scholarly journals Analysis of yellow mutant rainbow trout transcriptomes at different developmental stages reveals dynamic regulation of skin pigmentation genes

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenji Wu ◽  
Jinqiang Huang ◽  
Yongjuan Li ◽  
Lu Zhao ◽  
Zhe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Color Development

AbstractYellow mutant rainbow trout (YR), an economically important aquaculture species, is popular among consumers due to its excellent meat quality and attractive appearance. Skin color is a key economic trait for YR, but little is known about the molecular mechanism of skin color development. In this study, YR skin transcriptomes were analyzed to explore temporal expression patterns of pigmentation-related genes in three different stages of skin color development. In total, 16,590, 16,682, and 5619 genes were differentially expressed between fish at 1 day post-hatching (YR1d) and YR45d, YR1d and YR90d, and YR45d and YR90d. Numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with pigmentation were identified, and almost all of them involved in pteridine and carotenoid synthesis were significantly upregulated in YR45d and YR90d compared to YR1d, including GCH1, PTS, QDPR, CSFIR1, SLC2A11, SCARB1, DGAT2, PNPLA2, APOD, and BCO2. Interestingly, many DEGs enriched in melanin synthesis pathways were also significantly upregulated, including melanogenesis (MITF, MC1R, SLC45A2, OCA2, and GPR143), tyrosine metabolism (TYR, TYRP1, and DCT), and MAPK signaling (KITA) pathways. Using short time-series expression miner, we identified eight differential gene expression pattern profiles, and DEGs in profile 7 were associated with skin pigmentation. Protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that two modules were related to xanthophores and melanophores. In addition, 1,812,329 simple sequence repeats and 2,011,334 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered. The results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying skin pigmentation in YR, and could accelerate the molecular breeding of fish species with valuable skin color traits and will likely be highly informative for developing new therapeutic approaches to treat pigmentation disorders and melanoma.

scholarly journals Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Unveils Novel Pathway Involved in the Formation of Yellow Peel in Cucumber

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Geng Zhou ◽  
Juan Chen ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Xiangyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Pigment Accumulation

Yellow peel will adversely affect the appearance quality of cucumber fruit, but the metabolites and the molecular mechanism of pigment accumulation in cucumber peel remain unclear. Flavonoid metabolome and transcriptome analyses were carried out on the young peel and old peel of the color mutant L19 and the near-isogenic line L14. The results showed that there were 165 differential flavonoid metabolites in the old peel between L14 and L19. The total content of representative flavonoid metabolites in the old peel of L14 was 95 times that of L19, and 35 times that of young peel of L14, respectively. This might explain the difference of pigment accumulation in yellow peel. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that there were 3396 and 1115 differentially expressed genes in the yellow color difference group (Young L14 vs. Old L14 and Old L14 vs. Old L19), respectively. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway–plant, plant–pathogen interaction, flavonoid biosynthesis and cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis pathways. By analyzing the correlation between differential metabolites and differentially expressed genes, six candidate genes related to the synthesis of glycitein, kaempferol and homoeriodictyol are potentially important. In addition, four key transcription factors that belong to R2R3-MYB, bHLH51 and WRKY23 might be the major drivers of transcriptional changes in the peel between L14 and L19. Then, the expression patterns of these important genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR. These results suggested that the biosynthesis pathway of homoeriodictyol was a novel way to affect the yellowing of cucumber peel. Together, the results of this study provide a research basis for the biosynthesis and regulation of flavonoids in cucumber peel and form a significant step towards identifying the molecular mechanism of cucumber peel yellowing.

scholarly journals Characterization of Chicken Skin Yellowness and Exploration of Genes Involved in Skin Yellowness Deposition in Chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Wu ◽  
Zetong Lin ◽  
Genghua Chen ◽  
Qingbin Luo ◽  
Qinghua Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Economic Trait ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Skin Coloration ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Skin color is an important economic trait in meat-type chickens. A uniform bright skin color can increase the sales value of chicken. Chickens with bright yellow skin are more popular in China, especially in the broiler market of South China. However, the skin color of chickens can vary because of differences in breeds, diet, health, and individual genetics. To obtain greater insight into the genetic factors associated with the process of skin pigmentation in chickens, we used a colorimeter and high-resolution skin photographs to measure and analyze the skin color of chickens. By analyzing 534 chickens of the same breed, age, and feed condition, we found that the yellowness values of the chickens varied within this population. A significant positive correlation was found between the cloacal skin yellowness values before and after slaughter, and the cloacal skin yellowness value of live chickens was positively correlated with the overall body skin yellowness value. Additionally, chicken skin yellowness exhibited low heritability, ranging from 0.07 to 0.27. Through RNA sequencing, 882 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the skin with the highest and lowest yellowness values. Some of these differentially expressed genes may play an important role in yellow pigment deposition in chicken skin, which included TLR2B, IYD, SMOC1, ALDH1A3, CYP11A1, FHL2, TECRL, ACACB, TYR, PMEL, and GPR143. In addition, we found that the expression and variations of the BCO2 gene, which is referred to as the yellow skin gene, cannot be used to estimate the skin yellowness value of chickens in this population. These data will help to further our understanding of chicken skin yellowness and might contribute to the selection of specific chicken strains with consistent skin coloration.

