Effects of Phosphate Rock on Sequential Chemical Extraction of Lead in Contaminated Soils

Cadmium is a metal distributed in low concentrations in the environment without biological function, but it can be toxic at high concentration for plants, animals, and/or humans. This element is one of the major soil pollutant, with high mobility and availability under the conditions of many agricultural soils. The use of nanoremediation techniques can be an effective solution for the in situ recovery of contaminated soils with Cd, although the existing information about the consequences of using nanoparticles in soils is still very scarce. In this context. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be an effective amendment for remediation of soils. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Will) is a seed-producing crop that has been cultivated in the Andes for several thousand years but with a good adaptation to different climatic conditions. Currently, quinoa is an emerging multipurpose crop in other parts of the world, due to its high nutritional potential for both human food and animal feedstock and a good alternative to cereals, leading to significant demand and, consequently, cultivation. In this study, we investigated the capacity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for recovering artificially contaminated soils with Cd where grown quinoa. For this, seeds of C. quinoa were sown in two different soil (Arenosol and Anthrosol) artificially contaminated with Cd2+ (0; 5, 25 and 50 mg kg-1) and amended or not with 1% (w/w) of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The pot assay was carried out under controlled conditions and in a greenhouse for three months. Initial soils were characterized physicochemically and at the end of the assay multielemental concentrations were determined in soil (total and available fraction and plants (shoots). Germination rate, shoot height and dry biomass were measured, as well as pigments, glutathione, ascorbate and H2O2 contents were analysed in plant shoots in order to evaluate plant development and their physiological status. In parallel, a sequential chemical extraction was carried out to determine the Cd distribution in the different geochemical soil phases. Preliminary results indicated that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have a high capacity to retain Cd. These nanoparticles seem to favour C. quinoa growth even with the highest concentration of Cd added. Therefore, this study will serve as a basis for further scientific research on the potential use of hydroxyapatite in agriculture soils with different characteristics and Cd problems for secure C. quinoa cultivation.AcknowledgementsThis research and postdoc contract from Arenas-Lago D. was supported by the project ED481D 2019/007 (Xunta de Galicia), and Portuguese funds through Funda&#231;&#227;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia within the scope of the project UID/AGR/04129/2020 (LEAF).

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Trace Element Concentration and Speciation in Selected Mining-Contaminated Soils and Water in Willow Creek Floodplain, Colorado

Applied and Environmental Soil Science ◽

10.1155/2011/237071 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. Burt ◽

T. Weber ◽

S. Park ◽

S. Yochum ◽

R. Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Element Concentration ◽

Trace Element Concentration ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Residual Water ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Significant Contamination

Long-term mining activities in the mountains around Creede, Colorado have resulted in significant contamination in soils and water in the Willow Creek floodplain. Total major and trace were determined for soils and water and sequential chemical extraction for soils. Objectives were to determine concentrations and potential reactivity of trace elements and investigate their relationship with other soil and water properties. Water trace elements showed significant variability among sites, ranging from 347 to 12108 μg/L. Relative trend showed (Zn > Sr > Ba) > (Mn > W > Cd) > (Sn > V≈Ni≈Cu > Co) > (Ag). Soil trace elements showed significant short-range spatial variability, ranging from 2819 to 19274 mg/kg. Relative trend showed (Pb≈Zn > Mn > Ba > P) > (As > Cu > Sr > V > Cd > Sb≈Ag) > (Co≈Cr > Mo≈Sn≈Ni) > (Be≈W > Se≈Hg). Predominant fractions were oxide, specifically-sorbed/carbonate bound, and residual. Water soluble and exchangeable fractions showed (Zn≈Cd) > Pb and Cd > Zn > Pb, respectively. Mobility factors for highly contaminated soils showed Cd≈Zn > Pb > Cu > As.

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Mercury Speciation in Various Coals Based on Sequential Chemical Extraction and Thermal Analysis Methods

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2361

Author(s):

Yinjiao Su ◽

Xuan Liu ◽

Yang Teng ◽

Kai Zhang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Coal Combustion ◽

Decomposition Methods ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Anthropogenic Source ◽

Coal Rank ◽

Coal Pyrolysis ◽

Mercury Emissions ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Removal Technology

Coal combustion is an anthropogenic source of mercury (Hg) emissions to the atmosphere. The strong toxicity and bioaccumulation potential have prompted attention to the control of mercury emissions. Pyrolysis has been regarded as an efficient Hg removal technology before coal combustion and other utilization processes. In this work, the Hg speciation in coal and its thermal stability were investigated by combined sequential chemical extraction and temperature programmed decomposition methods; the effect of coal rank on Hg speciation distribution and Hg release characteristics were clarified based on the weight loss of coal; the amount of Hg released; and the emission of sulfur-containing gases during coal pyrolysis. Five species of mercury were determined in this study: exchangeable Hg (F1), carbonate + sulfate + oxide bound Hg (F2), silicate + aluminosilicate bound Hg (F3), sulfide bound Hg (F4), and residual Hg (F5), which are quite distinct in different rank coals. Generally, Hg enriched in carbonates, sulfates, and oxides might migrate to sulfides with the transformation of minerals during the coalification process. The order of thermal stability of different Hg speciation in coal is F1 < F5 < F2 < F4 < F3. Meanwhile, the release of Hg is accompanied with sulfur gases during coal pyrolysis, which is heavily dependent on the coal rank.

