scholarly journals Differential Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Skin Pigmentation and Flesh Starch Breakdown of ‘Gala’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huicong Wang ◽  
Lailiang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Starch Breakdown ◽  
Color Development ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Fruit Skin

Apple maturity is often assessed by starch hydrolysis index, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, and the rate of ethylene evolution. In red-fruited apple cultivars, the intensity and extent of coloration is an important consideration in determining the time of fruit harvest. Negative relationships have been found between tree nitrogen (N) status and fruit skin pigmentation, but how N affects flesh starch breakdown has not been examined in detail. The objective of this study was to determine how N supply affects flesh starch breakdown relative to skin color development. Seven-year-old ‘Gala’/M.26 trees were provided with four levels of N (8.8, 26.4, 52.7, and 105.4 g N per tree) in a modified Hoagland's solution. The effects of N supply on yield, fruit quality, and fruit maturation were evaluated. At harvest, fruit in the lowest N treatment was significantly smaller and had lower soluble solids but higher starch concentration, better color, and higher firmness than those grown at higher N supplies. Increasing N supply decreased both anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in fruit skin. Flesh starch concentration was higher at higher N supply at 38 days before harvest but was lower at higher N supply at harvest. Starch degradation was completed earlier during cold storage with increasing N supply. These results indicate that increasing N supply delays skin red color development but accelerates flesh starch degradation in ‘Gala’ apples. These differential effects of N supply should be taken into account when assessing fruit maturity for optimizing harvest time.

scholarly journals Effect of storage temperature on the quality of kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca formatypica)

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-47
Author(s):  
Andi Nur Faidah Rahman ◽  
Victor Crystaline Muhammad ◽  
Februadi Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Skin

Kepok bananas are processed bananas that have ABB genotype, the letter B indicates that banana kepok has a stronger resistance to disease and chilling injury in cold temperatures storage. Storage at cold temperatures can extend the shelf life of bananas, because cold temperatures can slow down the respiration and enzymatic processes. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of storage temperature on quality and shelf life, and to determine optimum storage temperature. The method used is storage temperature at room, 15oC and 10oC until the banana is damaged. The parameters observed were respiration patterns, weight loss, hardness, fruit skin color, total acid, vitamin C, pH, and total soluble solids. The results showed that bananas stored at cold temperatures (10oC and 15oC) can last up to 20 days while at room temperature only lasts for 10 days. Kepok bananas stored at 10oC have not shown symptoms of chilling injury.

scholarly journals Reflective Groundcover Improves Fruit Skin Color in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples Grown under Protective Netting

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Giverson Mupambi ◽  
Nadia A. Valverdi ◽  
Hector Camargo-Alvarez ◽  
Michelle Reid ◽  
Lee Kalcsits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Fruit Skin

In semiarid apple (Malus domestica) growing regions, high temperatures and excessive solar radiation can increase the risk of sunburn development. Protective netting is increasingly used as a cultural practice under these conditions to mitigate fruit sunburn losses. However, fruit skin color development can be negatively affected under protective nets due to the reduction in light availability. Reflective groundcovers have been previously reported to increase fruit color development, particularly in the inner parts of the tree canopy. Here, we compared two types of reflective groundcover: a woven polyethylene fabric and a film material with a grassed control without reflective material under a protective netting installation that reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 17%. The experiment was conducted in a semiarid climate on a 5-year-old ‘Cameron Select Honeycrisp’ apple orchard near Quincy, WA. Light penetration into the canopy was measured with a PAR sensor. At harvest, fruit quality, yield, and size were assessed. The use of reflective groundcover between the rows significantly increased reflected PAR into the lower canopy. Moreover, reflective groundcovers significantly increased the amount of fruit with greater than 25% skin red color compared with the control. Reflective groundcover did not affect fruit weight, yield, and fruit number. The use of reflective groundcover under protective netting can increase light penetration into the canopy, thereby improving fruit skin red coloration in apple.

