scholarly journals 169 Root Characteristics of Peach Trees with Different Shoot Growth Habits

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 419C-419
Author(s):  
T.J. Tworkoski ◽  
R. Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Peach Trees

Peach trees (Prunus persica L.) with diverse shoot growth habits have been developed, but little is known about their root systems. Characterizing shoot and root systems can improve basic understanding of peach tree growth and be important in the development of rootstocks and own-rooted trees. This research determined shoot and root characteristics of four peach tree growth habits (compact, dwarf, pillar, and standard). Seed from four peach growth habits were planted in 128-L containers, grown outside during the 1998 growing season, and then harvested. Compact tree leaf number (1350/tree) was twice, but leaf area (6 cm2/leaf) was half, that of pillar and standard trees. The number of lateral branches in compact trees (34) was nearly three-times more than in pillar and standard trees. The leaf area index (LAI) of pillar trees was greater than compact and standard trees (13 compared with 4 and 3, respectively) due to a narrower crown diameter. Dwarf tree shoots were distinct with few leaves (134 per tree) and a large LAI of 76. Compact trees grew more higher-order lateral roots than pillar and standard trees. More second-order lateral (SOL) roots were produced by compact than standard trees (1.2 vs. 0.8 SOL roots/cm first-order lateral root). Pillar trees had higher shoot-to-root dry weight ratios (2.4) than compact and standard trees (1.7 for both) due to smaller root dry weights. The results indicate fundamental differences in root characteristics among the peach tree growth habits. Compact trees had more higher order lateral roots in roots originating near the root collar (i.e., more fibrous roots), and this correlated with more lateral branches in the canopy. Shoot weights were the same among pillar, compact, and standard trees but root weights were less in pillar trees, resulting in greater shoot-to-root dry weight ratios. These results indicate significant differences in root as well as shoot architecture among growth habits that can affect their use as scion or rootstock varieties.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Characteristics of Peach Trees with Different Growth Habits

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Tworkoski ◽  
Ralph Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Shoot Architecture ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Peach Trees

Shoot and root characteristics of four peach tree [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group)] growth habits (compact, dwarf, pillar, and standard) were studied. In compact trees, leaf number (1350/tree) was twice, but leaf area (6 cm2/leaf) was half that of pillar and standard trees. The number of lateral branches in compact trees (34) was nearly three times more than in pillar and standard trees. Leaf area index (total one-side leaf area per tree divided by the canopy cross-sectional area of the tree) of pillar trees was greater than compact, dwarf, and standard trees (13 compared with 4, 4, and 3, respectively) due to a narrower crown diameter. Dwarf trees were distinct with few leaves (134/tree) and less than half the roots of the other growth habits. Compact trees produced more higher order lateral (HOL) roots than pillar and standard trees. More second order lateral (SOL) roots were produced by compact than standard trees (1.2 vs. 0.8 SOL roots per centimeter first order lateral root). Pillar trees had higher shoot: root dry weight (DW) ratios (2.4) than compact and standard trees (1.7 for both) due to lower root DWs. Root topology was similar among compact, pillar, and standard peach trees but root axes between branch junctions (links) were significantly longer in compact trees. Compact trees had more and longer HOL roots in roots originating near the root collar (stem-root junction) (i.e., more fibrous roots) and this appeared to correlate with more lateral branches in the canopy. These results indicate significant differences in root as well as shoot architecture among growth habits that can affect their use as scion or rootstock cultivars.

scholarly journals Karakter Perakaran Sejumlah Varietas Kopi Arabika pada Fase Bibit di Pesemaian

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Ari Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Adaptation Processes

Roots represent the fundamental structure and material transport systems in plants. These important organs are used to study the adaptation processes in the environment. During the nursery stage, root evaluation serves as determining the seedling quality before transplant. This research aims to ascertain the root characteristics of several Arabica coffee varieties for a suitably vigorous root nursery system. Kaliwining Experimental Garden, Jember, Indonesia, served as the research location. The method used was a completely randomized design with a single factor, including arabica coffee varieties (Abesinia-3, Andungsari-1, BLP-4, Gayo-1, K-08, K-29, K-34, K-79, K-130, Kartika-1, Kayumas and Sigararutang). The result showed that the differences in the various sample factors significantly influenced the root properties. In addition, the entire observation parameters demonstrated a positive correlation except for the root and shoot ratio. Furthermore, BLP-4 v obtained the maximum values for plant height, stem diameter, fresh dry weight of taproot, and root biomass, while Gayo-1 variety observed the greatest number of leaves. Also, the Sigararutang variety indicated the highest value of the fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of lateral roots, and root length, while Kayumas and K-34 varieties acquired the lowest values of plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, as well as root length. Therefore, BLP-4, Gayo-1, and Sigararutang varieties exhibited the potentials of broader adaptability.

