scholarly journals Effect of Buckwheat as a Flowering Border on Populations of Cucumber Beetles and Their Natural Enemies in Cucumber and Squash

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 511C-511
Author(s):  
Jason Platt ◽  
John S. Caldwell ◽  
L.T. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Lady Beetles ◽  
Cucumber Beetles ◽  
June July ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Cucumis Sativa ◽  
Linear Decline

Cucumber beetles Acalymma vittatum (Fab.) and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are major pests of cucurbits, and biological methods are needed for their control. A floral border of buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum (Moench) was planted perpendicular to Cucumis sativa L. `Arkansas Littleleaf' and Cucurbita pepo L. `Seneca' rows to assess effects on populations of cucumber beetles and the presence of natural enemies. Numbers of Diptera were used as an indicator of potential border attractiveness to natural enemies Celatoria diabroticae (Shimer) and Celatoria setosa (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Sticky traps and modified Malaise traps at increments from the border were used to monitor insect numbers. There was a quadratic decline from 19.5 Diptera in the border to 2.8 Diptera at 20 m from the border in June 1995 and linear declines from 14.8 and 14.2 Diptera in the border to 9.8 and 6.8 Diptera at 36 m in June and Aug. 1996, respectively. Numbers of striped cucumber beetles were variable, with a non-significant (P = 0.08) linear increase from 13.0 insects in the border to 17.5 insects at 36 m in June 1995, but quadratic decreases to 27 m in June, July, and Sept. 1996. Similar declines as distance from the border increased were found in numbers of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera wasps and Pennsylvania leatherwings, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Deg.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) and lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in 1996. No meaningful effects on cucumber (1995) or squash (1995 and 1996) yield were found. Although the natural populations of Celatoria spp. were not high enough to achieve control, these results suggest that flowering borders may be useful as habitats for releasing natural enemies of cucumber beetles. Numbers of Pennsylvania leatherwings, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Deg.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) showed a significant linear decline from 2.1 insects in the border to 0.2 insects at 36 m in June 1996, but no significant relationship was found in 1995 or in Aug. 1996.

scholarly journals Plant Diversity and Its Effects on Populations of Cucumber Beetles and Their Natural Enemies in a Cucurbit Agroecosystem

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 511B-511
Author(s):  
Jason Walker ◽  
John S. Caldwell ◽  
Robert H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Cucumber Beetles ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Cucumis Sativa

To assess the value of uncultivated vegetation for control of cucumber beetles, populations of striped (Acalymma vittatum Fabr.), spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber), and western cucumber beetles (Acalymma trivittatum Mann.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and natural enemy Diptera flies (as an indicator of Celatoria spp. parasitoids), Pennsylvania leatherwings (Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Hymenoptera wasps, and spiders were monitored with sticky traps on 50-m transects running through a field of Cucumis sativa L. `Arkansas Littleleaf' into bordering uncultivated vegetation. Plant species composition was determined in square plots around each sticky trap by estimating total plant cover and height distribution of plants from 0 to 1.0 m. In both years, numbers of cucumber beetles increased and numbers of Diptera decreased towards the crop. These trends increased monthly to peaks in Aug. 1995 (0.3 to 6.0 striped cucumber beetles; 40.0 to 15.3 Diptera) and July in 1996 (0.1 to 7.1 striped cucumber beetles; 46.7 to 15.5 Diptera). Abundance of individual plant species contributed more to maximum R2 regression of insect populations than did measures of plant diversity in sampling squares. Diptera were negatively correlated with sweet-vernal grass (r = –0.65 at 0 m) and wild rose (r = –0.62 at 0.5 m) in 1995, and goldenrod (r = –0.31, –0.59, and –0.53 at 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 m, respectively) in 1996, but positively correlated with wild violets (Viola spp.) (r = +0.38 at 0 m) in 1996. Cucumber beetles were negatively correlated with wild violets (r = –0.30 at 0 m) and white clover (Trifolium repens) (r = –0.37 at 0 m) in 1996. These results suggest that increasing or decreasing specific plants in uncultivated vegetation might be useful for influencing pest and beneficial insect populations in cucurbit production.

