scholarly journals 622 Toxicity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) and Allyl Isothio-cyanate to Masked Chaffer Beetle Larvae (Cyclocephala sp.)

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 554F-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan R.P. Noble ◽  
C.S. Charron ◽  
C.E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Clean Air

The development of alternative methods for control of soilborne pathogens is imperative since the U.S. Clean Air Act bans the use of methyl bromide after 2005. One possibility is to exploit the pesticidal properties of compounds released by macerated Brassica tissues. In this study, masked chaffer beetle larvae were placed in sealed 473-mL jars with 335 g of soil amended with 1%, 2%, 4%, or 8% (g·g–1) Brassica tissue. The most prevalent volatile toxic compound of Brassica juncea (PI 458934) is allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). AITC production was measured in the jars at 0.25, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h using a solid-phase microextraction device (SPME) and gas chromatography. After 7 days, larvae mortality was determined. Control treatments included untreated soil, soil amended with 8% tomato plant tissue, soil amended with pure AITC, and untreated soil with an atmosphere of ≈20% O2 and 0% CO2 changing over 48 h to 2% O2 and 20% CO2. AITC levels were positively correlated to larvae mortality. The estimated lethal concentration for 50% kill (LC50) was 3.6 μg AITC/L soil atmosphere. AITC levels may be influenced by Brassica mass added, soil bulk density, and environmental factors including temperature and moisture. B. juncea has a high tissue AITC concentration. However, the mass of Brassica tissue required for insecticidal application against Cyclocephala sp. is also high, between 4% and 8% of soil mass. Development and selection of Brassica species that produce higher concentrations of isothiocyanate would increase the effectiveness of Brassica biofumigation as an alternative to methyl bromide for controlling soilborne insects.

Inhibition of Fungal Growth by Macerated Plant Tissues in a Closed Environment

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 476e-476
Author(s):  
Craig S. Charron ◽  
Catherine O. Chardonnet ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Clean Air

The U.S. Clean Air Act bans the use of methyl bromide after 2001. Consequently, the development of alternative methods for control of soilborne pathogens is imperative. One alternative is to exploit the pesticidal properties of macerated tissues of Brassica spp. This study tested the potential of several Brassica spp. for control of fungal pathogens. Pythium ultimum Trow or Rhizoctonia solani Kühn plugs on potato-dextrose agar on petri dishes were sealed in 500-ml glass jars (at 22 °C) containing macerated leaves (10 g) from one of six Brassica spp. Radial growth was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation. Indian mustard (B. juncea) was the most suppressive, followed by `Florida Broadleaf' mustard (B. juncea). Volatile compounds in the jars were sampled with a solid-phase microextraction device (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) comprised over 90% of the total volatiles measured from Indian mustard and `Florida Broadleaf' mustard. Isothiocyanates were detected in jars with all plants except broccoli. (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was emitted by all plants and was the predominant volatile of `Premium Crop' broccoli (B. oleracea L. var. italica), `Michihili Jade Pagoda' Chinese cabbage (B. pekinensis), `Charmant' cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata), and `Blue Scotch Curled' kale (B. oleracea L. var. viridis). To assess the influence of AITC on radial growth of P. ultimum and R. solani, AITC was added to jars to give headspace concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mg·L–1 (mass of AITC per volume of headspace). Growth of both fungi was inhibited by 0.10 mg·L–1 AITC. 0.20 mg·L–1 AITC was fungicidal to P. ultimum although the highest AITC level tested (0.30 mg·L–1) did not terminate R. solani growth. These results indicate that residues from some Brassica spp. may be a viable part of a soilborne pest control strategy.

Toxicity of Indian Mustard and Allyl Isothiocyanate to Masked Chafer Beetle Larvae

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan R. P. Noble ◽  
Stephanie G. Harvey ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soil Atmosphere ◽  
Phase Out

Alternatives for control of soil-inhabiting pests are needed due to the phase-out of methyl bromide. One possible alternative is using the pesticidal properties of compounds released by macerated Brassica tissues. In this study, larvae of masked chafer beetles (Cyclocephala spp.) were placed in soil amended with Brassica juncea L. (PI 458934) tissue. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) levels were positively correlated to larval mortality, with the 8% B. juncea treatment resulting in 100% larval mortality with an average AITC concentration of 11.4 mg per liter of soil atmosphere. Although B. juncea produces high levels of AITC, the mass of tissue required for significant insecticidal activity against Cyclocephala spp. also is high, between 4 and 8% of soil mass for this plant accession. Accepted for publication 23 May 2002. Published 10 June 2002.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani by Shredded Leaves of Brassica Species

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Charron ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Freeze Dried

