The Effect of Social Support and Hope on Resilience in Adolescents

Humaniora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Novi Hidayat ◽  
Siti Rohmah Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

This study intended to investigate the effect of social support and hope simultaneously and independently on resilience in adolescents. This study used quantitative methods with ex post facto design. Multistage random sampling techniques were used, which resulted in a sample of 291 adolescents in junior high school from Pagentan district, Central Java, Indonesia. They completed three questionnaires of social support, hope, and resilience. The validity of the instruments used was measured by psychology measurement experts (content validity). Then, the reliability of the instruments was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha. The Cronbach’s alpha for each instrument was 0,854 (social support), 0,835 (hope), and 0,778 (resiliency). Data were analyzed using multiple regression at the significance level of 0,05. The results of the study reveal that there is an effect of social support and hope simultaneously and independently on resilience in adolescents. There are effective contributions of social support and hope to the resilience of about 41% (from social support 13,2% and hope of 27,8% respectively).

scholarly journals PENGARUH MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN DAN KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Didik Rohmantoro ◽  
Sapitri Januariyansah ◽  
Dwiki Muda Yulanto
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Expert Judgment ◽  
Correlational Study ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis seberapa besar pengaruh media pembelajaran dan kecerdasan emosional terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ex-post facto jenis correlational study dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik sampel menggunakan teknik Slovin dengan probabilitas random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Validitas instrument menggunakan expert judgment dan uji coba lapangan. Reliabilitas menggunakan teknik cronbach’s alpha. Teknik analisis data menggunakan statistik inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara (1) X1 terhadap Y dengan nilai R= 0,279 (rendah) dan R2= 0,078; (2) X2 terhadap Y dengan nilai R= 0,546 (sedang) dan R2= 0,299 dan; (3) X1 dan X2 terhadap Y dengan nilai R= 0,592 (sedang) dan R2= 0,351dengan persamaan regresi Y = 2,971 + 0,001X1 + 0,003X2. Pada penelitian ini media pembelajaran dan kecerdasan emosional memberikan sumbangan yang kecil. Namun, pembentukan keduanya penting untuk bekal siswa setelah lulus.

scholarly journals HARGA DIRI DAN STRES KERJA PADA KARYAWAN PEMASARAN KARTU KREDIT DI JAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Rendra Afandi ◽  
Fellianti Muzdalifah
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Value Effect

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-esteem toward work stress on credit card marketing employees in Jakarta. The population of this study were all of credit card marketing officer in Jakarta. That consist of 60 respondents. This study using quantitative methods with ex post facto research design and using accidental sampling techniques Data collection using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the scale of job stress that adapted from Susilo. Statistical analysis was used to test the hypothesis regression with SPSS 17.00. Based on the results of the data, obtained value of F= 14.680, p= 0.000 < 0.05 (significant) and the value effect (Adjusted R Square) variables of selfesteem on job stress is 0.202 (20.2%). So that it can be concluded that there is significant effect of self-esteem towards job stress on credit card marketing officer in Jakarta. Keywords : Self-esteem, job stress, credit card marketing officer

scholarly journals Assessment of psychometric properties of the questionnaire on supervisor-doctoral student interaction (QSDI) in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hooman Daryoushi ◽  
Amir Jalali ◽  
Ehsan Karimi ◽  
Nader Salari ◽  
Parvin Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Doctoral Student ◽  
Student Interaction ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Farsi Version

