Optimizing mangrove conservation efforts with improved understanding of phytosociology-ecology synergy in Sri Lanka

The study aimed to understand the forest structure and ecological factors influencing mangrove distribution in eight mangrove forests across three climatic zones in Sri Lanka. We studied mangrove diversity and vegetation structure with 10m wide belt transects laid of different lengths (n=96) across the land-water gradient. Mangroves along the transect were identified, enumerated, and measured diameter at breast height (DBH). Subsurface water samples were taken in the adjoining lagoon/estuary to assess the environmental parameters (n=144), and water quality parameters were measured. Site-dependent spatial changes in the community structure were depicted through cluster analysis (CA). The forest survey revealed a heterogeneous mixture of 20 true mangrove species across the sites dominated by Avicennia, Rhizophora, and Sonneratia spp. Among the several environmental parameters analyzed by the distance-based redundancy ordination analysis (dbRDA), salinity, dissolved oxygen, and precipitation were found to be controlling factors in mangrove community structure. In addition, discriminant analysis confirmed the presence of ecological-phytosociological influence on mangrove assemblages identified through CA. The significant structural parameters tree density, and taxonomic diversity when tested using the canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP), altered the species abundance across the sites surveyed. The results suggest that there is a strong linkage between phytosociology and ecology with the mangrove forest distribution and this relationship needs to be considered wisely to fortify successful restoration practices.

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Floral Distribution, Diversity, and Ecology of Mangrove Forests in Mandaitivu and Arali, Sri Lanka

Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) ◽

10.47540/ijsei.v1i3.75 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 151-160

Author(s):

Ahalya Arulnayagam

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Subsurface Water ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Excoecaria Agallocha ◽

Belt Transect ◽

Bruguiera Cylindrica

Mangroves in the northern parts of Sri Lanka has been understudied and often ignored by the ecologists due to several reasons. This paper contributes to the assessment of floristic diversity and community structure of mangrove forests in two sites in the Northern Province; Mandaitivu and Arali. Vegetation studies were undertaken with the use of 10m wide belt transect laid across the water-land gradient, within which, 5-7 quadrats were placed for floral identification (nMandaitivu = 67, nArali = 44). Subsurface water samples (n=57) from adjacent estuarine region were taken to assess environmental parameters. Ten true mangrove species of six families were identified altogether in both sites. Bruguiera cylindrica, Lumnitzera racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha and Avicennia marina showed higher niche width. Zonation exhibited Rhizophora in the fringing zone, Avicennia landward and the others in the mixed zone. Salinity in both areas were relatively high and showed a significantly positive correlation with mangrove abundance along with conductivity, tidal regime and pH. Despite of their important role in coastal dynamics, mangroves have been degraded due to anthropogenic activities, thus demanding actions for conservation in the future.

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Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Daun di Ekosistem Bakau Pulau Kelong, Kabupaten Bintan

Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia ◽

10.14203/oldi.2016.v1i1.8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

I Wayan Eka Dharmawan ◽

Neviaty P. Zamani ◽

Hawis H. Madduppa

Keyword(s):

Leaf Litter ◽

Decomposition Rate ◽

Substrate Surface ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Mangrove Ecosystem ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Southeastern Part ◽

Regional Productivity ◽

High K

<strong>Decomposition Rate of Leaf Litter in The Mangrove Ecosystem of Kelong Island, Bintan Regency.</strong> The mangrove forests in the southeastern part of Kelong Island have abundant carbon reserves that indicate high primary productivity areas. Decomposition of leaf litter, as a part of regional productivity, produces simple essential nutrients utilized to sustain the growth of mangroves. The purpose of this study was to determine the decomposition rate of leaf litter in each zone of the study, the Landward (L), Middlezone (M), and Seaward (S) which is distinguished by the abundance of plant species and in situ environmental parameters. The experiment was conducted in March–May 2015 in the mangrove areas of Island Kelong, Bintan regency. The decomposition process was observed at six time intervals, i.e. 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days using net bag containing 10 g of wet leaves placed on the substrate surface. The results showed that L was a zone with highest percentage of decomposition (56.34 ± 20.58%) compared to the M and S, respectively for 51.59 ± 15.46% and 51.09 ± 8.70%. The highest rate of litter decomposition in zone L was 1.40 ± 0.82 g·m-2·day-1 that was significantly different from the zones M and S, respectively of 0.83 ± 0.89 g·m-2·day-1 and 0.78 ± 0.70 g·m-2·day-1. Analysis of the coefficient of decomposition rate (k) indicated that the rate of decomposition in this region was high (k > 0.01). The decomposition rate has a significant correlation with the abundance of mangrove species, the salinity value of the water, and soil temperature.

