scholarly journals Scoping of intergranular space of the grinding tool when processing wood and wood materials.

Author(s):  
А.В. Сергеевичев ◽  
А.М. Артеменков

Актуальность проблемы получения необходимого качества обработанной поверхности древесины в настоящее время становится все более значимой в связи с повышением требований к качеству продукции деревообработки и получения наибольшего экономического эффекта для предприятия. Вопросом математического моделирования поверхности шлифовального инструмента с целью объективного описания его рельефа занимались многие исследователи. Так, при решении задачи установления взаимосвязи рельефа инструмента с шероховатостью поверхности обрабатываемой детали использовались методы представления его в виде набора профилей: в виде «резьбовой гребенки», в виде реализации случайной стационарной функции, в виде элементарных эффективных профилей. Второй путь моделирования поверхности инструмента, использовавшийся при установлении связи между характеристиками рельефа и его режущей способностью, заключается в представлении абразивных зерен в виде тел различной формы: шара, эллипсоида. Достаточно популярна статистическая многогранная модель абразивного зерна. По современным представлениям, основной причиной снижения работоспособности и износостойкости шлифовальных шкурок при обработке древесины является засаливание, которое происходит вследствие защемления сошлифованных частиц древесины в межзерновом пространстве, прилипания частиц шлифовальной пыли к поверхности шкурки, что обусловлено липкостью смазки и выделением смолистых веществ древесины при нагреве, накоплением на шкурке электростатического заряда, недостаточным объемом свободного межзернового пространства. Последовательное повышение давления прижима позволяет более полно использовать режущую способность шлифовальной ленты. Анализ показывает, что длительность каждого последующего этапа увеличения прижима будет больше, чем предыдущего, в связи с уменьшением доли застрявшей древесины, в то время как производительность процесса шлифования остается на прежнем уровне. Для увеличения износостойкости шлифовальных лент необходимо увеличивать объем межзернового пространства и уменьшать объем застревающей в этом пространстве стружки. Relevance of a problem of obtaining necessary quality of the processed surface of wood becomes more and more significant in connection with increase in requirements to quality of production of a woodworking and obtaining the greatest economic effect for the enterprise now. Many researchers dealt with an issue of mathematical model operation of a surface of the grinding tool for the purpose of the objective description of its relief. So, at the solution of a problem of establishment of interrelation of a relief of the tool with a roughness of a surface of the processed detail methods of its representation in the form of a set of profiles were used: in the form of "a carving comb", in the form of realization of random stationary function, in the form of the partial efficient profiles. The second path of model operation of a surface of the tool used at establishment of communication between characteristics of a relief and its cutting ability consists in representation of abrasive grains in the form of bodies of various forms: sphere, ellipsoid. The statistical polyhedral model of abrasive grain is rather popular. On the modern representations, the main reason for decrease in serviceability and wear resistance of abrasive papers when processing wood is the balling which occurs owing to jamming the unbound particles of wood in intergranular space, sticking of particles of grinding dust to a skin surface that is caused by stickiness of lubricant and selection of resinous substances of wood when heating, accumulation on a skin of an electrostatic charge, the poor volume of the free intergranular space. Serial build-up of pressure of a clip allows to use the cutting ability of an abrasive belt more fully. The analysis shows that duration of each subsequent stage of increase in a clip will be more, than previous, in connection with decrease of a share of the got stuck wood while efficiency of process of grinding remains at the previous level. For increase in wear resistance of abrasive belts it is necessary to increase the volume of intergranular space and to reduce the volume of the shaving which is getting stuck in this space.

Efficiency of combination of soil herbicide Command (CE 0.02 ml/m2) and growth stimulators Melafen and Emistim S for tobacco seedling growing in sheltered ground has been studied. Before studies inhibition properties of herbicide on first stage of tobacco growing were found. For decreasing effect of herbicide ’s depression and increasing growing processes researches during greenhouse and field stages have been carried. It has been found that soaking seeds in solution of growth stimulator Melafen (concentration 0.05 %) and Emistim S (concentration 0.00001 %) during 3 hours in combination with further treatments on basic stages of seedling development (cotyledon and ready for transplanting before pulling out) led not only to decreasing toxic effect of herbicide but also increasing qualitative properties of tobacco plants. Growth stimulators led to increasing length of plants from collar to growing point by 46-62 %, to end of tips - by 20-35 %, above ground plant mass - by 42 - 86 %, root mass - by 32 %. It was also noticed 28 - 36 % increasing outcome of standard seedlings from m2 in time of transplanting. Due to prolonged effect of Melafen and Emistim S seedlings transplanted into field were with increased surviving properties. Later, due to increased growing rate it was noticed increasing leaf area by 9-18 % and productivity - by 16-24 %. Economic effect due to utilizing growth stimulators Melafen and Emistim S during seedling stage reaches 360 and 470 rubles/m2 and during field stage - 66 and 98 th.rubles/ha respectively. Offered elaboration can be utilized for protecting systems of different agricultural plants where utilizing soil herbicides is recommended. Also quality of cured tobacco grown with stimulators had been improved.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (141) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
IL’YA ROMANOV ◽  
◽  
ROMAN ZADOROZHNIY