scholarly journals PHYTONUTRIENT EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRIES FROM FIELD AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 879c-879
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
Gene Lester ◽  
Craig Chandler ◽  
Penny Perkins-Veazie ◽  
Ronald Prior
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Production Environments

Fresh strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch) are readily available throughout the year with several new cultivars being successfully grown in diverse environmental conditions (e.g., field and greenhouse). Consumption of strawberries with higher nutritive values and antioxidant activity may contribute to improved human wellness. Phytonutrient contents and antioxidant activity was measured as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were assayed in berries (`Camarosa', `Diamante', and `Gaviota') sampled in January, February to March, and April to May from fields in Plant City, Fla., and Oxnard, Calif., and from a greenhouse in Kearneysville, WV. Strawberry cultivars varied in skin color, soluble solids, total phenolics, and anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, folic acid, and ORAC activity. Response to environment was cultivar dependent. All phytonutrient constituents were lower in `Diamante' berries compared to `Camarosa' and `Gaviota'. For all cultivars, berry ORAC activity declined as TSS increased, and ORAC activity was coincident with phenolic content. ORAC activity in berries fruit harvested from plants grown in a temperature-controlled greenhouse did not change during the January to May sampling period. For `Gaviota', ORAC activity in greenhouse-produced berries was the same as that of field-produced berries. Whereas greenhouse vs. field-gown `Camarosa' and `Diamante' berries ORAC was higher and lower respectively. These findings demonstrate that the environmental conditions in greenhouses in Kearneysville, W.Va., from winter to spring are adequate for `Camarosa' and `Gaviota' color development, but not for `Diamante' strawberries. Of the three cultivars, only `Camarosa' was highly productive (1.2 kg berries per plant), even in the greenhouse. Berries were high in ascorbic acid, folic acid, phenolic acid, anthocyanins, and ORAC activity.

scholarly journals (337) Effect of Selenium Supply by Trunk Injection on Fruit Quality of `Niitaka' Asian Pear

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083E-1084
Author(s):  
Wol-Soo Kim ◽  
Jung-An Jo ◽  
Soon-Ju Chung
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Selenium Treatment ◽  
Trunk Injection

Many trials to supply selenium to fruit have been carried out since tests have confirmed selenium's role as a medical substance. Supplying selenium in orchards by soil and foliar application was not effective because of loss from rainfall. In order to increase selenium absorption by fruit, this study carried out tree trunk injections during the growing season. Selenium solutions in concentrations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg·L–1 were supplied to `Niitaka' pear (Pyruspyrifolia) trees by trunk injection (1.5 L/tree) four times at 15-day intervals from June 2004. The treatment with 50 mg·L–1 selenium showed necrosis symptoms at leaf-margins after secondary treatment and toxicity as abnormally red fruit skin color. Fruit weight and leaf area were decreased by selenium treatments, while severe symptoms appeared with higher selenium concentrations. Hunter values `a' and `b' in fruit skin color were increased by selenium treatment in comparison to the control. The selenium treatment showed lower soluble solids by as much as 1.2%, and higher fruit firmness. Selenium concentration in pear fruit was increased by trunk injection with a 5 mg·L–1 solution. The bound selenium in pear fruit after 3 months of storage in cold room conditions was very high, but free selenium was low.

scholarly journals PARTIAL ROOTZONE DRYING ADVANCES FRUIT MATURITY OF ROYAL GALA APPLE