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Community mapping and vegetational analysis of the mangrove forest in Calabanga, San Miguel Bay, Philippines

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202014702017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

pp. 02017

Author(s):

Agnes Zafe Faustino ◽

Helen Lonsamia Madela ◽

Richard Gavina Castor ◽

Alvin Paredes Muroda ◽

Marian Nena Parato Chavez

Keyword(s):

Mangrove Forest ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Management Plan ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Rhizophora Apiculata ◽

Illegal Activities ◽

Laws And Policies ◽

Philippine Government

Mangrove forests in Philippines have been noted for years to be continuously dwindling in terms of forest cover and diversity. The reasons behind these unfortunate events are the unabated illegal activities in the mangroves albeit the enforcement of laws and policies pertaining to its conservation and rehabilitation. For several decades, the Philippine government had been implementing programs and projects aiming to bring back the once pristine and productive mangrove areas through reforestation of denuded areas in the country. However, assessment is needed to evaluate whether these efforts have positively impacted coastal areas. This paper presents the current vegetational condition of selected reforested mangrove areas in Calabanga, San Miguel Bay, Philippines. Fifty-six (56) quadrats measuring 10x10m were established strategically in four (4) randomly selected rehabilitated mangrove sites. The overall results show that ten (10) mangrove species were recorded and Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata got the highest importance values of 111.59 and 105.96 respectively. This only shows that mono-specific mangrove species were considered during the rehabilitation of the areas set aside the environmental parameters affecting survival rate and the ecological diversity of the mangrove forest. A framework was developed to guide the local government in developing their sustainable mangrove management plan.

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The Dynamic of Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Eutrophic Tropical Waters, The Cirata Reservoir

Indonesian Journal of Limnology ◽

10.51264/inajl.v1i1.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Fariha Luthfiani ◽

Sunardi Sunardi ◽

Hikmat Kasmara

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Community Structure ◽

Green Algae ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Zooplankton Abundance ◽

Blue Green Algae

The quality of reservoir waters depends on changes in their physical, chemical, and biological components. Changes in these parameters lead to the emerging of many problems in the reservoir, such as eutrophication and changes in the composition of the phytoplankton community in the reservoir ecosystem. This eutrophication impact can trigger an explosion of dangerous phytoplankton population, such as blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria). Research on the relationship between water quality and the community structure of Cyanobacteria has been carried out. This study used secondary data from the water monitoring report of the Cirata Reservoir from 2013-2017. This study aimed to obtain information on the community structure of Cyanobacteria and environmental parameters that affected the abundance of Cyanobacteria in the reservoir. Species abundance, diversity index, and dominance index were analyzed to determine changes in the community structure of Cyanobacteria in each of the years. Cyanobacteria abundances were classified using cluster analysis. Water quality parameters such as temperature, transparency, pH, carbon dioxide, nitrate, nitrite, and zooplankton abundance as independent variables, and levels of Cyanobacteria abundances as the dependent variable was analyzed using discriminant analysis. This study showed that the abundance of Cyanobacteria in the Cirata Reservoir is dominated by the Stanieria (a genus of the Pleurocapsales order) every year and the parameter that significantly affects the level of Cyanobacteria abundance was nitrate (NO3-N).

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Can we infer dredge fishing effort from macrobenthic community structure?

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsp202 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (10) ◽

pp. 2121-2132 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. B. Gaspar ◽

S. Carvalho ◽

R. Constantino ◽

J. Tata-Regala ◽

J. Cúrdia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Trophic Structure ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Taxonomic Diversity ◽

Fishing Effort ◽

Macrobenthic Community ◽

Commercial Fishing ◽

Macrobenthic Communities ◽

Macrobenthic Community Structure ◽

Closed Season

Abstract Gaspar, M. B., Carvalho, S., Constantino, R., Tata-Regala, J., Cúrdia, J., and Monteiro, C. C. 2009. Can we infer dredge fishing effort from macrobenthic community structure? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2121–2132. The effects of commercial fishing effort (FE) on macrobenthic community structure were analysed in geographically related fishing grounds separated into three groups: non-exploited (NE), moderately exploited (ME), and highly exploited (HE). Number of species, abundance, Margalef species richness, and Shannon–Wiener diversity were significantly higher in NE than in exploited areas. The first two were also significantly higher in HE than in ME areas. Measures of taxonomic diversity differed depending on whether annelids, molluscs, and crustaceans were combined or analysed separately. Crustaceans seemed to be the most vulnerable to bivalve dredging because significantly lower values were observed for them in the HE areas than in the ME and NE areas for this group. Although the samples were taken at the end of the closed season, macrobenthic communities still showed differences that may be related to FE, especially in trophic structure. Carnivory was particularly dominant in HE areas. The ratio of carnivory to filter-feeding was significantly correlated with FE, with higher values being observed in HE areas and lower values in NE areas.

