scholarly journals Becoming a wage earned or a self-employed: Does Young Educational Level determine the Choice of the Working Labour Force Status in Cameroon?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOUL NGWE MANGUELLE Maximilien
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Young People ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training System ◽  
School Level ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Force Status

Abstract If employment is recognized as a key driver for growth, development and well-being improvement, human capital is probably a main determinant of the labour force participation. By often analyzing this relationship in wage earning jobs, studies used to leave self-employment untreated despite the fact that its proportion is growing significantly in several countries. This leads us to the following question: does human capital accumulated determine access to all forms of employment? Focusing on young people, this article analyzes effects of educational level used as a proxy of the human capital accumulated on the choice of the working labour force status in Cameroon. Using discrete-choice models on data draw from the second Employment and Informal Sector Survey carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, empirical findings reveal that educated young people are more disposed to make a decision to work as wage earned and the corresponding probability rises with the increasing of their educational levels. However, their willingness to become self-employed decline with the rising of their educational levels. Therefore, compared to the decision to work as a wage earned, becoming a self-employed does not appear as a human capital outcome. This paradoxical result for a low wage economy suggests a reform of the educational or training system starting at least in high school level with emphasizes in sectors with a high potential of self-employment and a setting-up of an apprenticeship plan.

scholarly journals Becoming a wage earned or a self-employed: Does Young Educational Level determine the Choice of the Working Labour Force Status in Cameroon?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOUL NGWE MANGUELLE Maximilien
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Young People ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Force Status ◽  
Wage Earning

Abstract If employment is recognized as a key driver for growth, development and well-being improvement, human capital is probably a main determinant of the labour force participation. By often analyzing this relationship in wage earning jobs, studies used to leave self-employment untreated despite the fact that its proportion is growing significantly in several countries. This leads us to the following question: does the accumulating human capital determine access to all forms of employment? Focusing on young people, this article analyzes effects of the educational level used as a proxy of the accumulating human capital on the choice of the working labour force status in Cameroon. Using discrete-choice models on data drew from the second Employment and Informal Sector Survey carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, empirical findings reveal that educated young people are more likely to make a decision to work as wage earned and the corresponding probability rises with the increasing of their educational levels. However, the willingness to become self-employed decline with the rising of the educational level. Therefore, compared to the decision to work as a wage earned, becoming a self-employed does not appear as a human capital outcome. This paradoxical result for a low wage economy suggests a reform of educational and training systems starting at least from high school with emphasizes in sectors with a high potential of self-employment development and a setting-up of an apprenticeship plan.

scholarly journals Emprendimiento y adolescencia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia E. Santana Vega ◽  
Olga González-Morales ◽  
Luis Feliciano García
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Young People ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
State School ◽  
School Location ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Type Of School

<p class="AbstractText">This work studied the entrepreneurial aspirations of 3,987 adolescents regarding self-employment and the influence of gender, age, nationality, type of school, location of the school, educational level and performance. The Logit model is used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the pupils’ aspirations to be self-employed increase in the case of foreigners, of studying in a state school, of having a lower educational level and of demonstrating a low academic performance. The results were not statistically significant for the gender and age variables. The curriculum and guidance programmes need to promote a spirit of entrepreneurship and creativity in young people<strong>.</strong></p>

Does disability modify the relationship between labour force status and psychological distress among young people?

2020 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-107149
Author(s):  
Marissa Shields ◽  
Stefanie Dimov ◽  
Tania L King ◽  
Allison Milner ◽  
Anne Kavanagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Labour Force Status ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Effect Measure Modification ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectiveTo examine the association between labour force status, including young people who were unemployed and having problems looking for work, and psychological distress one year later. We then assessed whether this association is modified by disability status.MethodsWe used three waves of cohort data from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth. We fitted logistic regression models to account for confounders of the relationship between labour force status (employed, not in the labour force, unemployed and having problems looking for work) at age 21 years and psychological distress at age 22 years. We then estimated whether this association was modified by disability status at age 21 years.ResultsBeing unemployed and having problems looking for work at age 21 years was associated with odds of psychological distress that were 2.48 (95% CI 1.95 to 3.14) times higher than employment. There was little evidence for additive effect measure modification of this association by disability status (2.52, 95% CI −1.21 to 6.25).ConclusionsYoung people who were unemployed and having problems looking for work had increased odds of poor mental health. Interventions should focus on addressing the difficulties young people report when looking for work, with a particular focus on supporting those young people facing additional barriers to employment such as young people with disabilities.

scholarly journals Effect of Educational Level on Oral Health in Peritoneal and Hemodialysis Patients

