scholarly journals RESEARCH INTO USAGE EFFICIENCY OF THE PULSATION MACHINE WITH A VIBRATING ROTOR FOR MILK HOMOGENIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Kyrylo Samoichuk ◽  
Sergey Kiurchev ◽  
Vadym Oleksiienko ◽  
Nadiya Palyanichka ◽  
Valentina Verholantseva
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Rotation Frequency ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Flow Acceleration ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Average Dispersion ◽  
Experimental Researches

The modification of rotor-pulsation machine – pulsation machine with a vibrating rotor (PM with VR) has been researched in the work. Rotor in such modification not only rotates but also oscillates axially with the frequency about 3000 min-1 and amplitude 0,5–1,0 mm. The aim of this research was to define specific features of milk homogenization process in PM with VR and disperse characteristics of milk emulsion. Analytical researches resulted in finding dependence of milk emulsion acceleration as a main factor of milk fat particles breakup subject to the design and kinematic parameters of PM with VR. Experimental researches were carried out on the laboratory setup of the pulsation machine with a vibrating rotor which was designed by the authors. The subject of experimental researches is cow's milk. The sizes of milk fat globules after homogenization were measured by the optical microscope equipped with a digital camera. The researches resulted in defining characteristics of milk emulsion dispersing in PM with VR. Thus acceleration grows when diameter, oscillation amplitude and rotation frequency of the rotor are increased, and channels length of the rotor and stator, the gap between them are decreased and the number of rotor openings is 4 or less. Empirical dependence between the average diameter of the fat globule (0,7–1,9 μm) and the average emulsion acceleration ((1–10)·103 m/s2) in the interrupter of PM with VR is defined which proves that the emulsion flow acceleration is the main cause of homogenization of PM with VR with 92 % confidence. High quality of the milk emulsion after processing in PM with VR has been proved. The crankshaft rotation frequencies up to 2880 rpm and rotor oscillation amplitude of 1 mm enable to receive milk emulsion with the average dispersion about 0,8 μm that corroborates using PM with VR in the industrial conditions for milk homogenization to be perspective.

scholarly journals Research on milk homogenization in the stream homogenizer with separate cream feeding

10.5219/1289 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Kyrylo Samoichuk ◽  
Dmytro Zhuravel ◽  
Olga Viunyk ◽  
Dmytro Milko ◽  
Andrii Bondar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Microsoft Office

Homogenization, which is used in the technological schemes of production of most dairy products, is the most energy-intensive of the processes of mechanical processing of milk. One promising way to increase the energy efficiency of homogenization is to use separate homogenization and to use a little-researched stream homogenizer with separate cream feeding. The principle of its action is to pre-divide milk into cream and skim milk, and feed the fat phase with a thin stream into the stream of skim milk. This creates the conditions for achieving the high value of the Weber criterion – the main factor in the dispersion of milk fat. The purpose of these researches is to conduct experimental studies and determine the energy consumption and quality of homogenization of milk after treatment in a stream homogenizer. To achieve this goal, a designed experimental setup was used. The dispersive indices of the milk emulsion were determined by computer analysis of micrographs of milk samples obtained with an optical microscope and a digital camera using Microsoft Office Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio C # software using the OpenCV Sharp library. As a result of experimental studies, the critical value of the Weber criterion for homogenization of milk was determined, which is 28. The regularities of dispersion of milk fat in a stream homogenizer with separate feeding of the fat phase have been established. It is determined that the milk treatment in the experimental homogenizer allows us to achieve an emulsion with an average size of fat globules of about 0.8 μm (at the level of valve homogenizers). The value of the homogenization coefficient is obtained for the disruption of the fat globule in the conditions: subject to a single effect on the emulsion, without the influence of vibration and cavitation. This homogenization coefficient equals 3300 m3/2.s-1.

scholarly journals Improving the quality of milk dispersion in a counter-jet homogenizer

10.5219/1407 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 633-640
Author(s):  
Kyrylo Samoichuk ◽  
Dmytro Zhuravel ◽  
Nadiya Palyanichka ◽  
Vadim Oleksiienko ◽  
Serhii Petrychenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Fat Globules