scholarly journals What makes lady beetles effective natural enemies in preventative biological control?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 00018
Author(s):  
Natalia Belyakova ◽  
Yulia Polikarpova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Lady Beetles ◽  
Efficacy Assessment

Based on the reconsideration of traditional criteria for assessing the efficacy of natural enemies, the screening of coccinellids for preventative control of aphids was conducted. The result suggests that there is no causation between the female size (weight) and the reproductive potential of the tested species. Considering that size does not matter in preventative releases, it is more cost-effective to produce small lady beetles. Essential and non-essential ecological knowledge for the efficacy assessment is discussed.

The influence of cutting and grazing on phosphorus and nitrogen in irrigation runoff from perennial pasture

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Mundy ◽  
K. J. Nexhip ◽  
N. R. Austin ◽  
M. D. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Animal Excreta ◽  
Irrigation Runoff ◽  
Linear Decline

Runoff from flood-irrigated perennial pastures generally contains higher phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations than the irrigation water applied to the pastures. We examined the sources of P and N that could contribute to these elevated nutrient concentrations in runoff.The first experiment compared P and N losses in runoff from pasture cut to different residual pasture masses. Flow-weighted P and N concentrations and loads were about 100% higher from pasture cut to 47�mm above ground than from pasture standing at 155 mm. These results indicated that severely defoliated pasture may be a significant source of nutrients when flood irrigated.In the second experiment, pastures were defoliated at a single grazing with different stocking intensities and the flow-weighted P and N concentrations in runoff were determined during 4 successive flood irrigation events. Nitrogen and P concentrations in runoff after the first irrigation following defoliation were higher at the highest stocking intensity. However, the effect of the grazing on nutrient concentrations in runoff declined in subsequent irrigation events. A regression model fitted to the P data indicated that there was a significant linear increase in P concentrations with stocking density and a significant non-linear decline in concentrations with successive irrigations. A similar relationship for TKN concentrations in runoff at each stocking density over the 4 irrigation events was not found. An inconsistency of the TKN concentrations of the supply water between irrigation events possibly helped to mask a similar relationship between N concentrations in runoff and stocking density over the 4 irrigation events. We postulate that both animal excreta and the pasture itself can contribute to elevated nutrient concentrations in flood-irrigation runoff.

scholarly journals Serangan hama invasif Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pada tanaman jagung di Kabupaten Ende Flores, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Yustina MSW Pu'u ◽  
◽  
Charly Mutiara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
June July ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Attack Intensity

Corn is the main commodity in Ende Regency. One of the obstacles faced by farmers at the end of 2019 was the attack of the armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) which is an invasive pest. Information about its spread in Flores are lacking. Therefore the aim of this research is to conduct a survey on the geographic distribution of S. frugiperda during the growing season of June–July 2020 in Flores, its infestation, and the presence of natural enemies. Observations were made on 200 sample plants in each of the 5 location. Calculations were made on the population level and intensity of attack. The intensity of the attack was measured using the Davis scale. The results showed that the pest population and attack intensity of S. frugiperda in the Rewarangga village was 8.15 individuals/plant and 76%, Lokoboko was 1.32 individuals/plant and 34%, Nanganesa was 2.48 individuals/plant and 51%, Rewarangga amounted to 5.96 individuals/plant and 55%, and Borokanda 3.31 individuals/plant and 42%. The natural enemies of S. frugiperda have not been found in the field.

scholarly journals How Sodium Chloride Concentration in the Nutrient Solution Influences the Mineral Composition of Tomato Leaves and Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Giuffrida ◽  
Marianna Martorana ◽  
Cherubino Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Linear Decline

Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Durinta) were grown in an open soilless system to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in the nutrient solution on the ion compositions in plant tissues. The treatments were defined by a factorial combination of five NaCl concentrations and three leaves position/age and two fruits' position. Seedlings were transplanted in perlite and, 7 days after transplanting, five salinity treatments were imposed by adding 7, 21, 37, 49, or 64 mm of NaCl to the nutrient solutions; the final electrical conductivities were: 2.7, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 8.6 dS·m−1, respectively. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves as well as in the fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride). Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster and old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones. The exposure of the tomato plants to increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%); the potassium reduction was more evident in younger leaves than in older ones. All macronutrients, except calcium, decreased in the fruit tissues with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. However, for phosphate, the reduction of the ion concentration was evident only in the fruit from the fifth cluster (–35%). The position of the fruit on the plant significantly affected the concentration of ion, which was higher for all determined ions in the fruit of the first truss. The levels of Na+ and Cl– found in the plant tissue seem to confirm the hypothesis that the plant dry biomass reduction may also be traced to the toxicity of these ions as a consequence of this high concentration. On the other hand, although generally influenced by antagonism with sodium and chloride, the amount of main macronutrients did not reach deficiency levels that influenced the growth processes, except in the case of potassium.

scholarly journals Variability of the arbutin content in wild growing populations of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng from Korab Mountain, Western Balkan

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Gjoshe Stefkov ◽  
Ivana Cvetkovikj Karanfilova ◽  
Viktorija Labroska ◽  
Orhidea Krsteska ◽  
Bujar Qazimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Hplc Assay ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
June July

Due to the presence of arbutin and hydroquinone in the bearberry plant (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Ericaceae), it is widely used as a urinary tract antiseptic and diuretic. The herbal substance consists of whole or cut dried leaves, and it should not contain less than 7.00% of anhydrous arbutin (Ph.Eur.10). The supply of this herbal substance in Balkan countries mainly comes from a wild plant harvested in the mountains. It is a common practice to collect the leaves during the flowering season of the plant (June-July). There is an abundance of wild growing natural populations of bearberry on Korab Mountain that represents a unique natural resource of this herbal substance for both countries, Albania and North Macedonia. The aim of the present study was to determine the arbutin content and to assess its variability in the bearberry leaves of seven wild populations from Korab Mountain. The leaves were collected monthly (May-October) during a period of 3 years (2014-2016). The HPLC assay (Ph.Eur.10) revealed that all populations have arbutin content over 7.00% (7.03-9.42%) and that the highest content of arbutin can be attained in September/October, during the phase after the fructification. Statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference between the content of arbutin in the different populations. The content was related to the altitude of the collection site and the collection month and year.

scholarly journals Biological features of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr. in the natural population of the Ketpen ridge

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Nurzipa Abubakirovna Saparbayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Generative Phase ◽  
June July

The article presents data on the biological characteristics of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr. on the Ketpen ridge. The aim of the study was to research the biological characteristics of the natural growth of Rh. wittrockii. Study objects are Rh. wittrockii in natural populations of the Ketpen Ridge. In June-July 2015–2017 the route-reconnaissance method of research was carried out in the northern gorges of the Ketpen ridge of the Uygur district of the Almaty region. Determination of the morphological characteristics of plant seeds was carried out according to the methodological instructions of N.L. Udolskaya (1976). Systematic monitoring of structural changes in plant organs in a large development cycle, determination of biological characteristics and structure was carried out in accordance with the instructions of A. Zhukov (2012b), Program and methodology..., (1986). The study revealed that in the gorges Ketpen Rh. wittrockii is found at altitudes above sea level (1900–3200 m). In the first year of growth, only vegetative organs develop. The development of generative shoots begins in the 2–3rd year of plant growth. The rapid growth of reproductive generative shoots is accompanied by the growth of vegetative shoots. The flowering phase lasts 7–10 days. Flowering of one individual lasts 3–5 days. The generative phase lasts 7–8 (10) years. The fruiting process lasts from midJuly to the third decade of August. The fruiting phase is 12–14 days. The growing season of the plant is 60–75 days. The seed is a triangular nutlet. Germination is underground. Sprouts have two true leaves. The underground perennial shoot system consists of a multidisciplinary caudex formed as a result of infinitely long monopodial growth due to the activity of the apical bud of the main underground shoots. Roots Rh. wittrockii are composed of basic taproots. In the underground part, tender young roots develop in the surface layer of the soil. The duration of the generative period from germination to aging is 15–16 years.

Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Manage Cucumber Beetles on Seedling Zucchini

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Paul McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticides ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Cucumber Beetles ◽  
Cucumber Beetle ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata

The use of neonicotinoid insecticides applied into soil at planting and when zucchini [Cucurbita pepo var melopepo (L.) Alef.] plants had two true leaves was effective against both the spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Berber) and the striped [Acalymma vittata (Fabricius)] cucumber beetles. At 17 days after planting, significant increases in mean numbers of dead cucumber beetles were detected in all plots receiving insecticides at planting when compared to non-treated plots. All insecticides applied at planting resulted in significant reductions in feeding damage ratings. The duration of residual toxicity was long with the insecticide applied at planting. Dead beetles were detected in treated plots on each sample date throughout the 56-day test. When seeds were dipped in either a 0.043 or 0.086% a.i. imidacloprid mixture, emerging zucchini seedlings were effectively protected from cucumber beetle feeding. Accepted for publication 3 August 2006. Published 20 October 2006.

Potato processing waste in beef finishing diets; effects on performance, carcass and meat quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 546 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Duynisveld ◽  
E. Charmley
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Potato Processing ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle ◽  
Linear Decline

Potato by-products are frequently fed to cattle in many parts of the World. This paper considered the effect of feeding very high proportions of potato processing waste (PPW) to finishing beef cattle. One-hundred crossbred steers (Continental × British) were assigned to one of five finishing diets where rolled barley was replaced by PPW to give diets containing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% PPW in the dry matter. Diets were fed ad libitum for 79, 107 or 135 days before steers were slaughtered and assessed for carcass and meat quality characteristics. Increasing the proportion of PPW in the diet resulted in a positive quadratic response in liveweight gain (P = 0.027). Inclusion level of PPW had no effect on carcass traits, although carcass weights declined linearly from 327 to 312 kg as PPW level in the diet increased (P = 0.016). Overall, effects of increasing the level of PPW on physical and sensory characteristics of meat were small and considered unlikely to affect consumer acceptance. Potentially due to inherent genetic variation in the cattle, some grew more slowly and were on feed for longer. Thus there was a linear decline in liveweight gain (P = 0.001) and a linear increase in grade fat (P = 0.039) as days to finish increased. Steers finished after 107 days had smaller loin eye area and lean meat yield, which resulted in negative quadratic effects for these characteristics (P = 0.014 and 0.024, respectively). We conclude that PPW can fully substitute for rolled barley in finishing diets without any negative implications for growth performance or meat quality and that the effect of days to finish were more important than the effect of the proportion of PPW in the diet.

scholarly journals Abundance of Beneficial Arthropods on Woody Landscape Plants at Professionally-Managed Landscape Sites

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Colin D. Stewart ◽  
S. Kristine Braman ◽  
Beverly L. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Green Lacewing ◽  
Green Lacewings ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Arthropod Predators ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Lady Beetles ◽  
Predatory Arthropods

Abstract Eight 0.2–0.4 ha (0.5–1.0 A) sites managed by landscape professionals were monitored biweekly for beneficial arthropod activity. More than 30 generalist predator taxa were identified. Spiders and green lacewings were the most numerous taxa and both were found on all plant taxa sampled. Green lacewings, especially the egg stage, were the most numerous natural enemies detected on birch, crape myrtle, cherry, and oak trees accounting for 52.5, 49.9, 43.5, and 38.1%, respectively. Spiders accounted for 56.2% of the insectivorous arthropods observed on magnolia and were the most abundant predatory arthropod on azaleas comprising 46.5% of all arthropod predators/parasites across all properties. The most abundant predatory arthropods on junipers were spiders accounting for 75.5% of the beneficials encountered with ants (associated with an early season aphid outbreak), green lacewing larvae, lady beetles, harvestmen, and parasitic wasps comprising 15.8, 0.4, 4.3, 0.4, and 1.2%, respectively. Spiders were the most abundant predators on boxwood accounting for 70.6% of the natural enemies.

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