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Development of a Tellurium Speciation Study Using IC-ICP-MS on Soil Samples Taken from an Area Associated with the Storage, Processing, and Recovery of Electrowaste

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092651 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2651

Author(s):

Magdalena Jabłońska-Czapla ◽

Katarzyna Grygoyć

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Soil Extraction ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Speciation Study ◽

Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The optimization and validation of a methodology for determining and extracting inorganic ionic Te(VI) and Te(IV) forms in easily-leached fractions of soil by Ion Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) were studied. In this paper, the total concentration of Te, pH, and red-ox potential were determined. Ions were successfully separated in 4 min on a Hamilton PRPX100 column with 0.002 mg/kg and 0.004 mg/kg limits of detection for Te(VI) and Te(IV), respectively. Soil samples were collected from areas subjected to the influence of an electrowaste processing and sorting plant. Sequential chemical extraction of soils showed that tellurium was bound mainly with sulphides, organic matter, and silicates. Optimization of soil extraction allowed 20% average extraction efficiency to be obtained, using 100 mM citric acid as the extractant. In the tested soil samples, both tellurium species were present. In most cases, the soils contained a reduced Te form, or the concentrations of both species were similar.

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A Preliminary Study on Dependence of Mercury Distribution on the Degree of Coalification in Ningwu Coalfield, Shanxi, China

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14113119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 3119

Author(s):

Yinjiao Su ◽

Xuan Liu ◽

Yang Teng ◽

Kai Zhang

Keyword(s):

Linear Correlation ◽

Bituminous Coal ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Mercury Distribution ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Average Proportion ◽

Total Proportion ◽

The Relationship

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic trace element emitted from coal conversion and utilization. Samples with different coal ranks and gangue from Ningwu Coalfield are selected and investigated in this study. For understanding dependence of mercury distribution characteristics on coalification degree, Pearson regression analysis coupled with Spearman rank correlation is employed to explore the relationship between mercury and sulfur, mercury and ash in coal, and sequential chemical extraction method is adopted to recognize the Hg speciation in the samples of coal and gangue. The measured results show that Hg is positively related to total sulfur content in coal and the affinity of Hg to different sulfur forms varies with the coalification degree. Organic sulfur has the biggest impact on Hg in peat, which becomes weak with increasing the coalification degree from lignite to bituminous coal. Sulfate sulfur is only related to Hg in peat or lignite as little content in coal. However, the Pearson linear correlation coefficients of Hg and pyritic sulfur are relatively high with 0.479 for lignite, 0.709 for sub-bituminous coal and 0.887 for bituminous coal. Hg is also related to ash content in coal, whose Pearson linear correlation coefficients are 0.504, 0.774 and 0.827 respectively, in lignite, sub-bituminous coal and bituminous coal. Furthermore, Hg distribution is directly depended on own speciation in coal. The total proportion of F2 + F3 + F4 is increased from 41.5% in peat to 87.4% in bituminous coal, but the average proportion of F5 is decreased from 56.8% in peat to 12.4% in bituminous coal. The above findings imply that both Hg and sulfur enrich in coal largely due to the migration from organic state to inorganic state with the increase of coalification degree in Ningwu Coalfield.

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OBSERVATIONS IMPLICATING AN EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMIC MECHANISM OF CONTROL OF BONE MORPHOGENESIS

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/22.2.88 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 88-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

MARSHALL R. URIST ◽

HISASHI IWATA ◽

STUART D. BOYD ◽

PETER L. CECCOTTI ◽

MARLYS OKADA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Reactions ◽

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Ammonium Bromide ◽

Property A ◽

Noncollagenous Proteins ◽

Buffer Solutions ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Chloroform Methanol