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ANALISIS KESESUAIAN EKOSISTEM MANGROVE SEBAGAI KAWASAN EKOWISATA DI PULAU KELAPAN KABUPATEN BANGKA SELATAN

JURNAL ENGGANO ◽

10.31186/jenggano.5.2.132-142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 132-142

Author(s):

Arthur Muhammad Farhaby ◽

Andi Abdullah ◽

Carmila Carmila ◽

Edward Arnanda ◽

Emi Atika Nasution ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Parameters ◽

Mangrove Ecosystem ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Rhizophora Mucronata ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Rhizophora Apiculata ◽

Xylocarpus Granatum ◽

Suitability Index ◽

The Village

Pulau Kelapan secara geografis terletak pada 2?50’59.000’’ LS dan 106?50’31.000’’ BT.Pulau Kelapan terletak di desa Kumbung, Kecamatan Lepar Pongok, Kabupaten Bangka Selatan. Pulau ini dikelilingi oleh hutan mangrove yang masih alami dan keberadaannya memang dijaga oleh masyarakat Pulau Kelapan.Kawasan hutan mangrove Pulau Kelapan memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi destinasi ekowisata mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian lahan mangrove di Pulau Kelapan untuk dikembangkan sebagai lokasi wisata. Data yang diambil meliputi data kesesuaian wisata mangrove seperti parameter vegetasi dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan November 2019 di Pulau Kelapan, Kabupaten Lepar Pongok, Kabupaten Bangka Selatan. Stasiun pengamatan dalam penelitian ditentukan dengan metode purposive sampling, dimana membagi pulau kelapan ke dalam 4 stasiun pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata (IKW) untuk ekowisata mangrove di Pulau Kelapan pada stasiun 1 termasuk dalam kategori sangat cocok (S1) dengan nilai IKW 79% dan yang termasuk kategori sesuai (S2) ditemukan di stasiun 2.3 dan 4 dengan nilai IKW masing-masing adalah 51%, 66 % dan 74%. Jenis mangrove yang ditemukan di Pulau Kelapan adalah Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum yang tersebar di setiap stasiun pengamatan.SUITABILITY ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM AS ECOTOURISM AREAS IN KELAPAN ISLAND, SOUTH BANGKA DISTRICT. The Kelapan Island is geographically located at 2?50’59,000 ’’ LS and 106?50’31,000 ’’ BT. Kelapan Island located in the village Kumbung, District Lepar Pongok, South Bangka Regency. The island is surrounded by a natural mangrove forests and its existence is maintained and managed by local communities Kelapan island mangrove forest area has the potential to be developed into a mangrove eco-tourism destination. This study aims to determine the suitability of mangrove area in Kelapan Island to be developed as an ecotourism location. The research data includes the suitability index of mangrove tourism such as vegetation and environmental parameters. This research was conducted on November 2019 on Kelapan Island, Lepar Pongok, South Bangka Regency. The observation stations in the study were determined by the purposive sampling method, which divides the Kelapan islands into 4 observation stations. The results showed that the index of Conformity Tourism (IKW) for ecotourism mangroves on the Kelapan Island at station 1 were included in the category of very suitable (S1) with IKW 79% and are categorized accordingly (S2) were found in the station 2.3 and 4 with the value of IKW of 51%, 66% and 74%. Mangrove species found on the Kelapan Island was Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum found in each observation station.

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Configuration of Allocated Mangrove Areas and Protection of Mangrove-Dominated Muddy Coasts: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6258

Author(s):

Nguyen Tan Phong ◽

Thai Thanh Luom

Keyword(s):

Practical Knowledge ◽

South East Asia ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Sediment Trapping ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Second Stage ◽

Seaward Side ◽

Local Livelihoods ◽

Full Consideration ◽

Technical Recommendations

Mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have been allocated for developing livelihood models, particularly in developing countries. Uncontrolled allocation causes the mangrove forests to be vulnerable and even severely eroded. Restoration of vulnerable and eroded coastal areas has been merely conservation-driven, leaving livelihood-oriented mangrove forests unprotected. As a consequence, mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have not been well-protected. How livelihood-oriented mangrove forests are configured towards protecting coasts and protecting local livelihoods remains a challenge. This study employed a critical review for addressing this matter. The results reveal that there is limited practical knowledge of configuring livelihood-oriented models for protecting the coasts. The configuration process reported in this study is merely based on technical recommendations in South East Asia to date. The recommended configuration commences with the first stage of voluntarily designating a certain percentage of allocated forests on the seaward side to protect coasts, relocating livelihood models in the gaps among current stands of mangrove forests landward. Abandoned ponds are ecologically restored using sediment trapping structures for providing suitable substrate for promoting regrowth of local mangrove species as the second stage, followed by designation of an appropriate percentage as mangrove belts on the seaward side. The two-step configuration is highly likely to be replicable and applicable nationally and regionally due to full consideration of different political, sociocultural, and environmental characteristics in Vietnam and Indonesia.