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Zegbe ◽  
M. Hossein Behboudian ◽  
Alexander Lang
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying ◽  
Pattern Index ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a feasible irrigation strategy for saving water, which might save up to 50 % water, while maintaining apple (Malus domestica Borkh) yield. More information is available on the effect of PRD on yield and fruit quality than on fruit maturity advancement (FMA). Therefore, the effect of PRD on FMA of Royal Gala apples grown in a dry area of New Zealand was studied. The irrigation treatments were commercial irrigation (CI) and PRD. Fruit growth and FMA were measured. FMA was estimated based on mean fresh mass of fruit (MFMF), fruit skin color (FSC), fruit diameter (FD), fruit volume (FV), fruit density (FDen), flesh firmness (FF), total soluble solids concentration (TSSC), dry mass concentration of fruit (DMCF), and starch pattern index (SPI). MFMF, FSC, FD, FV, FDen, and DMCF were similar between CI and PRD fruit. However, compared to CI fruit, PRD fruit showed a tendency for enhancing FF and TSSC. SPI was higher in PRD fruit than in CI fruit. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that fruit quality attributes collectively accounted for the significant separation between CI and PRD fruit. The separation was weighed toward higher SPI, which was indicative of FMA in PRD treatment. This has important implications for early marketing. So, PRD application may improve FMA and save irrigation water by 52 %. The PRD could therefore be recommended for similar agro-ecological areas of the world.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Ethephon and Seniphos on Color Development of `Starking Delicious' Apple

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 746-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Larrigaudiere ◽  
E. Pinto ◽  
M. Vendrell
Keyword(s):  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Determining Factor

The differential effects of two color improving products, ethephon an ethylene-releasing compound, and seniphos, a nonethylene-releasing product, were studied on `Starking Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh L.). Ethephon and seniphos were applied 2 or 3 weeks before commercial harvest. Ethephon- and seniphos-treated fruit showed a significant improvement of peel color associated with a sharp increase in anthocyanin content and chromaticity values. Color improvement in ethephon-treated apples occurred during the preharvest period and cold storage. The seniphos-treated fruit stopped color development in cold conditions. In comparison to the ethephon-treated fruit, the seniphos-treated apples showed lower internal ethylene concentrations and a ripening delay. Both treatments sharply increased the activity of phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase enzyme, which seemed to be the determining factor of color enhancement. The seniphos-treated apples compared to ethephon had higher fruit firmness and lower soluble solids concentrations. Anthocyanin biosynthesis may be enhanced by seniphos treatment without inducing ethylene production or other ripening associated changes. As a consequence, fruit treated with seniphos can be held longer in storage.

scholarly journals Physical-chemical and chemical characterization of Passiflora cincinnata Mast fruits conducted in vertical shoot positioned trellis and horizontal trellises system

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Claudia Alves D’abadia ◽  
Ana Maria Costa ◽  
Fábio Gelape Faleiro ◽  
Juaci Vitória Malaquias ◽  
Francisco Pinheiro de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fruit Skin

Abstract Passiflora cincinnata Mast. or Caatinga passion fruit is widely cultivated in the northeastern semi-arid regions of Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Bahia. The system of cultivation and field management of the Passiflora species affects the physicochemical quality of its fruits. In this study, we evaluated the chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of the fruits of 2 progenies (CPEF2220 and CBAF2334) of P. cincinnata species using the vertical and horizontal trellis system. Fruits were collected from the plants at their physiological maturation stage and tested for the fruit skin color and texture and the pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pulp acidity ratio, and the contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and polyphenols in the seedless fruit pulp. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (progenies x conduction system) performed in 3 replications using 4 plants in each. The analysis of variance and the means were compared using the Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The results revealed that the CBAF2334 fruits presented with greener pigments and greater flavonoids. The fruits were characterized by their green color with some yellowish nuances and a low color saturation in both the progenies. The conduction system was not found to affect the physical and physicochemical characteristics as well as the anthocyanin and polyphenol contents of the studied species. The fruits of plants cultivated on vertical trellis presented with 56.73% more flavonoid content than those cultivated on horizontal trellis.

scholarly journals 611 PB 281 INFLUENCE OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON FRUIT DEVELOPMENT OF `FUJI' APPLES (MALUS PUMILA MILL.)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 519f-519
Author(s):  
Michael J. Perry ◽  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Robert G. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Acceptable Method ◽  
Evaporative Cooling System ◽  
Malus Pumila Mill ◽  
Computer Controlled

