583 Field performance of Grafted Chestnut Cultivars and their Seedlings

We planted grafted and seedling chestnuts of six cultivars in Lansing, N.Y., in April 1995 to evaluate performance of the different cultivars in our region and to compare grafted and seedling trees. We used the following cultivars: the Chinese chestnut cultivar Mossbarger (Castanea mollissima) and five interspecific hybrid cultivars [Douglas 1A (C. mollissima × C. dentata), Eaton [C. mollissima × (C. crenata × C. dentata)[, Skioka (C. mollissima × C. sativa), Layeroka (open-pollinated daughter of `Skioka'), and Grimo 142Q (an open pollinated daughter of `Layeroka')]. Growth was not significantly different between cultivars. There were no notable correlations between trunk cross-sectional area at planting and any measurement after the first year. Significant differences between cultivars were found for mortality, yield, and yield efficiency. `Eaton' had the lowest mortality rate (2%) of all cultivars. `Grimo 142Q' and `Layeroka' had the highest dry weight yields and the greatest yield efficiencies, although `Grimo 142Q' had significantly larger nuts than `Layeroka'. In 1998, the largest nuts (5.2 g) were harvested from `Mossbarger' and `Eaton trees'. `Skioka' had the highest mortality (48%), lowest yield, lowest yield efficiency, and smallest nut size. In the first 2 years, most grafted trees showed significantly higher yields and greater yield efficiency than seedling trees. By the third year, differences in yield between grafted and seedling trees were no longer significant for most cultivars. Over the 3 years most grafted trees revealed higher mortality and slower growth than seedlings of the same cultivar. Seedlings did not show more variability in measurements than grafted trees of the same cultivar.

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Yield efficiency for nine apple cultivars grafted on two rootstocks

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20141754 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 1701-1706 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

João Caetano Fioravanço ◽

Ana Beatriz Costa Czermainski ◽

Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Apple Tree ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

The Other ◽

High Yield ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

The Third ◽

Apple Cultivars

ABSTRACT: Currently, using smaller trees is one of the most important trends in apple cultivation. It is expected that reduced size plants produce lower amount of fruit, but with high yield and yield efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield efficiency (YE) of nine apple tree cultivars, grafted on two rootstocks, from the second to the seventh year after planting. The YE indexes oscillated from one to the other year, regardless of rootstock. Correlations between YE and yield per tree and between YE and trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) confirmed that efficiency can be increased by the production increment or by the plant's vigor reduction. The usefulness of cumulative YE (ƩYE) is highlighted to compare apple tree cultivars after the third year of production. The highest ƩYE indexes were observed for 'Royal Gala' and 'Baigent', on M-9 rootstock, and for 'Gala Real' and 'Maxi-Gala', on Marubakaido/M-9 rootstock.

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A Moored Arctic Floater in First-Year Sea Ice Ridges

Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4028814 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 137 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oddgeir Dalane ◽

Vegard Aksnes ◽

Sveinung Løset

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

The Arctic ◽

First Year ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ridge Structure ◽

Structure Interaction ◽

Ship Model ◽

Mooring Forces

First-year sea ice ridges are a major concern for structures operating in the Arctic offshore and will in many cases give the design mooring load. In this paper, the response of a moored conical floater, somewhat similar to the well-known Kulluk, is studied in first-year ridges. The study is based on model tests performed at Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) in several ridges with different properties. Mooring forces and floater response, resulting from interaction with different ridges, were compared with respect to ridge properties, ridge behavior, and simulated ice management. Clearance of accumulated rubble upstream the structure was the dominating physical process in the ridge–structure interaction. Accumulation of rubble caused large mooring forces. The amount of accumulated rubble depended on the ridge cross-sectional area, thus the mooring forces increased with ridge cross-sectional area. Large mooring forces were also experienced after the ridge was passed by the structure due to difficulties with clearing of accumulated rubble.

