stability of the DNA, RNA, and chlorophyll molecules, improved transport and redistribution of elements, as well as activation of defense system in plants against oxidative damage. Application of Si fertilizers and biostimulators promoted reducing crop losses and increasing yield of rice, wheat, barley, soya, potatoes and others under drought and frost conditions.

scholarly journals Blooms of bryozoans and epibenthic diatoms in an urbanized sandy Beach (Balneário Camboriú - SC - Brazil): dynamics, possible causes and biomass characterization

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Rubi Rörig ◽  
Maevi Ottonelli ◽  
Ana Gabriela Itokazu ◽  
Marcelo Maraschin ◽  
João Vitor Heberle Lins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Environmental Health Problem

Abstract Balneário Camboriu (SC - Brazil) is a touristic city where the disordered growth of the urban population and the implementation of coastal works without proper evaluation generated environmental impacts and affected the sanitary quality of water and sediment of Camboriu River and marine adjacent area. One of the most recent and alarming phenomena observed are the blooms of invasive bryozoans (Arboscuspis bellula and Membraniporopsis tubigera) associated with epibenthic diatoms (Amphitetras antediluviana and Biddulphia biddulphiana). Several clues associate these phenomena, started in 2003, with the excess of nutrients and organic matter in the Camboriú cove and large coastal works such as dredging, landfills and construction of jetties, leading to changes in benthic ecological structure. Being an aesthetic and environmental health problem, the concern of the scientific community and government agencies intensified as the occurrences become more frequent and persistent. This research addresses this issue through environmental and experimental studies. Samplings of the benthic material collected by boat and diving, and blooms monitoring were the environmental approach. The laboratory work included the algal isolation and culture, in addition to growth conditions assessment and chemical biomass analysis. Monitoring data showed a seasonal trend in the blooms, with more conspicuous events in warmer months. Diatoms increase in abundance in colder months and bryozoans in the warmer ones. The diatom A. antediluviana, predominant in the blooms, grew satisfactorily in laboratory cultivation, showing better growth in media with higher concentrations of silicate and phosphate. Bryozoans showed slow growth in laboratory conditions. The deposited material collected in the environment showed low concentrations of saturated fatty acids, but the high biomass suggest a possible use for biofuels production. Biomass samples dominated by bryozoans showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The explanation for the occurrence of these blooms are still inconclusive, but there is considerable evidence that it is a synergistic effect between the high concentration of bacteria and organic debris in the water related to local pollution and the elimination of natural competitors by coastal works.

scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Cu (II) and Zn (II) on the Accumulation of Pb (II) from Soil to the Biomass of Vegetable

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Le Thi Thanh Tran ◽  
Le Van Luan ◽  
Tran Quang Hieu ◽  
Le Van Tan
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Among soil pollutants, lead (Pb) is one of the toxic metal pollutants widely used in many industrial processes and occurs as a contaminant in environment. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the accumulation of lead from soil contaminated by this metal ion on the biomass of some vegetables, including spinach, lettuce, carrots, and potatoes. The results showed that lead was cumulative metal. Besides, the level of lead accumulation in soil of the studied vegetables decreased in the order of tubers of carrots, tubers of potato, spinach root, lettuce root, stems and leaves of spinach, stem and leaves of carrot, stems and leaves of potato, and stem and leaves of lettuce, respectively. Our investigations demonstrate the effect of copper and zinc micronutrient elements which play an important role in the growth and development of plants, on the accumulation of lead from contaminated soil of the studied vegetables. The obtained results showed that high concentration of copper and zinc in soil cause competition with lead in the process of absorption and accumulation in the plant. Specifically, copper and zinc showed the inhibition effect on the uptake and accumulation of lead by these plants.

THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: VIII. CORYDALIS AUREA, WILLD. AND THE CONSTITUTION OF BICUCINE

1933 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. F. Manske
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Formula ◽  
Hydroxy Acid ◽  
Phenolic Hydroxyl ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Constitutional Analysis

The chemical examination of the alkaloids of Corydalis aurea has shown an unusual complexity and of the total of more than ten alkaloids thus far isolated only six are now described. The record deals chiefly with the stems and leaves of the plant in which protopine was present in exceptionally low concentration (0.025%). Equally exceptional is its high concentration m the roots (1.6%). l-Tetrahydropalmatine constituted the largest fraction of the remaining alkaloids, and its present isolation is the first on record although the d-form was previously known. Two new and well-characterized alkaloids, which have been named capaurine and capauridine, respectively, are isomeric and are best represented by the empirical formula C21H27O5N. Both contain one phenolic hydroxyl and four methoxyl groups, and yield on methylation non-phenolic bases which do not appear to be identical. The presence of two bases, bicuculline and bicucine, which were first recorded in this series of papers, has again been demonstrated.The constitutional analysis of the new bases, as well as the isolation and characterization of the minor alkaloids, is in progress.In an appended note it is shown that bicuculline and bicucine are closely related and interconvertible. The latter is the free γ-hydroxy acid of which the former is the lactone.

Analysis of Dislocation Behavior in Low Dislocation Density, PVT-Grown, Four-Inch Silicon Carbide Single Crystals

2010 ◽  
Vol 1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dudley ◽  
Shayan Byrappa ◽  
Huanhuan Wang ◽  
Fangzhen Wu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Plane ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Growth ◽  
Low Dislocation Density ◽  
Basal Plane Dislocation ◽  
Dislocation Behavior ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractSynchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography studies are presented of dislocation behavior and interactions in a new generation of one hundred millimeter diameter, 4H-SiC wafers grown using Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) under specially designed low stress conditions. Such low stress growth conditions have, for example enabled reductions of basal plane dislocation (BPD) densities by two or three orders of magnitude compared to previous levels down to just a few hundred per square centimeter. This provides a unique opportunity to discern details of dislocation behavior which were previously precluded due to complications of image overlap at higher densities. Among the phenomena observed in these studies is the deflection of threading dislocations onto the basal plane producing various stacking fault configurations. Analysis of the contrast from these faults enables determination of their fault vectors which, in turn, provides insight into their possible formation mechanisms.

Identification of melatonin inTrichodermaspp. and detection of melatonin content under controlled-stress growth conditions fromT. asperellum

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 838-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Liu ◽  
Fengzhou Zhao ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Yuhu Zuo ◽  
Jumei Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Stress Growth

scholarly journals ABA represses TOR and root meristem activity through nuclear exit of the SnRK1 kinase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Belda-Palazon ◽  
Monica Costa ◽  
Tom Beeckman ◽  
Filip Rolland ◽  
Elena Baena-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Proliferation Zone ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Root Meristematic Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) promotes plant tolerance to major stresses like drought, partly by modulating plant growth and development. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that cell proliferation in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem is controlled by the interplay between three kinases, SNF1-RELATED KINASE 2 (SnRK2), the main driver of ABA signaling, the SnRK1 energy sensor, and the growth-promoting TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase. Under favorable conditions, the SnRK1α1 catalytic subunit is enriched in the nuclei of root meristematic cells and this is accompanied by normal cell proliferation and meristem size. Depletion of SnRK2s in a snrk2.2 snrk2.3 double mutant causes constitutive cytoplasmic localization of SnRK1α1 and a reduction in meristem size, suggesting that, under non-stress conditions, SnRK2s enable growth by retaining SnRK1α1 in the nucleus. In response to elevated ABA levels, SnRK1α1 translocates to the cytoplasm and this is accompanied by inhibition of TOR, decreased cell proliferation and meristem size. Blocking nuclear export with leptomycin B abrogates ABA-driven SnRK1α1 relocalization to the cytoplasm and the inhibition of TOR. Fusion of SnRK1α1 to an SV40 nuclear localization signal leads to defective TOR repression in response to ABA, demonstrating that SnRK1α1 nuclear exit is a premise for this repression. Finally, the SnRK2-dependent changes in SnRK1α1 subcellular localization are specific to the proliferation zone of the meristem, underscoring the relevance of this mechanism for growth regulation.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress-induced parkin misfolding, aggregation, and toxicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Duennwald ◽  
Gary S. Shaw ◽  
Mohammad A. Esmaeili ◽  
Jane R. Rylett ◽  
Susanne Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background: Excess oxidative stress and protein misfolding are major hallmarks of neurodegenerative disease, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in the genes encoding the ubiquitin ligase parkin cause autosomal recessive juvenile forms of Parkinsonism by the loss of parkin function in mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular protein quality control, generally. Dysfunction of parkin might also contribute to sporadic forms of PD, yet the underlying mechanisms remain mostly unexplored. Methods: We obtained key results from studies in human PD brains, a mouse model, yeast, cultured neuronal cells, and in vitro biochemistry. Human postmortem Medial Temporal Gyrus tissue was fixed for immunohistochemistry. We performed biochemical analyses of protein lysates from human brain, mouse brain, yeast and cells to assess parkin modification by oxidative stress under normal growth conditions and more so under oxidative stress. Results: Our results reveal that oxidative stress damages parkin by inducing the formation of aberrant intra- and inter-molecular disulfide bonds, leading to parkin misfolding and inclusion formation, which is toxic to cells. We furthermore find that parkin is most severely oxidized in its active conformation. Conclusion: Collectively, our study identifies a mechanism by which protein oxidation can contribute to neurodegeneration in PD by combining loss of function with toxic gain of function mechanisms.

