scholarly journals Estimation of Geometric Attributes and Masses of Individual Cucumber Organs Using Three-dimensional Digitizing and Allometric Relationships

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Kahlen ◽  
Hartmut Stützel
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Allometric Functions ◽  
Simple Power Function ◽  
Two Parameters

The objective of this study was to estimate geometric attributes and masses of individual cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) organs in situ. Using three-dimensional (3D) digitizing techniques, geometric data were obtained that were used to establish allometric relationships between geometric organ attribute and organ mass. Moreover, the authors were looking for the effects of ontogeny and the influence of environmental factors on the allometric relationships in cucumber. If such an allometric relationship did not exist, they alternatively tested the relationship between organ dry weight and organ number counted from the top of the plant downward. Lastly, they included allometric relationships based on biomechanical approaches focused on lamina mass and petiole attributes. The digitizing method provided accurate data for the calculation of geometric plant part attributes, such as length, area, and volume. Based on these data it was possible to describe the relationships between plant part dry weight and plant part geometry by allometric functions except for internode length. Apart from this exception, two different kinds of allometric equations were used: a simple power function with two parameters and a linear function without intercept. Information about more than one dimension of the considered plant part (e.g., area or volume) led to a simple linear relationship, whereas knowledge of just one dimension, like plant part length, resulted in more complex nonlinear relationships. Ontogeny led, in general, to a reduction in the scaling exponent or in the scaling factor, whereas changes of the environment distributed these values. Considering these effects makes it possible to determine dry matter partitioning on organ scale nondestructively and investigate long-term processes on intact plants.

Reconstruction of Objects from their Projections Using Orthogonal Functions

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Elrnar Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Object A ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Spatial Density Distribution

Considering any finite three-dimensional object, a “projection” is here defined as a two-dimensional representation of the object's mass per unit area on a plane normal to a given projection axis, here taken as they-axis. Since the object can be seen as being built from parallel, thin slices, the relation between object structure and its projection can be reduced by one dimension. It is assumed that an electron microscope equipped with a tilting stage records the projectionWhere the object has a spatial density distribution p(r,ϕ) within a limiting radius taken to be unity, and the stage is tilted by an angle 9 with respect to the x-axis of the recording plane.

Applications of Scanning Microscopy in Biomedical Research

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
T. L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Biomedical applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have increased in number quite rapidly over the last several years. Studies have been made of cells, whole mount tissue, sectioned tissue, particles, human chromosomes, microorganisms, dental enamel and skeletal material. Many of the advantages of using this instrument for such investigations come from its ability to produce images that are high in information content. Information about the chemical make-up of the specimen, its electrical properties and its three dimensional architecture all may be represented in such images. Since the biological system is distinctive in its chemistry and often spatially scaled to the resolving power of the SEM, these images are particularly useful in biomedical research.In any form of microscopy there are two parameters that together determine the usefulness of the image. One parameter is the size of the volume being studied or resolving power of the instrument and the other is the amount of information about this volume that is displayed in the image. Both parameters are important in describing the performance of a microscope. The light microscope image, for example, is rich in information content (chemical, spatial, living specimen, etc.) but is very limited in resolving power.

scholarly journals Growth and dry matter partitioning response in cereal-legume intercropping under full and limited irrigation regimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanullah ◽  
Shah Khalid ◽  
Farhan Khalil ◽  
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh ◽  
Mona S. Alwahibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Winter Crops

AbstractThe dry matter partitioning is the product of the flow of assimilates from the source organs (leaves and stems) along the transport route to the storage organs (grains). A 2-year field experiment was conducted at the agronomy research farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2015–2016 (Y1) to 2016–2017 (Y2) having semiarid climate. Four summer crops, pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoidum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and four winter crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), fababean (Vicia faba) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown under two irrigation regimes (full vs. limited irrigation) with the pattern of growing each crop either alone as sole crop or in combination of two crops in each intercropping system under both winter and summer seasons. The result showed that under full irrigated condition (no water stress), all crops had higher crop growth rate (CGR), leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), and spike/head dry weight (S/H/PDW) at both anthesis and physiological maturity (PM) than limited irrigated condition (water stress). In winter crops, both wheat and barley grown as sole crop or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Among summer crops, sorghum intercropped either with pigeon pea or with mungbean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at both growth stages. Sole mungbean and pigeon pea or pigeon pea and mungbean intercropping had higher CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than millet and sorghum intercropping. On the other hand, wheat and barley grown as sole crops or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Fababean grown as sole crop or intercropped with wheat produced higher CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at PM than intercropped with barley or rapeseed. From the results it was concluded that cereal plus legume intercropping particularly wheat/fababean in winter and sorghum/pigeon pea or sorgum/mungbean in summer are the most productive intercropping systems under both low and high moisture regimes.

scholarly journals Elongated Gravity Sources as an Analytical Limit for Flat Galaxy Rotation Curves