scholarly journals Expansin and XET Genes Are Differentially Expressed During Aril Breakdown in Harvested Longan Fruit

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Xiong Zhong ◽  
Jian-Ye Chen ◽  
Hai-Ling Feng ◽  
Jian-Fei Kuang ◽  
Ruo Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Blotting Analysis ◽  
Pericarp Browning

Fresh fruit of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) are susceptible to pericarp browning and aril breakdown. Aril breakdown in longan fruit is regarded as one of the most important factors reducing quality and shortening storage life of the fruit. To better understand the molecular mechanism of aril breakdown, the expression patterns of three expansin (EXP) and three xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) genes in relation to the aril breakdown of longan fruit stored at room temperature (25 °C) or low temperature (4 °C) were investigated. The results showed that aril breakdown index increased progressively during storage at 25 and at 4 °C. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the accumulations of three EXP and three XET genes exhibited differential characteristics with the occurrence of aril breakdown. During storage at 25 °C, the accumulations of Dl-XET3 increased after 1 day, suggesting that Dl-XET3 correlated well with the early aril breakdown, while Dl-EXP3 together with Dl-XET1 and Dl-XET2 was involved in later aril breakdown. However, expression of Dl-XET1 and Dl-XET2 could be mainly involved in aril breakdown of longan fruit stored at 4 °C. In addition, Dl-EXP2, whose accumulation increased sharply when longan fruit were transferred from low temperature to room temperature within 12 hours, was related to the aril breakdown in this storage period. These data indicated that Dl-EXPs and Dl-XETs were closely related to aril breakdown in longan fruit.

Molecular Phenotype of Malignant CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 2863-2863
Author(s):  
Ralf Kronenwett ◽  
Elena Diaz-Blanco ◽  
Thorsten Graef ◽  
Ulrich Steidl ◽  
Slawomir Kliszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Leukemic Cell ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cd34 Cells

Abstract In this study, we examined gene expression profiles of immunomagnetically enriched CD34+ cells from bone marrow (BM) of 9 patients with untreated CML in chronic phase and from 8 healthy volunteers using Affymetrix GeneChips. Additionally, in 3 patients CD34+ from peripheral blood (PB) were compared with those from BM. Differential expression of 12 candidate genes was corroborated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Following hybridization of labelled cRNA to Affymetrix GeneChips covering 8793 genes we used the statistical scripting language “R” for data analysis. For normalization a method of variance stabilization transformations was used. To identify significantly differentially expressed genes we used the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) algorithm. The intraindividual comparison of CD34+ cells from BM and PB in CML showed no differentially expressed genes which is different to normal CD34+ cells which had distinct gene expression patterns comparing circulating and sedentary CD34+ cells (Steidl et al., Blood, 2002). Comparing malignant BM CD34+ cells from CML with normal BM CD34+ cells 792 genes were significantly differentially expressed (fold change: >1.3; q-value: <0.03). 735 genes had a higher and 57 genes a lower expression in CML. Gene expression patterns reflected BCR-ABL-induced functional alterations such as increased cell-cycle and proteasome activity as well as decreased apoptosis. Downregulation of several genes involved in DNA repair and detoxification in CML might be the basis for DNA instability and progression to blast crisis. An interesting finding was an upregulation of fetal hemoglobin (Hb) components such as Hb gamma A and G in leukemic progenitor cells whereas no difference in adult Hb expression was observed suggesting an induction of fetal Hb synthesis in CML. Looking at genes involved in stem cell maintenance we found an upregulation of GATA2 and a reduced expression of proteins from the Wnt signalling pathway suggesting an increased self-renewal of CML hematopoietic stem cells compared to the normal counterpart. Moreover, several genes playing a role in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism and in fatty acid biosynthesis such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) were stronger expressed in CML. The functional role of FAS for leukemic cell growth was assessed in cell culture experiments. Incubation of the leukemic cell line K562 with the FAS inhibitor cerulenin (10 μg/ml) for 3 days resulted in death of 99% of cells suggesting that survival of leukemic cells depends upon endogenous fatty acid synthesis. In an attempt to find a specific gene expression pattern associated with response to imatinib therapy we divided the patients included in this study into two groups: maximal reduction of BCR-ABL transcript level <3-log vs. >3-log (major molecular remission) during therapy. Comparing pretherapeutic gene expression profiles of both groups we could not identify a pattern predictive for major molecular response. In conclusion, malignant CD34+ cells in CML have a specific gene expression pattern which seems not to be predictive for response to imatinib therapy.