Data on physicochemical conditions leading to loss of the bone morphogenetic property of bone matrix in neutral buffer solutions support the concept of an enzymic control mechanism better than a chemical blocking reaction or denaturation. The loss is associated with release of 35S-labeled constituents and not prevented by ε-amino caproic acid, an inhibitor of cathepsins. The loss is also associated with release of 35S-cysteine-labeled protein; about 60% of the yield is sustained by the addition of only 3 mmoles/liter of iodoacetic acid. A latent period of about 12 hr, decreased by extraction of bone matrix with CaCl2, is characterized by release of protein polysaccharide and other noncollagenous proteins. Release of sialic acid from the bone matrix by neuraminidase at pH 7.4 has no effect upon bone yield. At 2°C, Tris-HCl buffer or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extracts noncollagenous proteins without loss of bone yield; at 37°C, pH 7.4, these solutions also activate endogenous enzymes and reduce bone yield. The component of bone matrix responsible for reduction in bone yield is separable from bone matrix by extraction with phosphate buffer, by catheptic digestion of bone matrix in acidic buffer solutions, by sequential chemical extraction of noncollagenous proteins with cold slightly acidic salt solutions or by extraction-denaturation with chloroform-methanol. Detergents neither extinguish nor denature the morphogenetic property but some solubilize or extract degradative enzymes; hexodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, at pH 5.0, is positively charged and extracts hydrophobic proteins, including part of the bone morphogenetic property. A special selection of sulfhydryl chemical inhibitors remarkably different from the selection inhibiting known enzymes preserves the bone morphogenetic property of bone matrix; p-chloromercuribenzoate preservation is reversible by chemical reactions with cysteine. Reduction in bone yield in phosphate buffer is not attributable to a chemical block because chloroform-methanol extraction of the agent does not restore bone yield and is not attributable to denaturation because bone yield sustained by p-chloromercuribenzoate is lost by chemical reactions with cysteine. An hypothetical insoluble bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) firmly bound to collagen is degraded by a soluble neutral proteinase (BMPase). Digestion of the hypothetical BMP occurs without loss of the 640-A electron micrographic image of bone collagen, resembles tryptic digestion and is more selective as well as physiologic in action.

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Determination of lead speciation in melting furnace fly ash by sequential chemical extraction

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.071 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 272-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Takashi Okada ◽

Toshihiko Matsuto

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Melting Furnace ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Lead Speciation

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Study on the modes of occurrence of rare earth elements in coal fly ash by statistics and a sequential chemical extraction procedure

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 237 ◽

pp. 555-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jinhe Pan ◽

Changchun Zhou ◽

Mengcheng Tang ◽

Shanshan Cao ◽

Cheng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Modes Of Occurrence ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction

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Occurrence of rubidium and cesium in Iqe coal, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Evidence from sequential chemical extraction experiment

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/0144598717690088 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 376-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cunliang Zhao ◽

Bangjun Liu ◽

Jialiang Ma ◽

Shiming Liu ◽

Maksim G Blokhin

Keyword(s):

Water Soluble ◽

Tibet Plateau ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Silicate Minerals ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Qinghai Tibet Plateau ◽

Extraction Experiment ◽

Soluble Ion

The occurrence of Rb and Cs in coal samples from Iqe coalfield was analyzed by a sequential chemical extraction experiment. Five types of Rb and Cs were determined in the coal: water soluble, ion exchangeable, organic bonded, carbonate, and silicate. The results indicated that the occurrence of Cs is similar with Rb in coal, and nearly all Rb and Cs are distributed in silicate. The occurrence of Rb and Cs is most likely associated with silicate minerals in coal. With the high correlation between Rb, Cs, and K, and the high content of kaolinite and illite in these coal samples, it can be inferred that illite probably is the main carrier of Rb and Cs. Minor amounts of Rb and Cs may also be adsorbed by kaolinite in Iqe coal, and Cs may exist in other states, such as an exchangeable ion.

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Metal dispersion in sediments and waters of the River Conwy draining the Llanrwst Mining Field, North Wales

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/0026461036720100 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 289-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. R. Brydie ◽

D. A. Polya

Keyword(s):

Metal Speciation ◽

Acid Leaching ◽

Point Sources ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Sorption Behaviour ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

North Wales ◽

Nitric Acid Leaching ◽

Material Solution

The dispersion and sediment-water partitioning of Pb and Zn have been studied in the Conwy River, North Wales. Analysis included major and trace element water chemistry and concentrations of sediment-hosted Pb and Zn. In situ solution pH, Eh, temperature and conductivity were also measured. Sediments were characterized via SEM, XRD, nitric acid leaching and sequential chemical extraction to quantify metal distribution and sediment phase associations. Dissolved and sediment-bound Pb and Zn within river and estuary waters and sediments have been used to calculate whole sediment- and phase-specific apparent partition coefficients.Weathering of galena and sphalerite, associated with the Llanrwst Mining Field, provide point sources of elevated dissolved and sedimentary Pb and Zn in the upper catchment. Dissolved Pb is actively adsorbed onto sedimentary surface coatings of Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides and organics whilst Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides, organics and carbonates were the main hosts for Zn. Systematic changes in metal sorption are evident between the estuary and the upper catchment, with organic matter becoming progressively more important upstream. This change is ascribed to the sorptive properties of sedimentary organic material. Solution pH, [Cl] and aqueous metal speciation are the dominant solution controls on metal partitioning. Laboratory sorption experiments parallel Pb sorption behaviour in the natural system.

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