Abstract Background One of the main elements that help students in research projects and composing dissertations is the student-supervisor relationship. A valid and reliable tool to measure this seems essential and it is the objective of the present study to validate and assess the psychometric properties of a questionnaire on supervisor-doctoral student interaction (QSDI) in Iran. Methods Before starting the study, a permission from the developer of the tool was secured. Then the tool was forward-backward translated. After preparing the Farsi version of the tool, content validity was confirmed through qualitative and quantitative methods. To examine construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted with participation of 218 and 410 MD, MSc, and PhD students of medical sciences, respectively. To check reliability of the tool, correlation coefficient was used. To examine internal consistency of the tool, Cronbach’s alpha was used. Data analyses were done in SPSS (v.25) and LISREL (v.8). Results The EFA and CFA results revealed eight factors and 39 items. The value of R-square for the model was equal to 0.99, which means 99% of changes in the dependent variable (supervisor-student interaction) is attributed to the independent variable (41 items). That is, 99% of the dependent variable changes is due to the independent variables. The main indices of the model based on factor analyses were supported (0.9<), which indicated goodness of fit of the model (χ2/df = 1.76, CFI, NFI, TLI = 0.98 GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.043, R-square = 0.99). The significance level for correlation coefficient was below 0.05. Reliability of the tool was supported based on internal correlation (Cronbach’s alpha) equal to 0.943 for the whole tool and in 0.89–0.97 range for the subscales. Conclusion In general, the results showed that the Farsi version of QSDI (eight factors and 39 items) had acceptable and applicable indices and it can be used as a valid tool in different fields for higher education students of medical sciences.

scholarly journals Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja guru SMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Diana Pramesti ◽  
Muhyadi Muhyadi
Keyword(s):  
Work Motivation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Work Climate ◽  
Expert Judgement ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Principal Supervision

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh: Supervisi kepala sekolah, motivasi kerja guru, iklim kerja dan status sosial ekonomi secara parsial maupun bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri di Kota Pangkalpinang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ex-post facto dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik sampling jenuh di mana semua populasi sebagai subjek penelitian. Pengujian validitas dilakukan dengan expert judgement dan confirmatory factor analisys (CFA). Pengujian reliabilitas menggunakan Cronbach’s Alpha (α). Analisis data menggunakan teknik statistik regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian meliputi (1) Supervisi kepala sekolah berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru dengan nilai signifikansi 0,032< 0,05. (2) Motivasi kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru nilai signifikansi 0,000< 0,05. (3) Iklim kerja guru berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru nilai signifikansi 0,031< 0,05. (4) Status sosial ekonomi tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru nilai signifikansi 0,130>0,05. (5) Supervisi kepala sekolah, motivasi kerja, iklim kerja guru dan status sosial ekonomi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru nilai signifikansi 0,000<0,05. Sumbangan efektif setiap variabel sebagai berikut (1) supervisi kepala sekolah sebesar 8,1%; (2) motivasi kerja guru sebesar 42,0%; (3) iklim kerja guru sebesar 17,3%; (4) status sosial ekonomi sebesar 1,8% dan (5) supervisi kepala sekolah, motivasi kerja, iklim kerja guru, status sosial ekonomi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru sebesar 62,3%.Kata kunci: supervisi kepala sekolah, motivasi kerja guru, iklim kerja guru, status sosial ekonomi, kinerja guru THE FACTORS OF AFFECTING SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLSTEACHER’S PERFORMANCEAbstractThe research aims to reveal the effect of: Principal supervision, teacher's work motivation, teachers’ work climate, and socio-economic status simultaneously on the performance of the teachers of State Senior High Schools in Pangkalpinang. This research was ex-post facto research with the quantitative approach. It used the saturated sample where all the population became the sample. The validation was done through expert judgement and confirmatory factor analisys (CFA). The reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha (α). The data analysis used the multiple regression statistical technique. The results included. (1) The principal supervision affects the performance of the teachers, with the highest significance of 0.032 < 0,05. (2) The work motivation affects teacher performance at the significance level of  0.000 < 0,05. (3) Teachers’ working climate affects their performance with the highest significance of 0.031 < 0,05. (4) Socio-economic status does not affect the performance of the teacher with the highest significance of 0.133 > 0,05. (5) The principal supervision, work motivation, teachers’ work climate, and socio-economic status simultaneously affect the performance of the teachers, at the significance level of 0.000 < 0,05. The effective contribution of each variable as a follows: (1) Principal supervision is 8.1%; (2) Teacher motivation is 42.0%; (3) work climate is17.3%; (4) Socio-economic status is 1.8% and, (5) Principal supervision, the motivation to work, teachers’ work climate, socio-economic status altogether are 63.3%.Keywords: principal supervision, teacher work motivation, teachers work climate, socio-economic status, teachers performance

