scholarly journals Oral and Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Food-Grade Lactococcus Lactis Expressing High Conserved Region of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Triggers Immunity Responses in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Yurina ◽  
Oktavia Rahayu Adianingsih ◽  
Nashi Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Less Invasive ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Conserved Region

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic began at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread throughout the world until mid-2021. Thus far, no specific therapy has been found for the coronavirus family. Vaccination still becomes the most effective prevention of pathogenic infections, including viral infections. However, little data show that this vaccination can protect against SARS-CoV-2 virus for a long time. Thus, revaccination needs to be regularly carried out to prevent the occurrence of COVID-19. Vaccination by injection is invasive, and it becomes one of the reasons people refuse to get revaccinated. Therefore, we developed a less invasive vaccine based on oral or nasal administration. The gene encoding the high conserved region (HCR) spike protein was inserted into pNZ8149 and expressed in L. lactis NZ3900. Results: The results of nasal and oral administration in experimental animals showed that L. lactis carrying the HCR gene could induce a humoral immune response, as indicated by an increasing IgG and IgA against SARS-CoV-2 (IgG/IgA-SARS-CoV-2) levels and the lymph cell population after nasal and oral vaccination in mice (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study shows promising results that can be developed into a less invasive alternative to nasal and oral vaccination.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000733
Author(s):  
Astrid Muyldermans ◽  
Maria Bjerke ◽  
Thomas Demuyser ◽  
Deborah De Geyter ◽  
Ingrid Wybo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Schirmer Test ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Ocular Symptoms

Background/aimsSARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious. More evidence concerning extrapulmonary transmission routes such as the eyes is urgently needed. Although the humoral immune response is important in the viral containment, the local response in tears has not yet been studied. The aim of our study was twofold: to assess the prevalence of both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid.MethodsIn a first series, nasopharyngeal sampling and tear sampling by Schirmer test strips were performed in 26 acutely ill patients with COVID-19 to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription PCR. In a second series, IgG and IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in serum and tear fluid of convalescent individuals (n=22) were compared with control individuals (n=15) by ELISA.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in tears of 7/26 (26.9%) patients with COVID-19. None of them had ocular symptoms. Convalescent individuals displayed a significant higher ratio of IgG (p<0.0001) and IgA (p=0.0068) in tears compared with control individuals. A sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 93.3% was observed for IgG, and 59.1% and 100% for IgA.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a local IgG and IgA immune response in tear fluid. These data confirm the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through tear fluid and the importance of the eye as a first defence against SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential of tears as a non-invasive surrogate for serum in monitoring the host immune response.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody and neutralization assays reveal the wide range of the humoral immune response to virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikail Dogan ◽  
Lina Kozhaya ◽  
Lindsey Placek ◽  
Courtney Gunter ◽  
Mesut Yigit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Negative Controls

AbstractDevelopment of antibody protection during SARS-CoV-2 infection is a pressing question for public health and for vaccine development. We developed highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and neutralization assays. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein or Nucleocapsid protein specific IgG antibodies at titers more than 1:100,000 were detectable in all PCR+ subjects (n = 115) and were absent in the negative controls. Other isotype antibodies (IgA, IgG1-4) were also detected. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization was determined in COVID-19 and convalescent plasma at up to 10,000-fold dilution, using Spike protein pseudotyped lentiviruses, which were also blocked by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Hospitalized patients had up to 3000-fold higher antibody and neutralization titers compared to outpatients or convalescent plasma donors. Interestingly, some COVID-19 patients also possessed NAbs against SARS-CoV Spike protein pseudovirus. Together these results demonstrate the high specificity and sensitivity of our assays, which may impact understanding the quality or duration of the antibody response during COVID-19 and in determining the effectiveness of potential vaccines.

scholarly journals Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Aydillo ◽  
Alexander Rombauts ◽  
Daniel Stadlbauer ◽  
Sadaf Aslam ◽  
Gabriela Abelenda-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

