scholarly journals Differential Effects of Ethephon and Seniphos on Color Development of `Starking Delicious' Apple

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 746-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Larrigaudiere ◽  
E. Pinto ◽  
M. Vendrell
Keyword(s):  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Determining Factor

The differential effects of two color improving products, ethephon an ethylene-releasing compound, and seniphos, a nonethylene-releasing product, were studied on `Starking Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh L.). Ethephon and seniphos were applied 2 or 3 weeks before commercial harvest. Ethephon- and seniphos-treated fruit showed a significant improvement of peel color associated with a sharp increase in anthocyanin content and chromaticity values. Color improvement in ethephon-treated apples occurred during the preharvest period and cold storage. The seniphos-treated fruit stopped color development in cold conditions. In comparison to the ethephon-treated fruit, the seniphos-treated apples showed lower internal ethylene concentrations and a ripening delay. Both treatments sharply increased the activity of phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase enzyme, which seemed to be the determining factor of color enhancement. The seniphos-treated apples compared to ethephon had higher fruit firmness and lower soluble solids concentrations. Anthocyanin biosynthesis may be enhanced by seniphos treatment without inducing ethylene production or other ripening associated changes. As a consequence, fruit treated with seniphos can be held longer in storage.

scholarly journals Harvest Maturity and Concentration and Exposure Time to Acetylene Influence Initiation of Ripening in Mangos

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Medlicott ◽  
Mayé N'Diaye ◽  
J.M.M. Sigrist
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Harvest Maturity

The effects of acetylene at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 ml·liter-1 and exposures of 4, 8, 12, or 24 hours on ripening initiation In mangos (Mangifera indica L.) harvested at three stages of maturity were investigated: Ripeness was assessed before and after treatment in `Tommy Atkins', `Ruby', and `Amelie' mangos by analysis of texture, peel, and pulp color development, soluble solids concentration, and pH. The initiation of ripening depended on the acetylene concentration, exposure time to acetylene, the physiological maturity of the fruit at harvest, and on the cultivar. Changes that can occur during ripening bad different sensitivities to acetylene gas. Acetylene treatment of 0.1 or 0.2 ml·liter-1 for 24 hours at 25C initiated softening, but had no effect on the other ripening processes measured. All the ripening changes measured were initiated with a 24-hour exposure to 0.4 ml·liter-1 in `Tommy Atkins', while 0.8 ml·liter-l was required with `Ruby' mangos. There was an interaction between gas concentration and exposure time taken to Initiate ripening. The 0.8 ml·liter-1 acetylene treatment required 24 hours to initiate full ripening, while 8 hours were required with 1.6 ml·liter-l acetylene and 1.0 ml·liter-1 ethylene. Mature and half-mature fruit showed a similar response to gas treatments; immature fruit failed to show full ripening initiation, although softening and peel color development were enhanced.

scholarly journals AVG Effects on Preharvest Apple Fruit Drop and Maturity in Virginia

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 694f-695
Author(s):  
Ross E. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Standard Rate

AVG applied 2 to 6 weeks before the optimum harvest date for several cultivars dramatically reduced pre-harvest fruit drop. The loss of fruit firmness and starch loss after the optimum harvest date was reduced by AVG sprays. The development of watercore in `Starkrimson Delicious' and `York' and maturity cracking in `Rome' and `Golden Delicious' were delayed and/or prevented by AVG. Color development was slightly delayed for most red cultivars and `Golden Delicious'. Soluble solids concentration was generally unchanged. Airblast applications of 123 g·ha–1 AVG was no more effective than a standard rate of NAA (28 to 56 g·ha–1), but rates of 248 g·ha–1 AVG and above were more effective than NAA for most cultivars. When fruit were left on the tree for periods of 3 to 5 weeks after the optimum harvest date, NAA hastened the loss of fruit firmness and starch and NAA increased watercore of `Delicious' and maturity cracking of `Golden Delicious' and `Law Rome'. Soluble solids and red color were generally unaffected by NAA. Ethephon sprays hastened the rate of fruit drop. When NAA was tank mixed with ethephon, NAA delayed fruit drop caused by ethephon, but AVG did not. The use of superior oil or Regulaid surfactant did not affect NAA or AVG responses; however, the silicone surfactant Silwet L-77, in one experiment, promoted the effectiveness of AVG. Tank mixing NAA or AVG with pesticides (Guthion + Lannate + Captan) did not affect the responses of AVG or NAA on fruit drop.