Homogenization is a necessary process in the production of drinking milk and most dairy products. The specific energy consumption of the most common valve homogenizers reaches 8 kW h.t-1. A promising way to reduce it is the introduction of more effective counter-jet homogenizers. The purpose of these studies is to increase the efficiency of machines of this type through fuller use of their kinetic energy. To achieve this, the design of a ring reflector was developed and experimental studies were carried out to determine its influence on the efficiency of milk fat dispersion in a counter-jet homogenizer. Calculations were made to determine the reflector’s design parameters. An installation for experimental research has been developed, in which the required milk pressure is created with the help of compressed carbon dioxide. The dispersive indices of the milk emulsion were determined by computer analysis of milk sample micrographs obtained with an optical microscope and a digital camera using Microsoft Office Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio C# software using the OpenCV Sharp library. As a result of research, the formula for defining the angle of the reflector top has been determined analytically. Experimental studies proved its validity and allowed determination of the optimal diameter. A comparison of the dependence of the degree of homogenization on the excess pressure in a counter-jet homogenizer proves a 15 – 20% increase in the degree of dispersion when using a reflector. At the same time, specific energy consumption does not increase. Comparison of the distribution curves of milk fat globules by size after counter-jet homogenization and homogenization with a reflector suggests that the average diameter of fat globules for the experimental method decreases from 0.99 to 0.83 μm. This indicates the high quality of the dispersal characteristics of the milk emulsion after processing in a counter-jet homogenizer with a reflector.

Antifungal Effectiveness of Nanosilver Colloid against Rose Powdery Mildew in Greenhouses

2008 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hae Sic Kim ◽  
Hyun Suk Kang ◽  
Gyo Jin Chu ◽  
Hong Sik Byun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Colloidal Solution ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Antifungal Effects

The antifungal effectiveness against rose powdery mildew using antimicrobial nanosilver colloidal solution was investigated. Double-capsulized nanosilver was prepared by chemical reaction of silver ion with aid of physical method, reducing agent and stabilizers. The average diameter of nanosilver was about 1.5 nm. They were highly stable and very well dispersive in aqueous solution. The Transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectrometer were used for measurements of size analysis and their stability, respectively. The nanosilver colloidal solution of concentration of 5000 ppm was diluted in 10 ppm of 500 kg and sprayed at large area of 3306 m2polluted by rose powdery mildew. The white rose powdery mildew fade out above 95 % after 2 days and was not recurred for a week. The antifungal effects were observed by an optical microscope and photographs.

Fabrication of Nanofiberous Enrofloxain Drugs with Ultrasonic- Emulsification Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 627 ◽  
pp. 711-714
Author(s):  
Shu Ting Lai ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Dong Ping Zeng ◽  
Yue Hua Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Crystal Phase ◽  
Ultrasonic Emulsification

The enrofloxain (Enro) nanofibers were fabricated by a ultrasonic-emulsification method. These samples were characterized by the optical microscope, FTIR. The volume of water phase in the microemulsion and the time of ultrasound process play an important role on the development and morphology of the Enro nanofibers. The obtained nanofibers have uniform and order shape. They owned an average diameter of 100 nm-500 nm and the length were longer than 150 μm. The results indicated the Enro nanofibers have a different crystal phase from enrofloxain hydrochloride.

scholarly journals CONCRETO REFORÇADO COM RESÍDUO TÊXTIL ORIUNDO DA PRODUÇÃO DE PNEU

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Letícia Andreolli Dias ◽  
Daiana Cristina Metz Arnold ◽  
Fernanda Boll Birck ◽  
Adriana Teresinha Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mass Density ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Textile Waste ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Structural Reinforcement ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Hardened State