The Mass Media, Migration Issues, and the Brain Drain Nexus

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-221
Author(s):  
Esther Fadeke Olu-Owolabi ◽  
Ikedinachi Ayodel Power Wogu ◽  
Adigwe Felix Azogu, ◽  
Happiness Onyemaechi Emmanuel ◽  
Agnes Ezeji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Mass Media

While a majority of literature by Nigerian scholars adduce that economic and political factors were responsible for the menace of brain drain plaguing the medical profession and other highly skilled professionals in Nigeria. The review of literature in this area seems not to capture the view of any known Nigerian scholar who identifies the media as a factor capable of influencing the rising migratory trend of skilled professionals exiting to more viable economies abroad. Maslow's theory of needs, Marilyn's Ex-post facto research design and Creswell's mixed method approach which allows for the combined or separate use of qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing data and arguments on the subject of migration, in line with the objectives of the chapter, were utilized. The mass media is identified as a pertinent factor capable of negatively or positively influencing the high turnover of brain drain cases amongst skilled professionals in Nigeria. The chapter suggested some steps necessary for curbing the menace of brain drain amongst doctors and other professionals in Nigeria.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN MINAT MEMBACA, FASILITAS ORANG TUA, DAN PEMBERIAN TUGAS MEMBACA DENGAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN SISWA

LingTera ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Romafi Romafi ◽  
Tadkiroatun Musfiroh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Relationship

Penelitian ini  bertujuan  untuk mengungkapkan hubungan minat membaca, fasilitas orang tua, dan pemberian tugas membaca di sekolah dengan kemampuan membaca pemahaman siswa kelas VIII SMP negeri di Kabupaten Brebes. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian  ex post facto dengan populasi seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMPN Negeri di Kabupaten Brebes. Sampel ditentukan lewat teknik stratified random sampling berdasarkan nilai akreditasi sekolah A, B, dan C. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Uji prasyarat dilakukan dengan uji normalitas, linieritas, dan homogenitas. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis korelasi sederhana, korelasi parsial, dan korelasi ganda. Hasil penelitian ini adalah minat membaca (X1), fasilitas orang tua (X2), dan pemberian tugas membaca di sekolah (X3) berhubungan positif dan signifikan dengan kemampuan membaca pemahaman (Y) pada siswa kelas VIII SMP negeri di Kabupaten Brebes (ry1-23=0,294, ry2-13=0,302, ry3-12=0,255, Ry-123= 0,489). Kata kunci: minat membaca, fasilitas orang tua, pemberian tugas membaca, kemampuan membaca pemahaman   THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG INTEREST IN READING, PARENTS’ FACILITIES, AND GIVING TASKS IN SCHOOLS WITH THE READING COMPREHENSION Abstract This research was aimed to reveal the relationship among interest in reading (X1), parents’ facilities (X2) and giving task of reading in school (X3) jointly with the  reading comprehension (Y) in the students of the eighth grade of State Junior High School (SMP) in Brebes Regency. This was an ex post facto research with the population of all eighth grade students in Brebes Regency. The samples were determined by a stratified random sampling technique based on school accreditation strata of A, B and C. Data was analyzed using a descriptive analysis. The pre-condition test was conducted by normality, linearit, and homogeneity tests. The hypothesis examination was conducted by a simple correlation, partial correlation, and multiple correlations. This research result was  interest in reading (X1), parents’ facilities (X2) and giving task of reading in school (X3) jointly positively and significantly related to the reading comprehension (Y) in the students of the eighth grade of State Junior High School (SMP) in Brebes Regency (ry1-23=0,294, ry2-13=0,302, ry3-12=0,255, Ry-123= 0,489). Keywords: interest in reading, parents’ facilities, giving task in school, reading comprehension

scholarly journals PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK GENDER DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA SD

