scholarly journals COPD disease severity and innate immune response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns

2016 ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Fan ◽  
Sina Gharib ◽  
Thomas Martin ◽  
Mark Wurfel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Molecular Patterns

2. First responders: the innate immune response

2017 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

How does the immune system know when to respond? ‘First responders: the innate immune response’ considers this fundamental question that is central to understanding both normal (e.g. to infections) and abnormal (e.g. in auto-immune diseases) responses; and designing vaccines and new therapies in cancer and infectious diseases. It looks at how ‘danger’ is sensed by the immune system through pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Having been alerted, it is important that rapid action is taken to limit the spread of a pathogen. A number of responses can be initiated immediately, forming a critical part of our innate immunity, which are followed by the acute phase response.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Mice Strains, A/J and C57BL/6, in Caspase-1 Activity and IL-1βSecretion of Macrophage toMycobacterium lepraeInfection

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Jin Kang ◽  
Geum Seon Lee ◽  
Se Kon Kim ◽  
Song Hou Jin ◽  
Gue Tae Chae
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Molecular Patterns

A/J mice were found to have amino acid differences in Naip5, one of the NOD-like receptors (NLRs) involved in the cytosolic recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and one of the adaptor proteins for caspase-1 activation. This defect was associated with a susceptibility toLegionellainfection, suggesting an important role for Naip5 in the immune response also to other intracellular pathogens, such asMycobacterium leprae. In this study, the immune responses of macrophages from A/J mice againstM. lepraewere compared to those of macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. Infection withM. lepraeinduced high levels of TNF-αproduction and NF-κB activation in A/J and C57BL/6 macrophages. Caspase-1 activation and IL-1βsecretion were also induced in both macrophages. However, macrophages from A/J mice exhibited reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1βsecretion compared to C57BL/6 macrophages. These results suggest that NLR family proteins may have a role in the innate immune response toM. leprae.

scholarly journals Heat Shock Proteins: Stimulators of Innate and Acquired Immunity

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo A. Colaco ◽  
Christopher R. Bailey ◽  
K. Barry Walker ◽  
James Keeble
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Rational Vaccine Design ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Adjuvants were reintroduced into modern immunology as the dirty little secret of immunologists by Janeway and thus began the molecular definition of innate immunity. It is now clear that the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen presenting cells (APCs) activates the innate immune response and provides the host with a rapid mechanism for detecting infection by pathogens and initiates adaptive immunity. Ironically, in addition to advancing the basic science of immunology, Janeway’s revelation on induction of the adaptive system has also spurred an era of rational vaccine design that exploits PRRs. Thus, defined PAMPs that bind to known PRRs are being specifically coupled to antigens to improve their immunogenicity. However, while PAMPs efficiently activate the innate immune response, they do not mediate the capture of antigen that is required to elicit the specific responses of the acquired immune system. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are found complexed to client polypeptides and have been studied as potential cancer vaccines. In addition to binding PRRs and activating the innate immune response, HSPs have been shown to both induce the maturation of APCs and provide chaperoned polypeptides for specific triggering of the acquired immune response.

scholarly journals The Yin and Yang of Innate Immunity in Stroke

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomeng Xu ◽  
Yongjun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Immune system plays an elementary role in the pathophysiological progress of ischemic stroke. It consists of innate and adaptive immune system. Activated within minutes after ischemic onset, innate immunity is responsible for the elimination of necrotic cells and tissue repair, while it is critically involved in the initiation and amplification of poststroke inflammation that amplifies ischemic damage to the brain tissue. Innate immune response requires days to be fully developed, providing a considerable time window for therapeutic intervention, suggesting prospect of novel immunomodulatory therapies against poststroke inflammation-induced brain injury. However, obstacles still exist and a comprehensive understanding of ischemic stroke and innate immune reaction is essential. In this review, we highlighted the current experimental and clinical data depicting the innate immune response following ischemic stroke, mainly focusing on the recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, activation and recruitment of innate immune cells, and involvement of various cytokines. In addition, clinical trials targeting innate immunity were also documented regardless of the outcome, stressing the requirements for further investigation.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Cells to Soluble Mediators

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7017
Author(s):  
Daniela Ricci ◽  
Marilena Paola Etna ◽  
Fabiana Rizzo ◽  
Silvia Sandini ◽  
Martina Severa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
Combined Action

The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, this peculiar infectious scenario provides researchers with a unique opportunity for studying, with the latest immunological techniques and understandings, the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 naïve versus recovered subjects as well as in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees. Interestingly, the current understanding of COVID-19 indicates that the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines fine-tunes the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. Indeed, the emerging picture clearly shows that the excessive inflammatory response against this virus is among the main causes of disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this review, the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is described not only in light of its capacity to influence the adaptive immune response towards a protective phenotype but also with the intent to point out the multiple strategies exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to antagonize host antiviral response and, finally, to outline inborn errors predisposing individuals to COVID-19 disease severity.

