scholarly journals REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
E. Nikitchenko ◽  
A. Bukhtiarova
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Difficult Times

The shadow economy has been an integral part of society since the beginning of economic relations. With each stage of society’s development, it becomes an increasing problem and has more and more destructive consequences. Shadow processes pose a significant threat to the national economy of Ukraine. Besides, this problem is a marker of unresolved issues in the marketplace and its governance structure, as each question has its cause. That is why addressing the shadow economy is such an essential step in improving the country’s economic situation in difficult times of crisis. It is clear that the complete overcoming of shadowing processes is a perfect idea, but still, control over this phenomenon must be of high quality. The primary purpose of the study is to highlight the main factors of shadowing for the active form of tools to combat the shadow economy. During the review of the material, a causal relationship was structured and identified by the topic, and a method for normalizing the shadow economy was developed. It has been found that the shadow economy is the result, a specific socio-economic response to incorrect economic policies. It is also established that the tax burden is one of the leading factors in the transition of part of the company’s activities into the shadows. Improper distribution of the tax burden significantly reduces the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses in the goods and services market. It is also concluded that the shadow economy is a particular shock absorber of social inequality, namely the large gap between the poor and the wealthy. Hence, the shadow economy provides lower-priced goods that are more affordable for the poor. It has also been found that corruption also plays a massive role in this issue. It provokes the shadow economy as an effect on social and legal inequality and often the inability of the enterprise to survive without ties to the administrative apparatus. The shadow economy is a reaction to imperfect antitrust policies, where small businesses are less competitive and often cannot enter the market at all. Methods for stabilizing the level of the country’s shadow economy have also been developed and proposed.

scholarly journals THE ECONOMIC POLICY PECULIARITIES OF THE “HISTORICAL RIGHT” GOVERNMENTS OF THE KINGDOM OF ITALY (1861-1876)

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
M. Mykhailenko M. Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The North ◽  
Further Development

This research analyses the economic policies peculiarities of the “historical right” governments of the Kingdom of Italy from the first stage of the unification of this country into a single nation state and rise of the “historical right” governments to power till the transfer of power to the “historical left”. It also specifies the main directions of economic reforms in a certain period of time and their impact on the further development of the state. The research establishes that the liberal economic model for country’s development chosen by its leadership at the very beginning allowed to quickly create the domestic market of goods and services, establish fruitful foreign economic relations with the greatest economic powers of that time and attract foreign investments into the Kingdom, promoting the development of the Kingdom’s agricultural sector and accumulating a substantial capital within the country. However, given the significant economic backwardness of the states of the Apennine peninsula before the unification and the actual abolition of customs barriers in trade with more powerful European countries after 1861, it had a negative impact on the country’s weak industry and deepened the distortion of development along the north-south line. The undeniable achievement of the "historical right" governments in the fiscal policy was the overcoming of the huge deficit of the state budget before 1876.

scholarly journals Theoretical issues and growth prospects for small businesses in Ukraine

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Oksana Pukalo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Dynamic Component ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Status ◽  
Tax Reporting

In the article, the status of small businesses in Ukraine is analyzed, the factors hindering their growth are identified, and possible ways to address the difficulties in the current business model are suggested. The key functions of small businesses are identified, and some proposals for the inclusion of small enterprises into implementation of the general strategy of economic growth in Ukraine are brought forward. Small businesses are viewed as the most dynamic component within the framework of the national economy and an essential part of the system of economic relations. Small businesses contribute to creating a competitive environment since they are naturally antimonopoly. Small businesses are a leading sector of the market economy which provides the market with goods and services. They are self-contained in performing their operations and managing manufactured goods and profits left after paying taxes and other financial obligations. Therefore, in order to ensure better functioning of small businesses, it is necessary to improve the research agenda on entrepreneurial issues. An important aspect of running a small business is dissemination of best practices through holding conferences, seminars, round tables, forums and international meeting. Given the processes of decentralization, the creation and efficient use of the network of regional and trust funds for supporting entrepreneurship in local communities, and the introduction of an innovative mechanism of credit guarantee and financial assistance are urgent. A key factor hindering the growth of small businesses is a lack of resources, namely, material, technical and financial. It is stressed that for a long time, the development of small businesses has been slowed down by the following negative factors: crisis conditions in the domestic commercial production, price increase, inflation, low paying capacity of the people, corruption. Particularly, the cumbersome system of accounting, financial and tax reporting result in additional costs for enterprises. Other constraining factors for small businesses growth in Ukraine include the imperfect legal and regulatory framework, as well as a labour-intensive process of official registration of small enterprises, which requires significant financial resources. A particular attention is paid to issues related to simplification of regulatory acts in the field of small businesses in order to reduce corruption, improve the investment climate and create conditions for economic growth.

scholarly journals The researching of shadow economic relations of small businesses in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Наталья Лащинская ◽  
Natal'ya Laschinskaya ◽  
Виктория Няргинен ◽  
Viktoriya Nyarginen
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Economic Relations