`Fuji' apples grown in the high light intensity of arid eastern Wash. are prone to sunscald damage. Evaporative cooling with over-tree sprinklers has become a commercially acceptable method for reducing the incidence of sunscald damage. A computer-controlled, over-tree evaporative cooling system was installed in a 3-yr-old commercial `Fuji'/M.9 orchard near Walla Walla, Wash. Over-tree sprinklers (Nelson R10 Mini Rotators) applied 280 or 560 1·min-1·ha-1 (30 or 60 GPM/A) when core temperatures were ≥33C (91.4F). Fruit skin and core temperatures were monitored with thermocouples. Fruit growth was not different between treatments. Skin color was improved by cooling, but the incidence of sunscald was low in all treatments. Commercial pack-out was measured and culls were evaluated. Fruit quality was analyzed at harvest and after 14 weeks storage. Titratable acids and soluble solids were higher in the 560 1·min-1·ha-1 treatment at harvest.

scholarly journals AMINOETHOXYVINYLGLYCINE AND FOLIAR ZINC TREATMENTS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN PRE-HARVEST DROPS AND FRUIT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burhan Ozturk ◽  
Kenan Yıldız ◽  
Halil Erdem ◽  
Orhan Karakaya ◽  
Ahmet Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Solids Content

Effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 250 mg L–1) and zinc (0.3% ZnSO4) treatments on pre-harvest fruit drops, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, color characteristics (L*, chroma and hue angle), soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, flesh and leaf micronutrients and macronutrients of ‘William’s Pride’ apples, were investigated in this study. AVG was sprayed 4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date and Zn was sprayed when the fruits reached the size of a walnut. As compared to the control, both the single AVG and zinc treatments significantly reduced the pre-harvest drops. However, combined AVG + Zinc treatments were found to be more effective in reducing the pre-harvest drops. At the last measurement date (15th of August), 60% fruit drop was measured in control, but 22% in AVG + Zinc treatment. AVG and AVG + Zinc treatments reduced ethylene synthesis. On the other hand, single zinc treatments stimulated ethylene synthesis. AVG treatments retarded red skin color development, but zinc treatments again stimulated red color development. As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values. While AVG treatments increased the total phenolics and antioxidant activity, zinc treatments decreased these attributes. As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents. Based on present findings, it was concluded that AVG could be used as an efficient tool to reduce the pre-harvest drops in apples.

scholarly journals Analysis of yellow mutant rainbow trout transcriptomes at different developmental stages reveals dynamic regulation of skin pigmentation genes

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenji Wu ◽  
Jinqiang Huang ◽  
Yongjuan Li ◽  
Lu Zhao ◽  
Zhe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Color Development

AbstractYellow mutant rainbow trout (YR), an economically important aquaculture species, is popular among consumers due to its excellent meat quality and attractive appearance. Skin color is a key economic trait for YR, but little is known about the molecular mechanism of skin color development. In this study, YR skin transcriptomes were analyzed to explore temporal expression patterns of pigmentation-related genes in three different stages of skin color development. In total, 16,590, 16,682, and 5619 genes were differentially expressed between fish at 1 day post-hatching (YR1d) and YR45d, YR1d and YR90d, and YR45d and YR90d. Numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with pigmentation were identified, and almost all of them involved in pteridine and carotenoid synthesis were significantly upregulated in YR45d and YR90d compared to YR1d, including GCH1, PTS, QDPR, CSFIR1, SLC2A11, SCARB1, DGAT2, PNPLA2, APOD, and BCO2. Interestingly, many DEGs enriched in melanin synthesis pathways were also significantly upregulated, including melanogenesis (MITF, MC1R, SLC45A2, OCA2, and GPR143), tyrosine metabolism (TYR, TYRP1, and DCT), and MAPK signaling (KITA) pathways. Using short time-series expression miner, we identified eight differential gene expression pattern profiles, and DEGs in profile 7 were associated with skin pigmentation. Protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that two modules were related to xanthophores and melanophores. In addition, 1,812,329 simple sequence repeats and 2,011,334 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered. The results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying skin pigmentation in YR, and could accelerate the molecular breeding of fish species with valuable skin color traits and will likely be highly informative for developing new therapeutic approaches to treat pigmentation disorders and melanoma.

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