A construção civil está em busca constante de materiais alternativos que supram as solicitações exigidas nas estruturas das edificações. Nesse contexto, as fibras têxteis residuais podem ser uma alternativa para as matrizes cimentícias como reforço estrutural contra a fissuração localizada, uma vez que o concreto armado é incapaz de absorvê-las. Por sua vez, a indústria de pneus gera grandes quantidades de resíduos têxteis que são destinados aos aterros sanitários, causando graves impactos ao meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa buscou avaliar a viabilidade da incorporação de resíduo têxtil em forma de fibras, em concretos, visando aumentar a capacidade de deformação e o controle da fissuração. Para tanto, confeccionou-se um traço 1:2,21:3,21 (cimento:areia:brita) e incorporou-se as fibras nos teores de 2,7 e 3,6 Kg/m³ sobre o volume do concreto. Para caracterização das fibras foi verificada a geometria, o comprimento, o fator de forma e o diâmetro médio. No estado fresco do concreto, analisou-se a influência das fibras quanto à trabalhabilidade e a massa específica. Após, no estado endurecido, avaliou-se a densidade de massa, a resistência à compressão, a resistência à tração por compressão diametral e a resistência ao impacto. Além disso, verificou-se a forma de aderência e de ruptura da fibra na matriz cimentícia através do microscópio óptico. Deste modo, os resultados apontam viabilidade da incorporação de fibra têxtil em matrizes cimentícias, visto que estas diminuiram a fissuração localizada e auxiliaram na absorção de impactos no concreto, porém por se tratar de um assunto inovador, deve-se realizar mais estudos para que o compósito possa ser efetivamente utilizado na construção civil.Palavras-chave: Concreto. Resíduo têxtil. Fissuras localizadas.ABSTRACTThe civil construction is constantly seeking for alternative materials that meet the requirements of the buildings structures. In this context, residual textile fibers may be an option for cement matrix as a structural reinforcement against the localized cracking, considering that the reinforced concrete is unable to absorb them. With regard, the tire industry generates substantial amounts of textile waste that is destined for landfill sites, causing massive impacts to the environment. In this sense, this research sought to evaluate the feasibility of the incorporation of textile waste in the fibers form, in concrete, aiming to increase the deformation capacity and the control of cracking. In order to do so, the trace 1: 2,21: 3,21 (cement: sand: gravel) was made and the fibers were incorporated in the contents of 2.7 and 3.6 kg / m³ on the volume of the concrete. For characterization of the fibers, the geometry, length, shape factor and average diameter were verified. In the fresh state of the concrete, it was analyzed the influence of the fibers on the workability and the specific mass. Later, in the hardened state, the mass density, compressive strength, diametral compression tensile strength and impact strength were evaluated. In addition to that, the adhesion and rupture of the fiber in the cementitious matrix ware checked through the optical microscope. Thus, the results indicate the feasibility of the incorporation of textile fiber in cementitious matrixes, since these reduced the localized cracking and helped in the absorption of impacts in the concrete; however, since it is an innovative subject, more studies may be done so that the composite can be used in civil construction.Keywords: Concrete. Textile residue. Localized cracks.

Research on the Reaction Condition and Process of Microcapsules via In Situ Polymerization

2011 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Zheng Xin ◽  
Li Na Wang ◽  
Yan Wei Wang ◽  
Xiang An Huang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials

Heat-resistant microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) were prepared via in-situ polymerization, with polyurea used as the shell and low melt-point paraffin wax as the core. Optical microscope and Electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the properties and morphology of the materials. The influence factors on polymerization were discussed. Experimental results indicated that the average diameter of 2.5 μm of particles was gained when the emulsification content was 1%, the time of acidification was 60 minutes and the curing temperature was 70°C.

Effect of forage:concentrate ratio on the quality of ewe's milk, especially on milk fat globules characteristics and fatty acids composition

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Martini ◽  
Gian Battista Liponi ◽  
Federica Salari
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Milk Fat Globules