Sensory, Nutritive and Functional Properties of Sweet Cherry as Affected by Cultivar and Ripening Stage

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Díaz-Mula ◽  
S. Castillo ◽  
D. Martínez-Romero ◽  
D. Valero ◽  
P.J. Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Functional Quality ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

In this article 11 commercial sweet cherry cultivars were selected to evaluate sensory, nutritive and functional properties over the maturation process on tree. Fruit quality was significantly different among cultivars and maturity stages at harvest, with the highest quality scores being found in the harvest which was 4 days beyond current commercial harvest maturity for all the cultivars tested. Taking into account all of the measured parameters (weight, firmness, color, acidity and total soluble solids), ‘NY-6479’, ‘Prime Giant’ and ‘Sunburst’ could be classified as having the highest quality in terms of sensory attributes. However, ‘Cristalina’ and ‘Sonata’ had the highest functional quality, as determined by the measurement of bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity. We conclude that a delay of a few days in harvesting of sweet cherries would lead to achieve maximal nutritional (highest sugar and organic acid contents), sensory (greatest firmness and color development) and functional (greatest phenolics content, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity) quality to provide both eating enjoyment and health benefits to the consumer.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Effects of Exogenous Hematin on Anthocyanin Biosynthesis during Strawberry Fruit Ripening

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Huayin Li ◽  
Fengde Wang ◽  
Jingjuan Li ◽  
Yihui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Strawberry Fruit Ripening ◽  
Positive Effect

Anthocyanin in strawberries has a positive effect on fruit coloration. In this study, the role of exogenous hematin on anthocyanin biosynthesis was investigated. Our result showed that the white stage of strawberries treated with exogenous hematin had higher anthocyanin content, compared to the control group. Among all treatments, 5 μM of hematin was the optimal condition to promote color development. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of fruit coloring regulated by hematin, transcriptomes in the hematin- and non-hematin-treated fruit were analyzed. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in regulating anthocyanin synthesis, including the DEGs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, hormone signaling transduction, phytochrome signaling, starch and sucrose degradation, and transcriptional pathways. These regulatory networks may play an important role in regulating the color process of strawberries treated with hematin. In summary, exogenous hematin could promote fruit coloring by increasing anthocyanin content in the white stage of strawberries. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis suggests that hematin-promoted fruit coloring occurs through multiple related metabolic pathways, which provides valuable information for regulating fruit color via anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberries.

scholarly journals Improved Yield, Fruit Quality, and Shelf Life in ‘Flame Seedless’ Grapevine with Pre-Harvest Foliar Applications of Forchlorfenuron, Gibberellic Acid, and Abscisic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Hoda A. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Quality And Shelf Life

AbstractThe effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), forchlorfenuron (CPPU), and abscisic acid (ABA) on the parameters of yield of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes was investigated. The clusters of 8-year-old grapevines were sprayed with solutions: GA3 at 25 mg·dm−3, CPPU at 10 mg·dm−3, and ABA at 300 mg·dm−3, alone or in combinations. GA3 and CPPU treatment increased yield, cluster weight and length, berry weight and diameter, as well as fruit firmness, but reduced the total soluble solids (TSS) and intensity of berry color. Anthocyanin content of berries treated with GA3 and CPPU increased significantly by ABA treatment. Shelf life was increased by GA3 and CPPU treatments, as they decreased the percentage of weight loss, shattering, and unmarketable berries after storing at 20 °C for 7 days. Thus, it can be concluded that the combined use of GA3, CPPU, and ABA may be an efficient practice for fruit enlargement, coloration, and keeping quality in ‘Flame Seedless’ grape.

scholarly journals Relationship between Pigment Composition and Peel Color for the Fruit of Chinese Flame Tree

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-193
Author(s):  
Yiguang Wang ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
Yaohui Huang ◽  
Zhiyi Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Pigment Composition ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Pigment Analysis ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pigment Accumulation

Chinese flame tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata var. integrifoliola), a common ornamental tree in southern China, exhibits a variety of fruit colors among individual plants within the same cultivated field. In this study, 44 plants with different fruit colors were selected to investigate the impact of pigment composition on the coloration of fruit peels. The plants were divided into three groups based on the color phenotype of the fruit peel: red, pink, and green. The values of lightness (L*) were negatively correlated with redness (a*) and positively correlated with yellowness (b*). The correlations of chroma (C*) with the other color parameters differed among the three groups. In the pooled pink and red groups, C* was negatively correlated with both L* and b* and positively correlated with a*, whereas the opposite relationships were found in the green group. According to the pigment analysis, anthocyanins, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were detected in the fruit peels. Anthocyanins were found to be the main pigment responsible for the differences in fruit color among the various groups. The highest anthocyanin content of fruit peel was found in the red group, followed by the pink group; the lowest anthocyanin levels appeared in the green group. The major anthocyanin component in the fruit peels was identified as cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. By classifying fruit peel color and determining pigment composition, this study provides a theoretical basis for further researching genetic control and regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes on pigment accumulation and peel coloration of chinese flame tree.

scholarly journals Influence of Phostrade Ca on Color Development and Anthocyanin Content of ‘Braeburn’ Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bizjak ◽  
Nika Weber ◽  
Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek ◽  
Ana Slatnar ◽  
Franci Stampar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Concentrations