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Felipe J. Llanes-Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Rotation Curves ◽  
Central Mass ◽  
Filamentary Structure ◽  
Analytical Limit ◽  
Galaxy Rotation Curves

The flattening of spiral-galaxy rotation curves is unnatural in view of the expectations from Kepler’s third law and a central mass. It is interesting, however, that the radius-independence velocity is what one expects in one less dimension. In our three-dimensional space, the rotation curve is natural if, outside the galaxy’s center, the gravitational potential corresponds to that of a very prolate ellipsoid, filament, string, or otherwise cylindrical structure perpendicular to the galactic plane. While there is observational evidence (and numerical simulations) for filamentary structure at large scales, this has not been discussed at scales commensurable with galactic sizes. If, nevertheless, the hypothesis is tentatively adopted, the scaling exponent of the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation due to accretion of visible matter by the halo comes out to reasonably be 4. At a minimum, this analytical limit would suggest that simulations yielding prolate haloes would provide a better overall fit to small-scale galaxy data.

Reductions in the polyhydric alcohol content of lichens as an indicator of environmental pollution

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Roser ◽  
D.R. Melick ◽  
R.D. Seppelt
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohol ◽  
Cement Dust ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Windmill Islands ◽  
Two Parameters

Levels of polyhydric alcohols and oligosaccharides in the lichens Umbilicaria decussata and Usnea sphacelata were measured in samples obtained from unpolluted and polluted sites on Bailey Peninsula, Windmill Islands, Budd Coast. Undisturbed lichen possessed levels of these compounds (33 and 20 mg g-1 dry weight respectively) typical of those found in lichens from temperate climates. Plants from sites severely polluted by alkaline cement dust, derived from concrete mixing activities, possessed significantly lower levels (P < 0.01) of these intracellular constituents. Levels of chlorophyll a in Umbilicaria decussata were significantly correlated with total polyols + sugars (r2 = 0.88). We suggest that environmental impacts on Antarctic vegetation may be measured by parallel determinations of these two parameters on sensitive lichen species such as Umbilicaria decussata.

Reassessing and Reconceptualizing the Multidimensional Nature of Organizational Commitment

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1379-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Akhtar ◽  
Doreen Tan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Organizational Membership ◽  
Attitude Theory ◽  
Retail Banks ◽  
Promax Rotation

This study was designed to reassess and reconceptualize the multidimensional nature of organizational commitment. The Organizational Commitment Questionnaire of Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian was administered to 259 employees representing five retail banks. Factor analysis (principal factor, promax rotation) yielded the three dimensions proposed by Porter, et al. in 1974. This conceptualization was inadequate because one dimension, i.e., desire to maintain organizational membership, overlaps the withdrawal construct. A similar criticism has been levelled against Meyer and Allen's 1991 model. Consistent with the three-dimensional attitude theory, organizational commitment was reconceptualized in terms of cognitive, emotive, and conative meanings. The proposed dimensions include normative commitment (amount of cognitive consonance with organizational norms), affective commitment (intensity of emotional attachment to the organization), and volitive commitment (extent of conative orientation towards organizational goals).

Chaotic Mixing in Time-Periodic 3-D Flows

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. S. Rodrigo ◽  
J. P. B. Mota ◽  
E. Saatdjian
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Mean Residence Time ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Outer Cylinder ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Time Periodic

Mixing in a special class of three-dimensional, non-inertial time-periodic flows is studied quantitatively. In the type of flow considered here, the cross-sectional velocity components are independent of the axial flow which is assumed to be fully developed. Using the eccentric helical annular mixer as a prototype, the time-periodic flow field is induced by adding a sinusoidal component to the rotation speed of the inner cylinder. For a given 3-D mixer geometry, the degree of mixing achieved is a function of two parameters that measure the strength of the cross-sectional stirring protocol relative to the mean residence time of the fluid in the mixer: the average number of turns of the outer cylinder, and the average number of modulation periods. We find that for a given mixer geometry and mean residence time, there is an optimum modulation frequency for which the standard deviation of the temperature field at the exit is a minimum.

Three-dimensional quantum mechanics in a curved space based on the q-addition

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (29) ◽  
pp. 1950177
Author(s):  
Won Sang Chung ◽  
Hassan Hassanabadi
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Cartesian Coordinate System ◽  
Spherical Coordinate ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Dimension Formula ◽  
Cartesian Coordinate

In this paper, we extend the theory of the [Formula: see text]-deformed quantum mechanics in one dimension[Formula: see text] into three-dimensional case. We relate the [Formula: see text]-deformed quantum theory to the quantum theory in a curved space. We discuss the diagonal metric based on [Formula: see text]-addition in the Cartesian coordinate system and core radius of neutron star. We also discuss the diagonal metric based on [Formula: see text]-addition in the spherical coordinate system and [Formula: see text]-deformed Heisenberg atom model.

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