scholarly journals Weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify key modules and hub genes associated with paucigranulocytic asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Li ◽  
Wenye Zhu ◽  
Chu Wang ◽  
Yuanyuan Zheng ◽  
Shibo Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Hub Genes

Abstract Background Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into four inflammatory phenotypes: eosinophilic asthma (EA), neutrophilic asthma (NA), mixed granulocytic asthma (MGA), and paucigranulocytic asthma (PGA). While research has mainly focused on EA and NA, the understanding of PGA is limited. In this study, we aimed to identify underlying mechanisms and hub genes of PGA. Methods Based on the dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO), weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were conducted to construct a gene network and to identify key gene modules and hub genes. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the biological process, pathways and immune status of PGA. The hub genes were validated in a separate dataset. Results Compared to non-PGA, PGA had a different gene expression pattern, in which 449 genes were differentially expressed. One gene module significantly associated with PGA was identified. Intersection between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the genes from the module that were most relevant to PGA were mainly enriched in inflammation and immune response regulation. The single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) suggested a decreased immune infiltration and function in PGA. Finally six hub genes of PGA were identified, including ADCY2, CXCL1, FPRL1, GPR109B, GPR109A and ADCY3, which were validated in a separate dataset of GSE137268. Conclusions Our study characterized distinct gene expression patterns, biological processes and immune status of PGA and identified hub genes, which may improve the understanding of underlying mechanism and provide potential therapeutic targets for PGA.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of MAPK Signaling Pathway Genes and Associated lncRNAs in the Ileum of Piglets Infected by Clostridium perfringens Type C

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ruirui Luo ◽  
Xiaoyu Huang ◽  
Zunqiang Yan ◽  
Xiaoli Gao ◽  
Pengfei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Mapk Signaling Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Type C

Clostridium perfringens type C (C. perfringens type C) is one of the main microbial pathogens responsible for piglet diarrhea worldwide, causing substantial economic losses for pig-rearing industries. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is a key regulator of inflammatory bowel disease, especially necrotic enteritis. However, whether and how the MAPK signaling pathway is involved in regulating the process of piglet diarrhea when challenged by C. perfringens type C are still unknown. Here, we screened 38 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in piglets’ ileum tissues experimentally infected with C. perfringens type C that were enriched in the Sus scrofa MAPK signaling pathway, based on our previous transcriptome data. Of these DEGs, 12 genes (TRAF2, MAPK8, and GADD45G, among others) were upregulated whereas 26 genes (MAPK1, TP53, and CHUK, among others) were downregulated in the infected group. Our results showed that MAPK1, TP53, MAPK8, MYC, and CHUK were in the core nodes of the PPI network. Additionally, we obtained 35 lncRNAs from the sequencing data, which could be trans-targeted to MAPK signaling pathway genes and were differentially expressed in the ileum tissues infected with C. perfringens. We used qRT-PCR to verify the expression levels of genes and lncRNAs related to the MAPK signaling pathway; their expression patterns were consistent with RNA sequencing data. Our results provide strong support for deeply exploring the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in diarrhea caused by C. perfringens type C.

scholarly journals Integrated Analysis of microRNA and mRNA Transcriptome Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Solanum lycopersicum Response to Bemisia tabaci and Tomato chlorosis virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Yue ◽  
Li-Ping Huang ◽  
Ding-Yi-Hui Lu ◽  
Zhan-Hong Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Chlorosis Virus

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), is one of the most devastating cultivated tomato viruses, seriously threatened the growth of crops worldwide. As the vector of ToCV, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) is mainly responsible for the rapid spread of ToCV. The current understanding of tomato plant responses to this virus and B. tabaci is very limited. To understand the molecular mechanism of the interaction between tomato, ToCV and B. tabaci, we adopted a next-generation sequencing approach to decipher miRNAs and mRNAs that are differentially expressed under the infection of B. tabaci and ToCV in tomato plants. Our data revealed that 6199 mRNAs were significantly regulated, and the differentially expressed genes were most significantly associated with the plant-pathogen interaction, the MAPK signaling pathway, the glyoxylate, and the carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms and photosynthesis related proteins. Concomitantly, 242 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected, including novel putative miRNAs. Sly-miR159, sly-miR9471b-3p, and sly-miR162 were the most expressed miRNAs in each sample compare to control group. Moreover, we compared the similarities and differences of gene expression in tomato plant caused by infection or co-infection of B. tabaci and ToCV. Taken together, the analysis reported in this article lays a solid foundation for further research on the interaction between tomato, ToCV and B. tabaci, and provide evidence for the identification of potential key genes that influences virus transmission in tomato plants.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Transcriptome and Distribution of Putative SNPs in Two Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Breeding Strains by Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia de los Ríos-Pérez ◽  
Ronald Marco Brunner ◽  
Frieder Hadlich ◽  
Alexander Rebl ◽  
Carsten Kühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Selective breeding can significantly improve the establishment of sustainable and profitable aquaculture fish farming. For rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), one of the main aquaculture coldwater species in Europe, a variety of selected hatchery strains are commercially available. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation between the local Born strain, selected for survival, and the commercially available Silver Steelhead strain, selected for growth. We sequenced the transcriptome of six tissues (gills, head kidney, heart, liver, spleen, and white muscle) from eight healthy individuals per strain, using RNA-seq technology to identify strain-specific gene-expression patterns and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, 1760 annotated genes were differentially expressed across all tissues. Pathway analysis assigned them to different gene networks. We also identified a set of SNPs, which are heterozygous for one of the two breeding strains: 1229 of which represent polymorphisms over all tissues and individuals. Our data indicate a strong genetic differentiation between Born and Silver Steelhead trout, despite the relatively short time of evolutionary separation of the two breeding strains. The results most likely reflect their specifically adapted genotypes and might contribute to the understanding of differences regarding their robustness toward high stress and pathogenic challenge described in former studies.