scholarly journals c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Is Required for Toll-Like Receptor 1 Gene Expression in Macrophages

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 5027-5034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hooman Izadi ◽  
Amirreza T. Motameni ◽  
Tonya C. Bates ◽  
Elias R. Olivera ◽  
Vega Villar-Suarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT The regulation of innate immune responses to pathogens occurs through the interaction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the activation of several signaling pathways whose contribution to the overall innate immune response to pathogens is poorly understood. We demonstrate a mechanism of control of murine macrophage responses mediated by TLR1/2 heterodimers through c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activity. JNK controls tumor necrosis factor alpha production and TLR-mediated macrophage responses to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and the TLR1/TLR2-specific agonist PAM3CSK4. JNK1, but not JNK2, activity regulates the expression of the tlr1 gene in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7, as well as in primary CD11b+ cells. We also show that the proximal promoter region of the human tlr1 gene contains an AP-1 binding site that is subjected to regulation by the kinase and binds two complexes that involve the JNK substrates c-Jun, JunD, and ATF-2. These results demonstrate that JNK1 regulates the response to TLR1/2 ligands and suggest a positive feedback loop that may serve to increase the innate immune response to the spirochete.

scholarly journals Enhanced Pathogenesis Caused by Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis Coinfection in Calves: a Disease Severity Linked with Overexpression of IFN-γ as a Key Player of the Enhanced Innate Immune Response in Lungs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Lion ◽  
Aurélie Secula ◽  
Camille Rançon ◽  
Olivier Boulesteix ◽  
Anne Pinard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Ifn Γ

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is among the most prevalent diseases in young cattle. BRD is due to complex interactions between viruses and/or bacteria, most of which have a moderate individual pathogenicity.

Abstract 153: Molecular Mimicry Between Malondialdehyde and Group A Streptococcus Contribute to the Natural Selection of Conserved Innate Immune Response

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Gonen ◽  
Jason Cole ◽  
Romulo Oliveira ◽  
Cody J Diehl ◽  
Young Sup Byun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Selection Of

Innate immunity utilizes evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to provide an early and effective response against Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) on microbial pathogens and/or against Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) on endogenous modified-self structures. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which lipid peroxidation is greatly increased leading to the generation of OxLDL, which contains a variety of proinflammatory oxidation-specific neoepitopes (OSE), such as phosphocholine (PC) containing oxidized phospholipids (OxPL). Our group has shown that OSEs are DAMPs, to which has evolved a concerted innate immune response mediated by PRRs. For example, CD36, CRP and IgM E06 all recognize the PC of OxPL, but also the PC on apoptotic cells as well as the PC on the cell wall of S. pneumonia (but not as part of a lipid). Accordingly, we postulated that both endogenous DAMPs and exogenous PAMPs provide natural selection for PPR responses to PC. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is another prominent OSE target of three different PRR’s: SR-A, CFH, and the IgM NAb E014. Thus, we hypothesized that EO14 should also recognize an epitope/mimotope on an infectious pathogen. We screened a pathogen library with E014 and discovered it avidly bound to group A streptococcus (GAS). Because it was known that CFH also bound to GAS, and specifically to protein M, the major virulence factor of GAS, we used GAS with and without protein M to show that E014 specifically bound to protein M. Using a series of recombinant protein M fragments, we identified a 125 aa sequence required for binding. Using a synthetic peptide array to generate 15 aa-length overlapping peptides, we identified a 24 aa mimitope that E014 bound. We subsequently showed immunological cross reactivity between GAS, Protein M, the mimotope, and MDA in vitro and in vivo in mice and humans. Further, compared to immunization of mice with protein M, immunization with MDA-LDL provided partial protection against lethal infection with GAS. These data support the hypothesis that OSE are important targets of innate immunity and both oxidative events and pathogens have contributed to the natural selection of potent, shared innate immune responses to oxidation-specific epitopes.

Toll like Receptors: The immunomediators of innate and acquired immunity and the targets of therapeutic concern

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Desh D Singh ◽  
L K Dwivedi ◽  
Sarika Amdekar ◽  
Vinod Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Toll Ã¢â‚¬Âlike Receptors (TLRs) are identified as pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) present in vertebrates and invertebrates which recognize the pathogen Ã¢â‚¬Âassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) shared by pathogens. They are atype of innate immune receptors, involved in the cytokine production, cellularactivation and phagocytosis of microorganisms during microbial infection.They exist on various immune cells therefore, considered for targeted immunotherapeuticresearch in current approaches. In the present review, wehave extensively discussed that how TLRs play a crucial role in mediating the innate immune response and forming a bridge between innate and adaptiveimmunity. Moreover, their role in immunological disorders and treatment ofhuman diseases is also discussed in length.

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