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616 PB 296 GROWTH RESPONSES OF VERTICAL APPLE SHOOTS BENT WITH BRANCH BENDER' OR A HAND-TOOL

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.520d ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 520d-520

Author(s):

Alvan Gaus ◽

Matthew Rogoyski

Keyword(s):

Cluster Formation ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

First Year ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Clusters ◽

Single Tree ◽

Hand Tool ◽

Number Of Shoots

The main objective of this research was to compare the growth responses of l-year-old, vertical, apple shoots to bending with a simple hand-tool (HT) or bending with the commercially available Branch Bender® (BB). Single, vigorous, vertical shoots of `Red Chief Delicious (RCD), `Valnur' Jonathan (VJ), and Granny Smith were either bent with the BB or were bent by spirally wrapping the shoot around a 2.5 cm diameter plastic-rod, HT 2 times. Each variety had nine single-tree blocks with a control, BB, and HT as treatments. Measurements were taken on the number of clusters formed, length of subsequent terminal growth, number of shoots and spurs formed, and shoot cross-sectional area. No differences were found in RCD between the BB and the HT on all parameters; however, terminal growth was less with the BB than the control. With VJ, first year shoot cross-sectional area for the BB was less than for the HT. Cluster formation on both 1 and 2-year-old wood was greater with the BB than the control but not with the HT. No differences were found with Granny Smith.

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602 PB 214 GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF ALMOND TREES AS AFFECTED BY PEACH AND PEACH-ALMOND HYBRID ROOTSTOCKS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.518d ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 518d-518

Author(s):

Warren C. Micke ◽

Mark W. Freeman ◽

James T. Yeager

Keyword(s):

Productive Efficiency ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Almond Trees ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Peach Rootstocks ◽

Central San Joaquin Valley ◽

Planted Tree

A replicated rootstock trial for almond was established in 1986 in the central San Joaquin Valley, a major almond growing area for this most widely planted tree crop in California. `Nonpareil', the major cultivar in California, was used for this trial with `Fritz' grown as the pollenizing cultivar. Two standard rootstocks for almond, `Nemaguard' and `Lovell' peach, were compared to two newer peach-almond hybrid rootstocks, `Bright's' and `Hansen'. After eight years both hybrid rootstocks produced significantly larger trees than the peach rootstocks, based on trunk cross-sectional area. Trees on hybrid rootstocks frequently produced greater yields than those on peach rootstocks; although, differences were not always significant. However, there were generally no significant differences in production per trunk cross-sectional area (yield efficiency). Thus, increased production by trees on hybrid rootstock was the result of larger tree size and not an inherent increase in productive efficiency of the tree itself. Since trees on hybrid rootstock should be planted further apart than those on peach, production per hectare should not be significantly increased, at least under good growing conditions as represented in this trial.

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Mechanical Properties of First Year Sea Ice in Saroma Lagoon

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/1985aog6-1-278-280 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 278-280

Author(s):

Hisao Matsushita ◽

Nobuyoshi Yashima

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Test Specimen ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Growth Direction ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

First Year ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Cross

This paper deals with compressive strength vs temperature characteristics (-40 ºC to -2ºC), size effect (cross-sectional area of test specimen) and probability distribution of compressive strength and fracture toughness KIC (corresponding to notch effect in bending strength), of first year sea ice sampled from Saroma Lagoon. The main experimental results are as follows. (1) Temperature dependent compressive fracture modes: at temperatures of -20 ºC to 0ºC, crush fracture is dominant, and at temperatures of -40 ºC to -20 C, brittle fracture is dominant. (2) The larger the cross-sectional area of a test specimen, the lower the compressive strength becomes. It is inferred that the number of weak spots increases with increase in the cross-sectional area of the test piece, which thus becomes more susceptible to fracture. (3) The scatter of compressive strength can be approximated by a normal distribution curve. (4) The KIC values of sea ice are below 10 kg/cm2cm, though they change slightly depending on the dimensions of test pieces, the relative angle between crystal growth direction and load direction, environmental condition (air or water), and testing method.

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RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1169c ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 1169c-1169

Author(s):

Curt R. Rom ◽

Renae E. Moran

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Mature Trees ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Old Trees

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.