When applying coatings using various methods on the surfaces of moving parts that work in joints, it is important to make sure that the coatings are strong and wear-resistant in order to return them to their original resource. All existing hardening technologies and materials used to perform coatings have their own characteristics, therefore, the quality of the resulting coatings can be judged only after specific tests. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in evaluating the properties of the coating obtained by the method of electric spark hardening, and its ability to resist friction and mechanical wear. (Materials and methods) Authors conducted tests on the basis of the "Nano-Center" center for collective use. A coating was applied on the BIG-4M unit with a VK-8 hard alloy electrode, tribological properties were evaluated on a CSM Instruments TRB-S-DE-0000 tribometer, the width of the friction track was measured after the test using an inverted OLYMPUS gx51 optical microscope, and samples were weighed before and after the test on a VLR-200 analytical balance. Conducted research in accordance with GOST 23.224-86 and RD 50-662-88 guidelines. (Results and discussion) The article presents performed tests on the run-in and wear resistance of the coating. The samples were worked on with a step-by-step increase in the load. During the tests, the friction force was drawed on the diagram. Authors compared the results with the reference sample, an uncoated surface. (Conclusions) The resulting coating has better run-in and wear resistance compared to the standard, and the increase in wear resistance in dry friction conditions is very significant.


2012 ◽  
Vol 271-272 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Long Wei ◽  
Zong De Liu ◽  
Xin Zhi Li ◽  
Ming Ming Yuan ◽  
Cheng Yuan Zhong

Cr3C2-NiCr has high quality of wear resistant properties and is widely used in abrasive environment. In this paper, Cr3C2-NiCr coating was prepared on 45 steel by laser cladding technology. Analysis and research of the coatings were achieved by SEM and XRD to determine the main component and the different region on coatings. The hardness and the element component were investigated by micro-hardness tester and EDS. Abrasion tests were performed to contrast the wear resistance of two materials. The results indicate that the hardness of the coatings is nearly 3 times as the substrate. The coatings are well combined with the substrate and the phase of Cr3C2 has a large proportion in the coatings. Abrasion tests show that the average of wear rate on substrate is 5.2 times as the coatings.


2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 698-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Makarov ◽  
E. S. Gorkunov ◽  
Yu. M. Kolobylin ◽  
L. Kh. Kogan ◽  
L. G. Korshunov ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Weipeng Duan ◽  
Meiping Wu ◽  
Jitai Han

TC4, which is one of the most widely used titanium alloy, is frequently used in biomedical field due to its biocompatible. In this work, selective laser melting (SLM) was used to manufacture TC4 parts and the printed parts were heat-treated using laser rescanning technology. The experimental results showed that laser rescanning had a high impact on the quality of SLMed part, and a different performance on wear resistance can be found on the basis. It can be seen that the volume porosity of the sample was 7.6 ± 0.5% without using any further processing technology. The volume porosity of the sample processed using laser rescanning strategy was decreased and the square-framed rescanning strategy had a relative optimal volume porosity (1.5 ± 0.3%) in all these five samples. With the further decreasing of volume porosity, the wear resistance decreased at the same time. As its excellent bio-tribological properties, the square-framed rescanning may be a potential suitable strategy to forming TC4 which used in human body.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (144) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Nikita A. Pen’kov ◽  
◽  
Oleg A. Sidorkin ◽  
Sergey Yu. Zhachkin ◽  
Anatoliy I. Zavrazhnov ◽  
...  