The influence of two foliar applications of Phostrade Ca, which contains high concentrations of phosphorus and minor amounts of calcium and nitrogen, on color development and selected primary and secondary metabolites was investigated during advanced maturation of ‘Braeburn’ apple. Changes of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, flavonols, and anthocyanins were monitored six times during the advanced ripening until technological maturity of the fruits. Additionally, the changes in the chromatic values a*, h°, and the lightness coefficient L* were recorded weekly. The colorimetric parameters showed a significant difference in the intensity of red coloration between the treated and untreated apples. Spraying with Phostrade Ca also resulted in a significant increase in most individual sugars, total sugars, and concentration of anthocyanins and flavonols. Moreover, the amount of phosphorus (P) in the treated leaves was increased. However, the total phenolic content and accumulation of other classes of flavonoids such as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones were not influenced. Phostrade Ca treatment significantly increased dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and slightly flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activity, which were correlated with anthocyanin synthesis but had no effect on phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase (CHS/CHI) activity. The results indicate that two foliar applications of Phostrade Ca late in the growing season represent an effective way to improve the color of ‘Braeburn’ apples at commercial harvest.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Genes Involved in the Fruit Color Development of European Plum

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dineshkumar Selvaraj ◽  
Sherif Sherif ◽  
Mohd Sabri Pak Dek ◽  
Gopinadhan Paliyath ◽  
Islam El-Sharkawy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes

European plum fruit (Prunus domestica) are normally blue-black to dark purple. However, some genotypes remain green/yellow after ripening. We hypothesized that in such genotypes anthocyanin biosynthesis is genetically disturbed. To examine this hypothesis, six european plum genotypes with diverse fruit colors were investigated for the expression pattern of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs)—e.g., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase 1 and 2 (UFGT 1 and 2). Expression profiles indicated that ABGs, especially Pd-CHS and UFGT 2, were significantly downregulated in the green/yellow fruit compared with the dark-purple fruit. Furthermore, the quantification of total polyphenols and individual flavonoid compounds showed substantial differences between the off-colored and the purple genotype. To further examine the contribution of each of the ABGs in color development, the open reading frame (ORP) of Pd-CHS, Pd-DFR, Pd-ANS, and Pd-UFGT 2 was ectopically expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The characterization of transgenic plants showed that the petals of plants expressing Pd-CHS were darker in color and had higher anthocyanin content than control or even other transgenic types, suggesting the significant contribution of CHS in determining anthocyanin production levels and hence fruit coloration. The results of this study provides better understanding of color development in european plum, which can be rewarding in developing european plum cultivars with desired colors through classical or modern breeding tools.

scholarly journals Effects of Ethephon Application on Color Development of ‘Gala Must’ Apples

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananie PESTEANU
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Anthocyanin Production

Fruit peel color is an important quality parameter and marketing attribute that influences consumer acceptance. Red color development in apples is due to the formation of anthocyanin pigments in the apple skin. Anthocyanin production, and therefore apple color is influenced by a range of environmental and management factors in the orchard. Ethephon is a compound that slowly releases ethylene which in turn can stimulate anthocyanin accumulation in apples. The aims was to evaluate the influence of ethephon to the color development of Gala Must apple variety. The study subject of the experience was Gala Must apple variety grafted on M 9. The trees were trained as slender spindles. The distance of plantation is 3.5 x 1.2 m. To study color development of the apple fruits were experimented the following variants of treatment: 1. Witness - no treatment; 2. Ethephon - 300 ppm; 3. Ethephon - 400 ppm. Ethephon were sprayed one time 2 - 3 weeks before commercial harvest. The research was conducted during the period of 2013 year. During the research, it was studied the amount and average of fruits, tree production, quality, firmness of fruits, hydrolysis and color index. Color of fruits was estimated at harvest using a scale of grading described by Alina Basak. In the present research work, we demonstrated that ethephon may be included in the system of color development of “Gala Must” apple variety fruits, the dose of 400 ppm, applied one spray 2 - 3 weeks before commercial harvest.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Skin Pigmentation and Flesh Starch Breakdown of ‘Gala’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huicong Wang ◽  
Lailiang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Starch Breakdown ◽  
Color Development ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Fruit Skin

Apple maturity is often assessed by starch hydrolysis index, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, and the rate of ethylene evolution. In red-fruited apple cultivars, the intensity and extent of coloration is an important consideration in determining the time of fruit harvest. Negative relationships have been found between tree nitrogen (N) status and fruit skin pigmentation, but how N affects flesh starch breakdown has not been examined in detail. The objective of this study was to determine how N supply affects flesh starch breakdown relative to skin color development. Seven-year-old ‘Gala’/M.26 trees were provided with four levels of N (8.8, 26.4, 52.7, and 105.4 g N per tree) in a modified Hoagland's solution. The effects of N supply on yield, fruit quality, and fruit maturation were evaluated. At harvest, fruit in the lowest N treatment was significantly smaller and had lower soluble solids but higher starch concentration, better color, and higher firmness than those grown at higher N supplies. Increasing N supply decreased both anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in fruit skin. Flesh starch concentration was higher at higher N supply at 38 days before harvest but was lower at higher N supply at harvest. Starch degradation was completed earlier during cold storage with increasing N supply. These results indicate that increasing N supply delays skin red color development but accelerates flesh starch degradation in ‘Gala’ apples. These differential effects of N supply should be taken into account when assessing fruit maturity for optimizing harvest time.

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