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Reduced cellular cross-sectional area in the leaf elongation zone of wheat causes a decrease in dry weight deposition under saline conditions

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp00073 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuncai Hu ◽

Urs Schmidhalter

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Elongation Zone ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Leaf Base ◽

Cross Sectional

Expansion and dry weight (DW) of wheat leaves are spatially distributed along the axis and affected by salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on the spatial distribution of cellular cross-sectional area and DW in the elongating and mature leaf zones of leaf 4 of the main stem of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lona) during its linear growth phase. Plants were grown in illitic–chloritic silt loam with 0 and 120 mM NaCl in a growth chamber. Cellular cross-sectional area and DW contents of leaves were determined on the 5–20-mm scale along the leaf axis. Spatial distribution of cellular cross-sectional area changed slightly with distance within the elongation zone in both treatments. The cellular cross-sectional area of the leaf at 120 mM NaCl was reduced by 32% at 5 mm, as compared with about 36% averaged from the region between 5 and 30 mm from the leaf base, indicating that the reduction in the cellular cross-sectional area by salinity occurred mainly at the leaf base when the leaf initiates. A slight decrease in the DW per leaf length at a given location in the elongation zone may be due to the strongly decreased cellular cross-sectional area by salinity. This suggests that the limitation of leaf growth by salinity may be due mainly to the effect of salinity on leaf expansion, but not due to the effect on the synthesis of dry matter.

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Effects of prolonged undernutrition on structure and function of the diaphragm

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1354 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 1354-1359 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

S. G. Kelsen ◽

M. Ference ◽

S. Kapoor

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Isometric Force ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Diaphragm Muscle ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Muscle Structure ◽

The Cross

The present study examined the effect of prolonged undernutrition on diaphragmatic structure and force-generating ability. Studies were performed on 58 Syrian hamsters in which the feed was reduced by 33% for a 4-wk period. Sixty animals fed a similar diet ad libitum served as controls. Diaphragm muscle structure was assessed from its mass (wet and dry weight), thickness, fiber composition, and fiber size. Isometric force produced in vitro by isolated muscle strips in response to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve was examined over a range of muscle lengths (length-tension relationship). In undernourished animals, body weight decreased 25 +/- 5%. Diaphragm wet and dry weight, muscle thickness, and the cross-sectional area of fast-glycolytic (FG) and fast-oxidative (FO) fibers were significantly less in undernourished than control animals and correlated with reductions in body weight. The cross-sectional area of slow-oxidative (SO) fibers was the same in the two groups. The percentage of FG fibers in undernourished animals was decreased slightly and the percentage of SO fibers increased. Maximum isometric tension was reduced in undernourished animals as compared with controls, but the position and shape of the length-tension relationship was the same in the two groups. Reductions in muscle force appeared to be explained by decreases in muscle mass, since tension corrected for cross-sectional area or tissue weight was the same in the two groups. Therefore muscle mechanical efficiency appeared to be unaffected by undernutrition. These data indicate that prolonged undernutrition causes deleterious changes in diaphragm muscle structure that impair its ability to generate force.

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Effects of leaf shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960006785x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 123 (1) ◽

pp. 129-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. Inoué ◽

I. M. Brookes ◽

A. John ◽

W. F. Hunt ◽

T. N. Barry

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Breaking Load ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Feeding Value ◽

Two Populations

SummaryTwo populations of perennial ryegrass (PRG) (Lolium perenne L.) were selected for low (LS) and high leaf shear breaking load (HS) in 1984 at DSIR, Palmerston North. Leaf shear breaking load for the LS group was c. 41% lower than for the HS group and the LS selection had significantly shorter, narrower leaves and smaller leaf cross-sectional areas than the HS selection. LS leaves were c. 27% less resistant to shear than HS leaves per unit of cross-sectional area. The lower leaf shear strength in the LS selection was associated with a significantly lower concentration of sclerenchyma tissues in the leaf cross-sectional area compared with the HS selection. The total shear load required to break down the same dry weight of leaves to 1 mm particle size (leaf index of masticatory load) was calculated and shown to be influenced by the differences in leaf morphology. LS leaves were estimated to have a 21% lower index of masticatory load than HS leaves when both were grown under optimum climatic conditions.

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