scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Infection Attack Rate of COVID-19 in Indian Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daihai He ◽  
Yiming Fei ◽  
Shi Zhao ◽  
Hainan Xu ◽  
Xingyue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Serological Survey ◽  
Decay Function ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives. Serological surveys were used to infer the infection attack rate in different populations. The sensitivity of the testing assay, Abbott, drops fast over time since infection which make the serological data difficult to interpret. In this work, we aim to solve this issue. Methods. We collect longitudinal serological data of Abbott to construct a sensitive decay function. We use the reported COVID-10 deaths to infer the infections, and use the decay function to simulate the seroprevalence and match to the reported seroprevalence in 12 Indian cities. Results. Our model simulated seroprevalence match the reported seroprevalence in most (but not all) of the 12 Indian cities we considered. We obtain reasonable infection attack rate and infection fatality rate for most of the 12 Indian cities. Conclusions. Using both reported COVID-19 deaths data and serological survey data, we infer the infection attack rate and infection fatality rate with increased confidence.

scholarly journals Population-Predicted MHC Class II Epitope Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins Correlates to the Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19 in Different Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2630
Author(s):  
Chunguang Liang ◽  
Elena Bencurova ◽  
Eric Psota ◽  
Priya Neurgaonkar ◽  
Martina Prelog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Infection Spread

We observed substantial differences in predicted Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHCII) epitope presentation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins for different populations but only minor differences in predicted MHCI epitope presentation. A comparison of this predicted epitope MHC-coverage revealed for the early phase of infection spread (till day 15 after reaching 128 observed infection cases) highly significant negative correlations with the case fatality rate. Specifically, this was observed in different populations for MHC class II presentation of the viral spike protein (p-value: 0.0733 for linear regression), the envelope protein (p-value: 0.023), and the membrane protein (p-value: 0.00053), indicating that the high case fatality rates of COVID-19 observed in some countries seem to be related with poor MHC class II presentation and hence weak adaptive immune response against these viral envelope proteins. Our results highlight the general importance of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in immunological control in early infection spread looking at a global census in various countries and taking case fatality rate into account. Other factors such as health system and control measures become more important after the early spread. Our study should encourage further studies on MHCII alleles as potential risk factors in COVID-19 including assessment of local populations and specific allele distributions.

scholarly journals An epidemiological investigation of the 2019 suspected pertussis outbreak in northwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110083
Author(s):  
Omoleke Semeeh ◽  
Biniam Getachew ◽  
Yusuf Taofik ◽  
Lukman Surajudeen ◽  
Assad Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Introduction: In 2019, we investigated the profile of the cases and controls and the determinants of pertussis transmission in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria, to inform better immunization and surveillance strategies. Methods: Community-based unmatched case–control study and review of the 2019 pertussis routine surveillance data in the affected settlements in the state were conducted. A total of 52 suspected cases of pertussis and 107 control from two local government areas in Kebbi State were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The highest attack rate was observed among between 1- and 4-year age group followed by children less than 1-year old, and the least attack rate was among those above 15 years. The overall attack rate and the case fatality rate were 2.10% and 0.10%, respectively. A higher attack rate was observed among women, whereas the case fatality rate was more among males. From the community survey, we observed that the cases were less likely to have pertussis vaccination history (adjusted odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–0.74) compared with the controls. Knowing pertussis prevention methods were found protective for pertussis transmission (adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.04–0.45). Conclusion: This study showed the vulnerability of children under 5 years, especially under 1 year, to vaccine-preventable diseases in rural populations, where “real” immunization coverage is sub-optimal, and the dominant socio-demographic factors are supportive of disease transmission. We found immunization and knowledge of the preventive measures to be protective against pertussis outbreaks. Therefore, routine immunization services must be intensified to improve coverage and prevent future pertussis outbreak(s).

scholarly journals Visualizing Belief in Meritocracy, 1930–2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311881180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. B. Mijs
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Western World ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