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The Benefits of Combining Global and Local Data—A Showcase for Valuation and Mapping of Mangrove Climate Regulation and Food Provisioning Services within a Protected Area in Pará, North Brazil

Land ◽

10.3390/land10040432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 432

Author(s):

Robin Gutting ◽

Ralf-Uwe Syrbe ◽

Karsten Grunewald ◽

Ulf Mehlig ◽

Véronique Helfer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Climate ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Food Provisioning ◽

Local Data ◽

Climate Regulation ◽

North Brazil ◽

Species Specific

Mangrove forests provide a large variety of ecosystem services (ES) to coastal societies. Using a case study focusing on the Ajuruteua peninsula in Northern Brazil and two ES, food provisioning (ES1) and global climate regulation (ES2), this paper proposes a new framework for quantifying and valuing mangrove ES and allow for their small-scale mapping. We modelled and spatialised the two ES from different perspectives, the demand (ES1) and the supply (ES2) side respectively. This was performed by combining worldwide databases related to the global human population (ES1) or mangrove distribution and canopy height (ES2) with locally derived parameters, such as crab catches (ES1) or species-specific allometric equations based on local estimates of tree structural parameters (ES2). Based on this approach, we could estimate that the area delivers the basic nutrition of about 1400 households, which equals 2.7 million USD, and that the mangrove biomass in the area contains 2.1 million Mg C, amounting to 50.9 million USD, if it were paid as certificates. In addition to those figures, we provide high-resolution maps showing which areas are more valuable for the two respective ES, information that could help inform management strategies in the future.

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Forest Structure and Projections of Avicennia germinans (L.) L. at Three Levels of Perturbation in a Southwestern Gulf of Mexico Mangrove

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12080989 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 989

Author(s):

Basáñez-Muñoz Agustín de Jesús ◽

Jordán-Garza Adán Guillermo ◽

Serrano Arturo

Keyword(s):

Size Structure ◽

Transition Probabilities ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Avicennia Germinans ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Adult Trees ◽

Mangrove Dynamics ◽

Projection Matrices ◽

Partial Tree

Mangrove forests have declined worldwide and understanding the key drivers of regeneration at different perturbation levels can help manage and preserve these critical ecosystems. For example, the Ramsar site # 1602, located at the Tampamachoco lagoon, Veracruz, México, consists of a dense forest of medium-sized trees composed of three mangrove species. Due to several human activities, including the construction of a power plant around the 1990s, an area of approximately 2.3 km2 has suffered differential levels of perturbation: complete mortality, partial tree loss (divided into two sections: main and isolated patch), and apparently undisturbed sites. The number and size of trees, from seedlings to adults, were measured using transects and quadrats. With a matrix of the abundance of trees by size categories and species, an ordination (nMDS) showed three distinct groups corresponding to the degree of perturbation. Projection matrices based on the size structure of Avicennia germinans showed transition probabilities that varied according to perturbation levels. Lambda showed growing populations except on the zone that showed partial tree loss; a relatively high abundance of seedlings is not enough to ensure stable mangrove dynamics or start regeneration; and the survival of young trees and adult trees showed high sensitivity.

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Micro-Landscape Dependent Changes in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115297 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5297

Author(s):

Stavros D. Veresoglou ◽

Leonie Grünfeld ◽

Magkdi Mola

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Community Structure ◽

High Connectivity ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽

Colonization Rates

The roots of most plants host diverse assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which benefit the plant hosts in diverse ways. Even though we understand that such AMF assemblages are non-random, we do not fully appreciate whether and how environmental settings can make them more or less predictable in time and space. Here we present results from three controlled experiments, where we manipulated two environmental parameters, habitat connectance and habitat quality, to address the degree to which plant roots in archipelagos of high connectivity and invariable habitats are colonized with (i) less diverse and (ii) easier to predict AMF assemblages. We observed no differences in diversity across our manipulations. We show, however, that mixing habitats and varying connectivity render AMF assemblages less predictable, which we could only detect within and not between our experimental units. We also demonstrate that none of our manipulations favoured any specific AMF taxa. We present here evidence that the community structure of AMF is less responsive to spatio-temporal manipulations than root colonization rates which is a facet of the symbiosis which we currently poorly understand.

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