The aim of this study was to evaluate the milk quality of Massese ewes receiving diets with different forage:concentrate ratios (FC ratio), specially on milk fat globules characteristics and fatty acids composition. The diet is one of the main environmental factors that influence the lipidic content of milk. A trial was carried out on twenty ewes, which had been subdivided into two homogeneous groups and kept indoors at 25 days post partum. The experiment lasted 60 days, from 40 to 100 days post partum and the animals were fed two diets that differed in terms of the FC ratio: 60:40 and 40:60, as fed. The results obtained in this study showed that a greater proportion of forage, compared with an higher percentage of concentrate, led to an increase in the percentage of fat (+8·66%) and to a decrease in the percentage of milk fat globules with a size between 2 and 5 μm (−17·32%). However, the average diameter was not affected. There was also a decrease in the percentages of some medium chain fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0; −14·89% and −4·03 respectively) and an increase in mono and polyunsaturated ones such as trans11-C18:1 (+31·71%), total CLA (+22%), EPA (+18·18%) and DHA (+66·67%). In conclusion, a greater proportion of forage seem to improve the milk fatty acid profile by the increase of some fatty acid identified has being beneficial for human health.

Preparation of the Reed Cellulose Membrane by Using NMMO Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Ling Pan ◽  
Wen Jiang Li ◽  
Ming Rui Wang ◽  
Chen You
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Cellulose Membrane ◽  
Cellulose Film ◽  
Scanning Electron

The reed cellulose was extracted from the wild reed in the hot 12% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution. Then, the cellulose membrane was successfully prepared by using the reed cellulose as the raw materials dissolved in the solvent of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO). The characterization of the reed cellulose film was studied by the digital camera, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the reed cellulose membrane is a smooth appearance and good quality film, which could have many applications in the practical filed.

Correlation between Frequency and Sound Absorption Coefficient of Polymer Reinforced Natural Fibre

2015 ◽  
Vol 1112 ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Farid ◽  
Hosta Ardhyananta ◽  
Vania Mitha Pratiwi ◽  
Sri Pingit Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Sound Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Ramie Fiber ◽  
Medium Frequency

Aspect ratio which is the ratio between the length and diameter of the fiber affects the sound absorption performance of the polymer reinforced natural fiber (ramie or bamboo fiber). The aim of this study is to choose the specific frequency –which is important for industrial application- to obtain an optimal sound absorption coefficient (α) by designing a certain aspect ratio.The acoustic was measured using impedance tube of The ASTM E- 1050=98 standard. Fiber length was 10 mm, while the diameter of the fiber was measured by using a digital optical microscope measurement with an average diameter of 110.4 microns. The morphology of the material was observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of certain functional groups in a molecule. The results indicated that the average of the sound absorption coefficient of the polymer reinforced ramie fiber reached 0,836 at low frequency of 125 Hz and 0,537 at medium frequency of 1000 Hz, and aspect ratio of 90, while the sound absorption coefficient of the polyester material reinforced bamboo fiber reached 0.973 at medium frequency of 1000 Hz.

scholarly journals Hovering in oscillatory flows

2016 ◽  
Vol 804 ◽  
pp. 531-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Huang ◽  
Monika Nitsche ◽  
Eva Kanso
Keyword(s):  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Vortex Sheet ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Oscillating Flows ◽  
Flow Acceleration ◽  
Physical Insight ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

We investigate the hovering dynamics of rigid bodies with up-down asymmetry placed in oscillating background flows. Recent experiments on inanimate pyramid-shaped objects in oscillating flows with zero mean component demonstrate that the resulting aerodynamic forces are sufficient to keep the object aloft. The mechanisms responsible for this lift production are fundamentally unsteady and depend on the shed vorticity. Here, we consider a model system of a two-dimensional flyer and compute the unsteady, two-way coupling between the flyer and the surrounding fluid in the context of the vortex sheet model. We examine in detail the flow properties (frequency and speed) required for hovering and their dependence on the flyer’s characteristics (mass and geometry). We find that, at low oscillation frequencies, a flyer of a fixed mass and shape requires a constant amount of flow acceleration to hover, irrespective of the frequency and speed of the oscillating flow. Meanwhile, at high oscillation frequencies, the flow speed required to hover is constant. In either case, the aerodynamic requirements to hover (flow acceleration or flow speed) are an intrinsic property of the flyer itself. This physical insight could potentially have significant implications on the design of unmanned air vehicles as well as on understanding active hovering of live organisms that can manipulate their flapping motion to favour a larger oscillation amplitude or frequency.

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