Responses of Pinusbanksiana and Pinusresinosa seedlings to flooding

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Growth Production

Flooding of soil for 45 days severely inhibited growth of 115-day-old Pinusbanksiana Lamb, and P. resinosa Ait. seedlings, with significant effects apparent within 15 days after initiation of flooding. Both species adapted poorly to flooding of soil but P. banksiana was more adversely affected than P. resinosa as shown by earlier and more drastic reduction of growth in the former species. In both species flooding decreased the rate of height growth, production of secondary needles, dry weight increment, and relative growth rates of various plant parts. Root growth of both species was reduced more than shoot growth. The reduction in dry weight increment of root systems of both species reflected arrested branching and elongation of roots as well as decay of roots, mainly the very small nonwoody roots. Flooding slightly stimulated ethylene production by submerged stems.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variability in Architectural Development of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Root Systems and Physiological Relationships With Shoot Growth Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Singh ◽  
Michael Bell
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Architectural Development ◽  
Shallow Soils

Selection for root system architectures (RSA) to match target growing environments can improve yields through better adaptation to water and nutrient-limiting conditions in grain legume crops such as mungbean. In this study, the architectural development of root systems in four contrasting mungbean varieties was studied over time to explore their relationships to above-ground growth and development. Key findings suggested that early maturing mungbean varieties were characterized by more rapid root elongation rates and leaf area development, resulting in more vigorous root and shoot growth during early growth stages compared with a late maturing variety. The early maturing varieties also showed root morphological traits generally adapted to water-limited environments, such as deeper, longer and lighter roots. Early maturing varieties more rapidly colonized the top 10–20 cm of the soil profile during early growth stages, whereas the later maturing variety developed less prolific but 20–50% thicker roots in the same profile layers in later stages of crop growth. The diversity of root characteristics identified in these commercial varieties suggests that there are opportunities to combine desirable root traits with maturity types to target different production environments. Examples include deeper, longer, and thinner roots for crops to exploit deep profile reserves of water and nutrients, and thicker and shallower root systems for crops grown in shallow soils with stratified nutrient reserves and/or more favorable in-season rainfall.

scholarly journals Analysis of the ‘A72’ Peach Tree Growth Habit and Its Inheritance in Progeny Obtained from Crosses of ‘A72’ with Columnar Peach Trees

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongyan Hu ◽  
Ralph Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Incomplete Dominance ◽  
First Report ◽  
New Information ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Since the first report of the ‘A72’ semidwarf peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] tree in 1975, no new information has become available on this genotype. We evaluated the growth habit and verified the inheritance of ‘A72’ in a population of 220 progeny derived from self-pollination. Detailed tree and branch measurements revealed a unique forked-branch (FBR) character of the ‘A72’ (Nn) phenotype. The progeny segregated into 1 NN:2 Nn:1 nn. NN trees were indistinguishable from standard peach trees, Nn were FBR, and nn were dwarf. Hybrids between ‘A72’ and columnar (brbr) peach trees confirmed that FBR is inherited as a monogenic trait that appears to express incomplete dominance. ‘A72’ (Nn) trees were later blooming than sibling NN trees. The relationship (linkage or pleiotropy) between the growth habit of ‘A72’ and late bloom is not known. The structure of ‘A72’ trees presents new opportunities to breeder/geneticists, physiologists, and horticulturists to further explore the plasticity of peach tree growth and architecture that can be achieved through breeding. Applications of the ‘A72’ growth habit for commercial fruit production and as an ornamental, particularly in the dwarf form (nn) and in combination with the columnar tree (brbr) form, present opportunities that await exploration.

scholarly journals Root Characteristics and Seed Yields of Cowpeas Grown with and without Added Nitrogen Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Judith L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Input Sample