In this figure I describe the long trend in popular belief in meritocracy across the Western world between 1930 and 2010. Studying trends in attitudes is limited by the paucity of survey data that can be compared across countries and over time. Here, I show how to complement survey waves with cohort-level data. Repeated surveys draw on a representative sample of the population to describe the typical beliefs held by citizens in a given country and period. Leveraging the fact that citizens surveyed in a given year were born in different time-periods allows for a comparison of beliefs across birth cohorts. The latter overlaps with the former, but considerably extends the time period covered by the data. Taken together, the two measures give a “triangulated” longitudinal record of popular belief in meritocracy. I find that in most countries, popular belief in meritocracy is (much) stronger for more recent periods and cohorts.

scholarly journals Email versus In-Person Audit Inquiry: Recent Research and Additional Survey Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. A36-A44
Author(s):  
Aaron Saiewitz
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Aggressive Response ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Email Communication ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Client Relationship ◽  
Client Behavior ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARY Recent research suggests that an auditor's choice to conduct audit inquiry via email versus in person can adversely impact both auditor and client behavior. In this study, I review recent research on this important topic, and I present additional survey-based evidence that describes how clients perceive auditor email versus in-person inquiries. I find that clients generally view auditors' in-person requests as more important and urgent than email requests, and clients feel they can more carefully craft their responses to support their company's preferred reporting position via email compared to in person. Further, clients expect that auditors will question an aggressive response more quickly in person than over email. Although audit partners have expressed concerns that email communication could impede auditor-client relationship building, I find no differences in how much clients like the auditor or in clients' willingness to work again with the auditor after receiving an email or in-person request. However, recent research suggests that email requests can lead to more negative feelings toward the auditor, which could affect the auditor-client relationship over time. I discuss implications for audit firms and provide suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Machine Learning the Phenomenology of COVID-19 From Early Infection Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik Magdon-Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Early Infection ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Specific Virus ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Learning Analysis ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe present a robust data-driven machine learning analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic from its early infection dynamics, specifically infection counts over time. The goal is to extract actionable public health insights. These insights include the infectious force, the rate of a mild infection becoming serious, estimates for asymtomatic infections and predictions of new infections over time. We focus on USA data starting from the first confirmed infection on January 20 2020. Our methods reveal significant asymptomatic (hidden) infection, a lag of about 10 days, and we quantitatively confirm that the infectious force is strong with about a 0.14% transition from mild to serious infection. Our methods are efficient, robust and general, being agnostic to the specific virus and applicable to different populations or cohorts.

Research Note Problems in Monitoring the Safety Performance of British Manufacturing at the End of the Twentieth Century

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Over Time

I have frequently expressed the view that the statistics for over three day injuries cannot be relied upon for the sort of temporal research on safety in which I have recently been engaged, for instance concerning the effectiveness of the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act (Nichols, 1989a; 1990). It has been suggested in the context of some related research (Nichols, 1989b; 1991a) that the over three day injury rate may actually be a useful indicator of safety in some respects and that the fatality rate may not be (Tombs, 1992).1 By contrast, the following short account looks to the future and considers whether, in the 1990s, a point has been reached when any official injury statistics for employees in UK manufacturing can provide satisfactory monitoring of improvements or otherwise in safety over time. First, the fatality rate is briefly discussed, then the rate for major injuries, then the rate for over three day injuries. Two other new sources of injury data are also briefly considered, the 1990 Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the 1990 Work Industrial Relations Survey (WIRS3).

Agility in Software Development and Project Value

2022 ◽  
pp. 356-376
Author(s):  
VenuGopal Balijepally ◽  
Gerald DeHondt ◽  
Vijayan Sugumaran ◽  
Sridhar Nerur
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Agile Development ◽  
Software Teams ◽  
What Works ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Over Time

Agile Development Methods, considered as an alternative to the traditional plan-based methods, have received much attention since their inception. These practices have evolved and developed over time, culminating in 2001 with the Agile Manifesto. Since that time, preferred methodologies, implementations, and best practices have continued to evolve with a focus on doing what works best for the individual company or project. However, the concept of agility in software development has remained quite nebulous, lacking in clarity particularly about its underlying dimensions. In this research the authors conceive agility in terms of four distinct dimensions. Drawing from the theoretical perspective of holographic organization, they develop a model explaining how each of these underlying dimensions of agility contributes to project value in software teams. The authors test the model using survey data collected from industry practitioners and discuss findings.