The U.S. Clean Air Act bans the use of methyl bromide after 2005. Consequently, the development of alternative methods for control of soilborne pathogens is imperative. One alternative is to exploit the pesticidal properties of Brassica L. species. Macerated leaves (10 g) from `Premium Crop' broccoli [B. oleracea L. (Botrytis Group)], `Charmant' cabbage [B. oleracea L. (Capitata Group)], `Michihili Jade Pagoda' Chinese cabbage [B. rapa L. (Pekinensis Group)], `Blue Scotch Curled' kale [B. oleracea L. (Acephala Group)], Indian mustard [B. juncea (L.) Czerniak, unknown cultivar] or `Florida Broadleaf' mustard [B. juncea (L.) Czerniak] were placed in 500-mL glass jars. Petri dishes with either Pythium ultimum Trow or Rhizoctonia solani Kühn plugs on potato-dextrose agar were placed over the jar mouths. Radial growth of both fungi was suppressed most by Indian mustard. Volatiles were collected by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) comprised >90% of the volatiles measured from `Florida Broadleaf' mustard and Indian mustard whereas (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was the predominant compound emitted by the other species. Isothiocyanates were not detected by SPME from `Premium Crop' broccoli and `Blue Scotch Curled' kale although glucosinolates were found in freeze-dried leaves of all species. When exposed to AITC standard, P. ultimum growth was partially suppressed by 1.1 μmol·L-1 (μmol AITC/headspace volume) and completely suppressed by 2.2 μmol·L-1 R. solani was partially suppressed by 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 μmol·L-1 AITC. Use of Brassica species for control of fungal pathogens is promising; the presence of AITC in both lines of B. juncea suppressed P. ultimum and R. solani but some Brassicas were inhibitory even when isothiocyanates were not detected.

Interactive Effects of Sulfur and Nitrogen Supply on the Concentration of Sinigrin and Allyl Isothiocyanate in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 3837-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jóska GerendÁs ◽  
Jana PodestÁt ◽  
Thorsten Stahl ◽  
Kerstin Kübler ◽  
Hans Brückner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Interactive Effects

scholarly journals Allyl Isothiocyanate and Carbon Dioxide Produced during Degradation of Brassica juncea Tissue in Different Soil Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1734-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Price ◽  
Craig S. Charron ◽  
Arnold M. Saxton ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Loam Soil

A study was conducted to quantify volatiles generated from Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czerniak) tissue incorporated into soils under controlled conditions. Mustard residues were incorporated into noncovered and covered soils that varied by texture, temperature, moisture, pH, or sterility (autoclaved or nonautoclaved). Sandy loam soil had 38% more allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) than clay loam soil. AITC concentration in 45 °C soil was 81% higher than in soil at 15 °C, and 56% higher in covered compared to noncovered treatments. The microbial catabolism of AITC was suggested by the result that AITC concentration in autoclaved soils was over three times that measured in nonautoclaved soils. The highest AITC level detected (1.71 μmol·L–1) occurred in the autoclaved covered soil. Several factors also influenced CO2 evolution. At 30 or 45 °C, CO2 concentration was at least 64% higher than at 15°C. The covered soil had over twice the CO2 found in the noncovered soil, and the nonautoclaved soil treatment yielded twice the CO2 measured in the autoclaved soil. There were no main effect differences among soil moisture, soil pH, and soil texture treatments for CO2 concentrations. This information could be helpful in defining ideal soil conditions for field scale experiments. Additionally, this study demonstrates a sampling technique for testing fumigation potential of biofumigation and solarization systems that may have the potential to replace methyl bromide.

Agronomic performance of autumn- and winter-cropped Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in response to varying levels of nitrogen fertiliser

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Bent Al-Hoda Asghari ◽  
Mohsen Yousefi ◽  
Katarzyna Możdżeń ◽  
Joanna Puła ◽  
Peiman Zandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern) cultivation is suggested for regions with short seasons and low rainfall. Although there have been many studies conducted on agronomic production of mustard in Iran, the information regarding the interactive impact of cropping seasons and nitrogen fertiliser on growth characteristics and yield quality of mustard plant is still insufficient and requires further investigation. This study focused on the possible implications of different cropping seasons and different nitrogen levels on selected agronomic traits in mustard. In this experiment, five different doses of nitrogen and two sowing periods were used to assess for their combined effects on the growth parameters, seed yield and agronomic characteristics of mustard in the semi-arid climatic conditions of Takestan. The results revealed that cultivation seasons and nitrogen rates had a significant effect on plant height, biomass yield, number of siliques per plant, seed oil content and seed yield.

Chemical Constituents in Some Promising Genotypes of Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNITA SINGH ◽  
R. P. SINGH ◽  
H. K. SINGH ◽  
N. A. KHAN ◽  
M. K. MAURYA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Crude Fibre

Among the oilseed Brassica crops, Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.] is an important source of oil from a nutritional point of view. The nutritional value of oil and cake quality is governed mainly by the composition of its fatty acids, iodine value, saponification, acid value, glucosinolates, crude fibre, protein and limiting amino acids, etc. Seventeen varieties/strains of Indian mustard were taken for saturated and unsaturated fatty acid analysis. The eicosenoic was absent in genotype (NUDBYJ-10) and erucic acid (NUDBYJ-10, LES-46 and Pusa mustard- 21). The fatty acid composition found a variable in different genotypes. Saturated fatty acid, Palmitic + Stearic ranged between 2.3 to 6.5%, Oleic 10.6 to 40.7%, Linoleic 16.1 to 37.7%, Linolenic 13.3 to 26.7%, Eicosenoic 0.00 to 10.30% and Erucic acid 0.00 to 47.50%, respectively. Alternaria blight severity also varied in different genotypes and ranged between 18.75 to 56.25%, maximum being in genotype Kranti and minimum in LES-47. No significant correlation was observed between the fatty acid composition and disease severity. The oil content range from 38.1 to 42.60% and protein content was found highest in variety RGN-73. The amino acid viz. methionine and tryptophan range between 0.41 to 1.81 g/16gN and 0.41 to 1.81 g /16g N, respectively.

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