AbstractIn addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans are also susceptible to six other coronaviruses, for which consecutive exposures to antigenically related and divergent seasonal coronaviruses are frequent. Despite the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing research, the nature of the antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. Here we longitudinally profile the early humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and quantify levels of pre-existing immunity to OC43, HKU1 and 229E seasonal coronaviruses, and find a strong back-boosting effect to conserved but not variable regions of OC43 and HKU1 betacoronaviruses spike protein. However, such antibody memory boost to human coronaviruses negatively correlates with the induction of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein. Our findings thus provide evidence of immunological imprinting by previous seasonal coronavirus infections that can potentially modulate the antibody profile to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Adenoviral expression of a truncated S1 subunit of SARS-CoV spike protein results in specific humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 112 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran-Yi Liu ◽  
Li-Zhi Wu ◽  
Bi-Jun Huang ◽  
Jia-Ling Huang ◽  
Yan-Ling Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

The Role of Spices with reference Novel Coronavirus Covid 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1655-1661
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽  
Kritika Umate
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common People ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Common Spices ◽  
Physiological Reactions

The need of the day is a brisk lift to the resistant framework to keep it fit, battling today pandemic infections, for example, Covid — 19. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost the immune system. These spices are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity. As per many types of research to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and immunity boosting food such as dealing with plenty of spices for a very long time. These spices include some rare to very common spices which we can found near us. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the very common spices available will be always helpful to get through this Regular use of a few spices in the very simple form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of spices is done which we are available near us, we are using it in our daily life and we are getting the benefit of these which a common people might not be fully aware of about role of immunity building of the body. 

scholarly journals Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Spike Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Invasion and Contributes to Increased Infection of SARS-CoV-2 G614 Mutant and in Lung Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Yue ◽  
Weihua Jin ◽  
Hua Yang ◽  
John Faulkner ◽  
Xuehong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Surface Receptor ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Heparin Derivatives ◽  
Host Cell Surface

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has been a serious threat to global public health with limited treatment. Cellular heparan sulfate (HS) has been found to bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SV2-S) and co-operate with cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells. In this study, we determined that host cell surface SV2-S binding depends on and correlates with host cell surface HS expression. This binding is required for SARS-Cov-2 virus to infect host cells and can be blocked by heparin lyase, HS antagonist surfen, heparin, and heparin derivatives. The binding of heparin/HS to SV2-S is mainly determined by its overall sulfation with potential, minor contribution of specific SV2-S binding motifs. The higher binding affinity of SV2-S G614 mutant to heparin and upregulated HS expression may be one of the mechanisms underlying the higher infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 G614 variant and the high vulnerability of lung cancer patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. The higher host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2 G614 variant pseudovirus and the increased infection caused by upregulated HS expression both can be effectively blocked by heparin lyase and heparin, and possibly surfen and heparin derivatives too. Our findings support blocking HS-SV2-S interaction may provide one addition to achieve effective prevention and/treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Molecular beacons allow specific RT-LAMP detection of B.1.1.7 variant SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Sherrill-Mix ◽  
Gregory D. Van Duyne ◽  
Frederic D. Bushman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Molecular Beacons ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Primer Sets ◽  
Current Detection

AbstractOver the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, several SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants of concern have appeared and spread throughout the world. Detection and identification of these variants is important to understanding and controlling their rapid spread. Current detection methods for a particularly concerning variant, B.1.1.7, require expensive qPCR machines and depend on the absence of a signal rather than a positive indicator of variant presence. Here we report an assay using a pair of molecular beacons paired with reverse transcription loop mediated amplification to allow isothermal amplification from saliva to specifically detect B.1.1.7 and other variants which contain a characteristic deletion in the gene encoding the viral spike protein. This assay is specific, affordable and allows multiplexing with other SARS-CoV-2 LAMP primer sets.