scholarly journals TMK1-based auxin signaling regulates abscisic acid responses via phosphorylating ABI1/2 in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (24) ◽  
pp. e2102544118
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Hang He ◽  
Yuming He ◽  
Qiaozhen Zheng ◽  
Qingzhong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Aba Insensitive ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
High Auxin

Differential concentrations of phytohormone trigger distinct outputs, which provides a mechanism for the plasticity of plant development and an adaptation strategy among plants to changing environments. However, the underlying mechanisms of the differential responses remain unclear. Here we report that a high concentration of auxin, distinct from the effect of low auxin concentration, enhances abscisic acid (ABA) responses in Arabidopsis thaliana, which partially relies on TRANS-MEMBERANE KINASE 1 (TMK1), a key regulator in auxin signaling. We show that high auxin and TMK1 play essential and positive roles in ABA signaling through regulating ABA INSENSITIVE 1 and 2 (ABI1/2), two negative regulators of the ABA pathway. TMK1 inhibits the phosphatase activity of ABI2 by direct phosphorylation of threonine 321 (T321), a conserved phosphorylation site in ABI2 proteins, whose phosphorylation status is important for both auxin and ABA responses. This TMK1-dependent auxin signaling in the regulation of ABA responses provides a possible mechanism underlying the high auxin responses in plants and an alternative mechanism involved in the coordination between auxin and ABA signaling.

scholarly journals Activation of the TCA Cycle to Provide Immune Protection in Zebrafish Immunized by High Magnesium-Prepared Vibrio alginolyticus Vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yang ◽  
Xiao-li Yang ◽  
Yu-bin Su ◽  
Xuan-xian Peng ◽  
Hui Li
Keyword(s):  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
The Tca Cycle ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Innate Immune Genes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Dose Dependent

Vaccines are safe and efficient in controlling bacterial diseases in the aquaculture industry and are in line with green farming. The present study develops a previously unreported approach to prepare a live-attenuated V. alginolyticus vaccine by culturing bacteria in a high concentration of magnesium to attenuate bacterial virulence. Furthermore, metabolomes of zebrafish immunized with the live-attenuated vaccines were compared with those of survival and dying zebrafish infected by V. alginolyticus. The enhanced TCA cycle and increased fumarate were identified as the most key metabolic pathways and the crucial biomarker of vaccine-mediated and survival fish, respectively. Exogenous fumarate promoted expression of il1β, il8, il21, nf-κb, and lysozyme in a dose-dependent manner. Among the five innate immune genes, the elevated il1β, il8, and lysozyme are overlapped in the vaccine-immunized zebrafish and the survival from the infection. These findings highlight a way in development of vaccines and exploration of the underlying mechanisms.

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