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulsen Bayraktar ◽  
Idil Kurtulus ◽  
Rumeyza Kazancioglu ◽  
Isil Bayramgurler ◽  
Serdar Cintan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
School Level ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Secondary School Level ◽  
Dmft Index ◽  
Higher Educational

Background. In previous studies, the oral and dental health statuses were compared in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients without taking into account the effect of educational levels on oral health. Hence we aimed to make a comparison of these parameters based upon the subjects educational levels.Patients and Methods. 76 PD (33 males, 43 females-mean age:44±12years) and 100 HD (56 males, 44 females-mean age:46±14years) patients were included. The number of decayed, missing and filled teeth were detected, DMFT index was calculated and plaque index (PI) values were assessed.Results. Significantly higher numbers of filled teeth (P<.001) and lower PI values (P<.01) in the PD group were detected with higher educational levels, whereas no significance was detected in the HD group. Higher DMFT index values were assessed in the lower educated and high school levels in PD than HD patients (P<.05). Higher numbers of filled teeth (P<.05) were detected in the secondary school level in PD patients. This difference was even more significant in the high school level (P<.001).Conclusion. We assume that PD patients, who were found to be in a higher educational level, are more caring for their oral health as compared to HD patients.

scholarly journals HUMAN CAPITAL OF POLISH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS: FROM MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT TO MICROECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

Ekonomika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dyczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Sector ◽  
Commercial Environment

Abstract. The paper1 aims at emphasizing the importance of a proper recognition and disclosure of human capital in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on the example of Poland. Although NGOs do significantly contribute to social well-being, the economic focus paid to commercial businesses and public institutions causes that a scope of civil initiatives is not recognised to a sufficient extent. It is, therefore, a role of the Third Sector to promote its activities and to inform extensively on the effects generated. The issue which requires particular attention in this respect is the human capital which propels all benevolent activities.The author analyses, firstly, the historic, economic, and legal circumstances that shaped the modern Third Sector in Poland. Subsequently, an analysis of human resources available to Polish NGOs in comparison to the situation of their German and British counterparts is conducted. The results of a study on the attractiveness of the non-governmental sector as an employer are discussed next. The paper is concluded with a presentation of methods which enable to quantify and valuate human capital in a non-commercial environment, including the ratios used to monitor the development of that capital.The results presented in the paper clearly demonstrate that it was possible due to involvement of socially sensitive people to rebuild social activities in Poland after the long period of the state’s exclusivity in defining and addressing social issues. Those people made the initial human resources of Polish NGOs as their members, governors or volunteers. Nonetheless, the development of a comprehensive legal framework stimulating co-operation between the state and NGOs, and an extensive use of European funds helped to extend the labour force of the sector by 120 000 employees. A priority for now proves to be sustaining that growth by attracting young people. The results of the author’s study on the perception of the Third Sector by students show that most of them still know NGOs from mass media only, and one third of them would not consider working for an NGO in future. On the other hand, opinions of those who already work in a non-commercial environment prove to be positive, what entitles to formulate the conclusion that a better knowledge of the ways NGOs work is vital to build their human capital. If social managers develop proper systems of measuring and reporting human capital, such as the one presented in the paper, they will gain a tool to demonstrate that human capital of their organisations is used to make social initiatives as effective and efficient as possible.Key words: non-governmental organisation (NGO), the Third Sector, human resources, human capital

scholarly journals Probiyotik Ürünlerin Tüketim Alışkanlıklarının Belirlenmesi

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savaş Aslan ◽  
Recep Kara ◽  
Hilmi Yaman
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
School Level ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Product Consumption ◽  
Probiotic Product ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Economic Well Being ◽  
Primary School Level

Probiotic foods are those foods covering the live microorganisms that assist the functioning of the digestive system. Consumption of such foods contributes to the protection of our health and strengthening of the immune system. This research was conducted to determine the consumption status of probiotic products and the level of knowledge consumers have about probiotic products. It was found in this survey that 51.7% of the participants were females, and 48.1% were males, and ages ranged between 18 and 65. It was also found that while 31.4% of males were informed about probiotic products, 61.1% of females were informed. As regards the educational statuses, it was seen that level of knowledge about probiotic products significantly increased with increasing educational level from primary school level to higher levels. Likewise, level of knowledge about probiotic products increases with the increasing economic income. While the rate of individuals consuming probiotic products is 26.0%, the ratio of individuals believing that they benefit from such consumption among those consuming them was found as 79.1%. Furthermore, 77.3% of those consuming probiotic products think that these products are natural. As a result, probiotic products make positive contributions to our health, but their consumption and level of knowledge about them are not at sufficient levels. Probiotic product consumption and level of knowledge increase with the educational levels and economic well-being of individuals. Therefore, it is recommended that studies aiming at measuring the knowledge of the public similar to this study must be carried out periodically.