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma in 1993 and 1994. Cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were grown using either noninoculated seed and 23 kg·ha–1 of preplant nitrogen (N) fertilizer (conventional) or Rhizobium-inoculated seed and no preplant N fertilizer (reduced input). Sample plants were excavated at first pod set and analyzed for nodulation and root morphology. Additional plants were harvested at the green-shell stage to determine seed yield and plant N concentration. Conventional and reduced input cowpeas did not differ in dry weight of root mass components, total root dry weight, shoot dry weight, shoot: root ratio, nodule distribution among root morphological components, total nodule fresh weight, plant N concentration, or green-shell seed yield. Most of the nodule fresh weight generally was associated with nodules on the basal and lateral roots. Results indicate that cowpea root characteristics are not necessarily altered by the presence or absence of added N fertilizer at a given location.

scholarly journals Genetic Interactions of Pillar (Columnar), Compact, and Dwarf Peach Tree Genotypes

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Scorza ◽  
Daniele Bassi ◽  
Alessandro Liverani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Genetic Study ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Growth Habits

A study was conducted to determine genetic control of the columnar or pillar (PI) growth habit, and to evaluate the effects of interactions of various genes that influence peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group)] growth habit. The PI habit (brbr) examined in this study was inherited as a monogenic trait expressing incomplete dominance. The heterozygous Brbr derived from crosses between standard (ST) and PI genotypes was recognized as an upright (UP) tree with narrower branch angles than ST trees but wider than PI trees. The combination of brbr and brachytic dwarf (DW) (dwdw) produced dwarf-pillar (DWPI) trees. The effects of the heterozygous Brbr in combination with dw and/or compact (CT) (Ct) could not be recognized by visual observation. Compact pillar (CTPI) trees resulted from the expression of Ct_ brbr. These trees were distinguished from globe-shaped (GL) trees (Ct_Brbr) by the more upright growth habit of the CTPI trees. This genetic study highlights the genetic plasticity of tree growth habit in peach. The investigation of novel growth habits extends our concept of the peach tree. Some growth habits such as PI may have commercial potential for high-density peach production systems. Others, such as DWPI and CTPI may have potential as ornamentals.

scholarly journals Comparison of Root Characteristics of Conventionally Grown Cowpeas and Cowpeas Grown without Added Nitrogen Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 687b-687
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Judith L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Input Sample

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma in 1993 and 1994. Cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were grown using either non-inoculated seed and 23 kg·ha–1 of preplant nitrogen fertilizer (conventional) or inoculated seed and no preplant nitrogen fertilizer (reduced input). Sample plants were excavated at first pod set and analyzed for nodulation and root morphology. Additional plants were excavated at the green-shell stage and were analyzed for nitrogen concentration. Conventional and reduced input cowpeas did not differ in nodule distribution among root morphological components, total nodule fresh weight, total root dry weight, or nitrogen concentration. Most nodules generally were located on the basal and lateral roots. Results indicate that cowpea root characteristics are not necessarily altered by differing cultural systems at a given location.

scholarly journals 266 Response of Winter-injured Peach Trees to Pruning

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 437B-437
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Miller ◽  
Ross E. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Bark Damage ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Recommended Level

When temperatures reach -26 °C and lower, even for brief periods of time, damage to fruit buds and woody tissue of the peach tree is common. Low temperature injury on peach can lead to bark damage, gummosis, increased incidence of perennial canker, partial or complete crop losses, reduced shoot growth and/or tree death. In Jan. 1994 the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia and surrounding states experienced three successive nights of temperatures at -28 °C or lower. Beginning in Apr. 1994, 7-year-old `Blake'/Lovell peach trees were subjected to four pruning levels (none, light, heavy, and dehorned) each at three times (April, May, and June) in a replicated factorial arrangement. Specific pruning treatments were applied only in 1994; a local commercially recommended level and time of pruning were applied to all trees from 1995 through 1998. Treatments had a significant effect on canopy volume and fruit yields. Trees receiving no pruning or dehorned trees and trees pruned in June had lower yields in 1995 than trees pruned in April or May or trees receiving a light or heavy pruning. These treatments also produced fewer large fruit at harvest. Lower yields and smaller fruit led to reduced dollar returns per hectare in 1995. Yields from 1996 through 1998 were lower for trees that were dehorned pruned in 1994 although there were little or no differences in fruit sizes between treatments. Time and/or level of pruning had effects on the number of cankers and number of large (>5.1 cm) cankers.

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