Where Are They Now?

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-91
Author(s):  
Melinda Lundquist Denton ◽  
Richard Flory
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Religious Lives ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Building on the foundation laid in Chapter 2, this chapter focuses specifically on the religious lives of emerging adults. Survey responses from multiple waves of data collection are used to show changes over time. The chapter focuses on change and continuity in the religious lives of emerging adults, while also showing how different religious traditions have fared in terms of influencing the lives of emerging adults. Taken together, the survey data show an overarching story of decline; yet under the surface there is movement both toward and away from religion.

Composition of the City Block and the Cognitive Region of the Resident in the Historical City of Tokyo

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Shichun Zong ◽  
Hirotomo Ohuchi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Perception ◽  
Information Networks ◽  
City Block ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Due to the development of communication information networks in contemporary cities, and without the interconnection of space units, the quality of the overall urban environment is declining. Simultaneously, the awareness of people sharing such an environment is being lost. In this paper, we address Tsukishima, Tsukuda, Higashiueno, and Tsukiji areas in the historical city of Edo-Tokyo. investigate the district blocks and the environmental recognition of the residents to clarify how cognitive region coalesces as space. The results of our analysis show that the cognitive region will shift from the area where residents live due to the passage of time. There is some concern that the awareness of sharing in the area is decreasing. Based on survey data conducted in 1996 and 2011· 2012, the area of Tsukishima, Tsukiji, Tsukuda, and Higashiueno from the analysis of the resident's environmental perception to evaluate the change process over time, and it was possible to clarify the spread and change of the composition of environmental recognition of residents in historical urban areas (Downtown).

scholarly journals 1337. Development, Maintenance, and Application of Opsonophagocytic Assays to Measure Functional Antibody Responses to Support a 20 Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S484-S484
Author(s):  
Ingrid L Scully ◽  
Mark W Cutler ◽  
Seema Gangolli ◽  
Todd Belanger ◽  
David Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccines ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Opsonophagocytic assays (OPAs) are an important tool for assessing vaccine-induced functional antibody responses. OPAs are complex assays composed of many biological components (eg serum, complement sources, bacteria, and human phagocytes) which contribute to assay variability and may result in titer drift if not carefully controlled. Rigorous development and validation coupled with routine monitoring of assay performance are required to ensure that high-quality OPA serological data are consistently generated throughout the lifetime of existing and next-generation pneumococcal vaccines. Methods OPA specificity was demonstrated by competing functional antibody activity with pneumococcal polysaccharides. Assay qualification/validation assessed accuracy, precision, and sample linearity. Assay performance over time was assessed through the implementation of quality control serum data tracking systems and longterm serum proficiency panels that are routinely tested during assay performance. Human quality control sera are included on each assay plate to ensure that each plate meets pre-specified acceptance criteria. Proficiency serum panels are comprised of individual human serum samples derived from subjects immunized with pneumococcal vaccines and are used to monitor performance across a range of serological titers and over time. Results The OPAs were shown to be specific and reproducible. Monitoring of assay performance over time demonstrated that the assays are stable. For the 13 serotypes contained in 13vPnC reliable titers have been generated in over a decade of testing which is an essential prerequisite in the evaluation of next-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines such as 20vPnC, whose licensure depends on demonstration of non-inferiority to 13vPnC. Conclusion Maintenance and careful monitoring of high-quality assays to measure functional antibody responses, such as OPAs, is critical for the delivery of reliable serological data to support the advancement of pneumococcal vaccine programs. Pneumococcal OPAs must be rigorously maintained to ensure continuity of serological data over time and inform licensure decisions of next-generation vaccines as well as postmarketing and seroepidemiology studies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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