scholarly journals A snapshot of students’ blogging profiles in Taiwan: From the viewpoint of knowledge sharing

2012 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Educational Levels

In this era of Web 2.0, many young people are keeping blogs sharing their ideas, their feelings or their hobbies as a way of showing themselves. Taiwan, as a leading area of information technology, is not an exception. To explore the characteristics of blogging profiles of student bloggers in Taiwan, this study conducted a content analysis on a popular blog website. 157 student bloggers of three educational levels were recruited as participants. The results showed that there were both significant gender and educational level differences in knowledge sharing levels among participants, while blogroll links, posting categories, and blogging purposes also showed some interesting facts. These findings provide some insights of students’ blogging and may give educators or sociologists some implications.

scholarly journals Association between positive mental health and family background among young people in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Appelqvist-Schmidlechner ◽  
N Tamminen ◽  
P Solin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Young People ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Mental Health ◽  
School Level ◽  
Intact Family ◽  
Targeted Interventions

Abstract Background Positive mental health (PMH) is an important construct for understanding the full continuum of mental health. The aim of this study was to examine the association of family background with the level of PMH among adolescents and young adults in Finland. Methods Data from population-based Finnish School Health Promotion Study targeted at year 8. and 9. students of comprehensive school and year 1. and 2. students of upper secondary school and vocational schools was used (n = 134684) for the study. PMH was measured with short Warwick-Edinburgh-Mental-Wellbeing-Scale (SWEMWBS) and examined on a continuum from languishing (low level of positive mental health) to moderate to flourishing mental health (high level of positive mental health). Associations between flourishing/languishing mental health and family background variables were analysed with logistic regression analysis, school level and gender were adjusted. Results Flourishing mental health was associated with intact family background, higher education of parents and better financial situation of family. In contrast, languishing was associated with non-intact family conditions (single parent family, parents divorced, stepfamily) and parents’ unemployment, lower level of education and financial problems. Conclusions Family structure and socioeconomic status of parents have an impact on PMH of young people. Young people with non-intact family structure and/or poorer socioeconomic status may lack positive sense of well-being, in other words they have challenges to enjoy their life, to believe in their own abilities, to cope with normal stresses of life, to study productively and to enjoy interacting with others. Targeted interventions and promotive actions should be directed for young people with challenging family conditions in particular. Key messages Investigating positive mental health (PMH) is essential for understanding the full continuum of mental health. Family structure and parents’ socioeconomic status have an impact on PMH of young people.

scholarly journals Study on the Labor Population Structure and Human Capital Accumulation Characteristics of Different Industries in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Wen Hua
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Training System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Structural Differentiation

Based on the data of China Labor Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor population structure and human capital accumulation by industry, and finds that the labor population structure presents the following characteristics: (1) the Labour force is concentrated in service industry; (2) the proportion of labor force in emerging and high skilled industries is small; (3) there is age structure differentiation among industries. The accumulation of human capital is characterized by: (1) a shortage of human capital accumulation in productive industries; (2) a large gap in human capital accumulation in different industries. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of labor population structure or human capital accumulation, there are some structural differentiation problems among different industries, which is directly related to the enjoyment of second demographic dividend. Therefore, we must pay attention to the structural differentiation of labor population distribution and human capital accumulation among industries, and improve the education and training system, employment security system, labor mobility system as well as social security system, so as to eliminate the second demographic dividend barrier caused by structural differentiation.

scholarly journals Psychological well-being and their relationship with different referents and sources of happiness in Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-182
Author(s):  
Emilio Moyano-Diaz ◽  
Rodolfo Mendoza-Llanos ◽  
Darío Paez-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Lower Educational Level ◽  
Carpe Diem

The association between nine philosophical referents of happiness and well-being was examined in a convenience sample (n= 1060) of two Chilean cities. Participants had to choose one referent and respond to well-being, satisfaction, and happiness scales regarding family, friends, work, and leisure. A lower educational level was associated more with the referents Tranquility and Stoicism and less with the realization of capabilities. Young people ascribe more to the referents Satisfaction and Carpe Diem. Multiple hierarchical regressions considering well-being as a predicted variable showed that the Satisfaction and Affiliation referents were associated with greater psychological well-being. These results and the differences between the happiness referents chosen according to the controlled variables are discussed.

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