scholarly journals Profiling of MicroRNAs in Midguts of Plutella xylostella Provides Novel Insights Into the Bacillus thuringiensis Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Xuejiao Xu ◽  
Sujie Lin ◽  
Shiyao Chen ◽  
Guifang Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests worldwide, has developed field resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. Although miRNAs have been reported to be involved in insect resistance to multiple insecticides, our understanding of their roles in mediating Bt resistance is limited. In this study, we constructed small RNA libraries from midguts of the Cry1Ac-resistant (Cry1S1000) strain and the Cry1Ac-susceptible strain (G88) using a high-throughput sequencing analysis. A total of 437 (76 known and 361 novel miRNAs) were identified, among which 178 miRNAs were classified into 91 miRNA families. Transcripts per million analysis revealed 12 differentially expressed miRNAs between the Cry1S1000 and G88 strains. Specifically, nine miRNAs were down-regulated and three up-regulated in the Cry1S1000 strain compared to the G88 strain. Next, we predicted the potential target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs and carried out GO and KEGG pathway analyses. We found that the cellular process, metabolism process, membrane and the catalytic activity were the most enriched GO terms and the Hippo, MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in Bt resistance of DBM. In addition, the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their target genes were determined by RT-qPCR, showing that partial miRNAs negatively while others positively correlate with their corresponding target genes. Subsequently, novel-miR-240, one of the differentially expressed miRNAs with inverse correlation with its target genes, was confirmed to interact with Px017590 and Px007885 using dual luciferase reporter assays. Our study highlights the characteristics of differentially expressed miRNAs in midguts of the Cry1S1000 and G88 strains, paving the way for further investigation of miRNA roles in mediating Bt resistance.

scholarly journals PATH-10. EFFECTS OF 19q-LOSS IN IDH-MUTATED ASTROCYTOMAS ON BETTER PROGNOSIS AND OLIGODENDROGLIOMA-LIKE MORPHOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii165-ii166
Author(s):  
Ryohei Otani ◽  
Takeo Uzuka ◽  
Fumi Higuchi ◽  
Hadzki Matsuda ◽  
Shota Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Cell Maintenance ◽  
Glioma Progression

Abstract We previously reported that there was a subgroup of IDH-mutated astrocytomas harboring only 19q-loss showing oligodendroglioma-like morphology and significantly longer overall survival (OS) compared with 19q-intact astrocytomas. To further explore the biological characteristics of this possible subgroup and obtain insight into the mechanism of their clinical behavior, we compared gene expression pattern between five 19q-loss and five 19q-intact IDH-mutated astrocytomas by microarray analysis. Comparing expression level of each genes between 19q-loss and 19q-intact astrocytomas,136 up-regulated genes and 203 down-regulated genes were extracted. Gene expression patterns of 19q-loss astrocytomas were partially different from that of 19q-intact astrocytomas. More down-regulated genes distributed on 19q and 4p, and more up-regulated genes distributed on 4q. Multiple genes associated with stem cell maintenance were down-regulated in 19q-loss astrocytomas, and genes associated with glioma progression were differentially expressed. Comparing expression patterns among 19q-loss astrocytomas and other IDH-mutant glioma subgroups using TCGA datasets by t-SNE analysis revealed that expression pattern of 19q-loss astrocytomas did not shift to that of oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q codeletion but were a subgroup in astrocytomas. These results indicated that 19q-loss in astrocytomas was an acquired event different from 1p/19q codeletion in oligodendrogliomas, and better prognosis morphological features in 19q-loss astrocytomas were derived from differentially expressed genes associated with stem cell maintenance and glioma progression.

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