The article studies the basic schemes of shadow activity, defines the main goals of shadow operations, and also identifies the main reasons for the functioning of small business in the shadow economy. In particular, it is shown that in order to maintain normal functioning conditions in the shadow economy and the possibility of stable receipt of shadow income, small businesses create a whole structure of shadow income expenses that cover the costs of functioning in the shadow economy.

scholarly journals Stimulation of Green Export in the Context of European Integration

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Larysa Sarkisian ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Face ◽  
Inter State

Increased trade and economic cooperation between countries includes inter-state agreements on trade facilitation and the promotion of a wide range of cooperation. In the face of current global challenges, cooperation among countries is taking, inter alia, forms of integration processes, significantly transforming the established system of foreign economic relations and including in the agenda issues that are outside the traditional economic discourse. The environmental dimension of economic policy has become one of the cornerstones in determining conformity with the best international practices of trade policy and its incorporation into the rules of economic spaces. The inclusion of Ukraine in the European Single Economic Area under the Association Agreement and the introduction of the European Green Deal require a review of the environmental aspects of trade policy. Addressing this issue demands, inter alia, the development of incentives for green export flows in the context of integration processes. The aim of the article is to define the determinative the role of environmental factors in the formulation of policies to promote green exports in the context of European integration. The formation of economic systems based on the principles of sustainable development has generated a list of risks and challenges that have influenced national governments and the global community to rethink traditional frameworks and incentives, transforming structural and sectoral policies and programmes. In the face of increasing environmental concerns and their impact on the quality of future generations life, the implementation of the European Green Deal could potentially serve as a model for emulation and implementation in the partner countries of the European Union, including Ukraine through close socio-economic and political inter-state relations. One of the biggest challenges for the national economy is the timely and adaptive introduction of appropriate long-term economic policies that will increase the competitiveness of green goods and services in the European market. Further research should focus on the development of enabling measures and tools to support the technological upgrading of environmental exporters and the removal of barriers to increase their presence in new markets.

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Capital on Shadow Economy in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Saraswati Saraswati ◽  
Neli Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Impact

Shadow economy is a market for legal and illegal goods and services that escape recording and estimation of GDP. It can cause inaccurate estimation of GDP, declining tax revenue, and less precise economic policies. Improving the quality of human capital, both in education and health dimensions, can reduce shadow economy. The research aims to estimate shadow economy and analyze the influence of the quality of human capital on shadow economy in Indonesia. Applying time series multiple linear regression analysis, the findings show that the average shadow economy in Indonesia is 28.97 percent, changes in life expectancy negatively affect changes in shadow economy, while changes in the gross participation rate of tertiary education have a positive effect.

scholarly journals The impact of the institutional environment on the shadow economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tural Makhmudov ◽  
Maria Konovalova ◽  
Olga Kuzmina ◽  
Natalia Persteneva
Keyword(s):  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to explore the relationship of the shadow economy with the institutional environment and develop practical recommendations for government policies around the world, and particularly in Russia. The urgency of the issue under research is caused by the existing need to study the shadow economy in order to find ways to reduce its scale and level out its negative externalities. Despite the fact that most of the papers focus on tax burden as a fundamental determinant of the shadow economy, the authors of this article believe that institutional tools can expand the boundaries of research on the content of the shadow economy as an economic category. Statistical analysis of 105 countries with different development levels revealed a stronger correlation between the quality of institutions and the size of the shadow economy than the one between total tax burden and the size of the shadow economy. The findings of this article can be useful in developing state strategies for combating the shadow economy and carrying out economic policies of the state as a whole.

Of Fields and Forced Labor

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Carolyn J. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Biblical Narratives ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
History Of

Biblical narratives about ostensibly “local” barter (Abraham’s purchase of the cave at Machpelah), protection of battle spoils (Achan’s theft and subsequent execution), and commodification of labor and bodies (Ruth gleaning for hours and offering herself to Boaz) reveal much about ideologies of economic control operative in ancient Israel. The materialist analysis of Roland Boer provides a richly detailed study of Israelite agrarian and tributary practices, offering a salutary corrective to naïve views of Israelite economic relations. Highlighting labor as the most ruthlessly exploited resource in the ancient Near East, Boer examines the class-specific benefits and sustained violence of economic formations from kinship-household relations to militarized extraction. Boer’s erudite study will compel readers to look afresh at the subjugation of the poor and plundering of the powerless as constitutive features of diverse economic practices throughout the history of ancient Israel.

THE POTENTIAL OF CUSTOMS PAYMENTS IN THE MODERN REALITIES OF TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE EAEU AND EU COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
I. A. ZHURAVLEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Important Regulator

Customs payments are an important regulator of the country's economic presence in foreign economic relations and trade relations. Customs receipts serve as a landmark indicator that provides the revenue side of the budget in its significant income, and also determine the place of the state in the system of the interna-tional division of labor and its corresponding place in the value chain. Customs duties (CD) act as a kind of regulator of the amount of goods imported into the territory of the state, taking into account the state and conditions of the domestic market and the country's balance of payments. The positive financial and economic multifactorial nature of CD is manifested in stimulating the optimization of the structure of imports of goods and services, and in addition, it can act as a tool to protect domestic producers from external competitors, and strengthen the state's trade balance.

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