scholarly journals Two Monogenetic Disorders, Activated PI3-Kinase-δ Syndrome 2 and Smith–Magenis Syndrome, in One Patient: Case Report and a Literature Review of Neurodevelopmental Impact in Primary Immunodeficiencies Associated With Disturbed PI3K Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidia Moreno-Corona ◽  
Loïc Chentout ◽  
Lucie Poggi ◽  
Romane Thouenon ◽  
Cecile Masson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Pi3 Kinase ◽  
Pi3k Signaling ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Regulatory Subunits ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Delay ◽  
Exon 11 ◽  
Complex Genetic Disorder ◽  
Splice Product

Activated PI3-kinase-δ syndrome 2 (APDS2) is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the PIK3R1 gene encoding the p85α, p55α, and p50α regulatory subunits. Most diagnosed APDS2 patients carry mutations affecting either the splice donor or splice acceptor sites of exon 11 of the PIK3R1 gene responsible for an alternative splice product and a shortened protein. The clinical presentation of APDS2 patients is highly variable, ranging from mild to profound combined immunodeficiency features as massive lymphoproliferation, increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, bronchiectasis, autoimmune manifestations, and occurrence of cancer. Non-immunological features such as growth retardation and neurodevelopmental delay have been reported for APDS2 patients. Here, we describe a patient suffering from an APDS2 associated with a Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS), a complex genetic disorder affecting, among others, neurological manifestations and review the literature describing neurodevelopmental impacts in APDS2 and other PIDs/monogenetic disorders associated with dysregulated PI3K signaling.

scholarly journals Crucial Mutations of Spike Protein on SARS-CoV-2 Evolved to Variant Strains Escaping Neutralization of Convalescent Plasmas and RBD-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchao Ding ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Xiangyu Zhang ◽  
Chengcheng Jiang ◽  
Yong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Altered Sensitivity ◽  
Single Amino Acid Mutation

Small number of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic lineages did not efficiently exhibit a neutralization profile, while single amino acid mutation in the spike protein has not been confirmed in altering viral antigenicity resulting in immune escape. To identify crucial mutations in spike protein that escape humoral immune response, we evaluated the cross-neutralization of convalescent plasmas and RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against various spike protein-based pseudoviruses. Three of 24 SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses containing different mutations in spike protein, including D614G, A475V, and E484Q, consistently showed an altered sensitivity to neutralization by convalescent plasmas. A475V and E484Q mutants are highly resistant to neutralization by mAb B38 and 2-4, suggesting that some crucial mutations in spike protein might evolve SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of escaping humoral immune response.

scholarly journals Comprehensive viromewide antibody responses by systematic epitope scanning after hematopoietic cell transplantation

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Bender Ignacio ◽  
Sayan Dasgupta ◽  
Terry Stevens-Ayers ◽  
Tomasz Kula ◽  
Joshua A. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Clinical Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Systemic Glucocorticoids

Abstract Further insight into humoral viral immunity after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) could have potential impact on donor selection or monitoring of patients. Currently, estimation of humoral immune recovery is inferred from lymphocyte counts or immunoglobulin levels and does not address vulnerability to specific viral infections. We interrogated the viral antibody repertoire before and after HCT using a novel serosurvey (VirScan) that detects immunoglobulin G responses to 206 viruses. We performed VirScan on cryopreserved serum from pre-HCT and 30, 100, and 365 days after myeloablative HCT from 37 donor-recipient pairs. We applied ecologic metrics (α- and β-diversity) and evaluated predictors of metrics and changes over time. Donor age and donor/recipient cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus and receipt systemic glucocorticoids were most strongly associated with VirScan metrics at day 100. Other clinical characteristics, including pre-HCT treatment and conditioning, did not affect antiviral repertoire metrics. The recipient repertoire was most similar (pairwise β-diversity) to that of donor at day 100, but more similar to pre-HCT self by day 365. Gain or loss of epitopes to common viruses over the year post-HCT differed by donor and recipient pre-HCT serostatus, with highest gains in naive donors to seropositive recipients for several human herpesviruses and adenoviruses. We used VirScan to highlight contributions of donor and recipient to antiviral humoral immunity and evaluate longitudinal changes. This work builds a foundation to test whether such systematic profiling could serve as a biomarker of immune reconstitution, predict clinical events after HCT, or help refine selection of optimal donors.

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