One of the most common reasons for the failure of hydraulic drive systems for agricultural machinery is the working fluid leak in the contact points of the rubbing surfaces of hydraulic blocks. The application of composite coatings based on chromium on the contacting surfaces allows you to restore the defect in the shape of the part caused by wear, as well as reduce the friction coefficient at the contact points, which positively affects the wear resistance of the part. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing technologies for restoring parts of agricultural machinery with predetermined operational properties. (Materials and methods) A servo valve, widely used in various hydraulic drive systems, was used as an experimental sample. Its working surface was restored with a composite coating applied by electroplating to increase the wear resistance of the servo valve. (Results and discussion) Authors conducted a series of direct measurements under the same conditions. The article presents the de-pendence of the microhardness on the parameters of the electrolysis mode and the thickness of the applied coating using the method of least squares. The nature of changes in microhardness and residual stresses was evaluated to determine the quality of the coatings. The article presents the dependences of these indicators on various control parameters (current density, temperature, tool pressure). The equations of the regression of the main qualitative and accuracy characteristics of the parts were deter-mined using the apparatus of the theory of experimental planning. (Conclusions) The article presents the method for predicting coatings of a given quality, taking into ac-count the influence of the current density and the temperature of the electrolyte during electrolysis on the nature of the precipitation obtained. The influence of the tool pressure on the depth of deformation of the formed layers was estimated. This approach allows us to evaluate the nature of the stress distribution in the formed coating and the quality of the restored parts.


Author(s):  
S.Y. Hwang ◽  
B.G. Seong ◽  
M.C. Kim

Abstract To maintain surface roughness of process rolls in cold rolling steel plants, WC-Co coatings have been known to be effective ones. In this study, a high pressure/high velocity oxygen fuel (HP/HVOF) process was used to obtain WC-Co coatings. To get the best quality of coatings, WC-Co coatings are sprayed with numerous powders made by various processes. These powders include agglomerated sintered powders, fused-crushed powders, extra high carbon WC-Co powders and (W2C, WC)-Co powders. After spraying, properties of coatings such as hardness, wear resistance. X-ray diffraction, and microstructures were analyzed. For coatings produced by agglomerated-sintered powders, hardness of the coating increased as power levels and the number of passes were increased. In case of the coatings produced by fused-crushed powders, a very low deposition rate was obtained due to a low flowablity of the powders. In addition, the WC-Co coatings sprayed with extra carbon content of WC-Co did not show improved hardness and wear resistance. Also, some decomposition of WC was observed in the coating. Finally, the coatings produced by (W2C, WC)-Co powders produced higher hardness and lower wear resistance coating.


10.3823/2515 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Gomes De Sousa Bezerra ◽  
Roseanne De Sousa Nobre ◽  
Artemizia Francisca De Sousa ◽  
Maísa De Lima Claro

Introduction: The Ministry of Health with the aim of improving the service provided by the Unified Health System has been creating work tools to identify which points need to receive more attention to be optimized. Objective: Description of the role of municipal management, infrastructure assessment and perception of users of primary care. Method: Cross-sectional and descriptive study, conducted with Basic Units of Piauí municipality in 2015. The data were represented by tables. Results: 90% of the units reported receiving support for the planning and organization of the work process. Only 14, 81% of the units have equipment and supplies for proper operation. Users recommend the service in 92,62% of the cases. Conclusion: despite the precarious structure of the basic units of the county, the population still recognizes them as the best care.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Marian Woźniak ◽  

Electricity is one of the factors shaping the quality of life of society. The Polish energy sector is to a large extent identified with fossil fuel used in conventional energy, based mainly on hard coal, which is not fully in line with the current energy policy of the European Union. Therefore, today it is necessary to use renewable energy more efficiently, which, in addition to the clearly indicated economic effect, also accentuates environmental effects. The purpose of the work is to show the opinions of young people aged 15–24 in terms of their awareness of the interpretation of myths about renewable energy, which is a key problem in the development of the modern energy sector, and to indicate the directions of development of the energy policy in Poland.


Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu-Lian Dai ◽  
Can-bin Luo ◽  
Fang-yi You

Laser cladded WC/Fe coatings have the advantages of low cost and high abrasion wear resistance. However, cracks always appear in WC/Fe coatings, which limits their industrial application. In this paper, the co-effects of the re-melting process, heat treatments, and amount of Co element on the cracking susceptibility, microstructures, and mechanical properties of WC/Fe laser cladding coatings were studied. Experimental results show that re-melting process is helpful to improve the surface quality of the coating and to reduce the cracking susceptibility. The hardness of the coating decreases slightly but distributes more uniformly. Cracks in the coating can be inhibited effectively by preheating the substrate to 250 °C and maintaining the temperature during the laser cladding process, as well as applying an annealing treatment at 300 °C for 1 h. Heat treatment also results in a slight decrease in the hardness. Crack initiation cannot be restrained completely by applying the above two methods when laser cladding a big area of coating. On the basis of the above two methods, addition of Co element to the coating can further improve its toughness and decrease the crack susceptibility. Crack-free WC/Fe coating can be manufactured when 8% Co is added, and its wear resistance is much better than that of the hardened medium steel, especially when the wear time is long.


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