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Hidayat ◽  
Siti Irene Astuti Dwiningrum
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
Class E

<p class="E-JOURNALTitle">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh karakteristik gender dan motivasi belajar, baik secara parsial maupun secara simultan, terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa kelas VI SD Negeri di Kabupaten Pekalongan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis <em>ex-post facto</em>. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa kelas VI SD Negeri di Kabupaten Pekalongan sebanyak 12.056. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 393 siswa ditentukan dengan menggunakan teknik <em>area sampling</em>. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen angket dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan regresi dengan variabel <em>dummy</em>, regresi sederhana, dan regresi berganda. Analisis dilakukan pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Penelitian menunjukkan hasil sebagai berikut. (1) Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan (p &gt; 0,05) karakteristik gender terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa. (2) Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan (p &lt; 0,05) motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa dengan kontribusi sebesar 44,6%. (3) Secara bersama-sama terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan (p&lt; 0,05) antara karakteristik gender dan motivasi belajar terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa dengan kontribusi sebesar 44,8%.</p><p class="E-JOURNALAbstrakKeywords"><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: karakteristik gender, motivasi belajar, prestasi belajar matematika</p><p class="E-JOURNALTitleEnglish"> </p><p class="E-JOURNALTitleEnglish"><strong>THE EFFECTS OF GENDER CHARACTERISTICS AND LEARNING MOTIVATION ON MATHEMATICS LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL</strong></p><p class="E-JOURNALTitleEnglish"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p class="E-JOURNALAbstractBodyEnglish">This study aims to investigate the effects of gender characteristics and learning motivation separately and simultaneously on mathematics learning achievement of Elementary School Sixth Grade Students in Pekalongan District. This study used quantitative approach with the ex-post facto types. The population of this study was grade six students of public elementary schools in Pekalongan numbered 12,056. While the sample of 393 students was determined using the technique of sampling area. Data were collected using questionnaires and documentation. Data were analyzed using regression with dummy variables, simple regression, and multiple regression. The analyses were carried out at significance level of 5%. Research shows the following results. (1) There is no significant effect (p &gt; 0.05) of gender characteristics on students mathematics learning achievement. (2) There is a significant effect (p &lt; 0.05) of learning motivation on students mathematics learning achievement with a contribution of 44.6%. (3) Simultaneously, there is a significant effect (p &lt; 0.05) of gender characteristics and learning motivation on students mathematics learning achievement with a contribution of 44.8%.</p><strong>Keywords</strong>: gender characteristics, learning motivation, mathematics learning achievement

scholarly journals PRINCIPAL SUPERVISION, WORK DISCIPLINE, AND PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumirah Sumirah
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Work Quality ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Pedagogical Competence ◽  
Quality Coefficient ◽  
Principal Supervision

The objectives of this research is to examine the correlation between independent variables such as: principal supervision, work discipline, and pedagogical competence with an dependent variable, Work Quality. The research was conducted on 284 Teacher’s Junior high school who were selected by propotional random sampling in Jambi City; meanwhile the hypothesis test was conducted on 0.05 significance level. This research was conducted by using sequential explanatory mixed methods that prioritize research with quantitative methods and followed by qualitative methods to obtain the results of a significant and comprehensive. The quantitative research concludes that: (1) there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.4621, p <0.01) between principal supervision with the work quality, coefficient of determination 0.2127 (r2 = 21.27%) with the regression equation Y = 83.539 + 0,450X1, (2) there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.4834, p <0.01) between work discipline with the work quality, coefficient of determination 0.2337 (r2 = 23.37% ) with the regression equation Y = 91.901 + 0,427X2, (3) there is a positive and significant correlation (r= 0.5082, p <0.01), coefficient of determination 0.2583 (r2 = 25.83%) between pedagogical competence with the work quality with the regression equation Y = 91.901 + 0,427X3, (4) there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.5815, p <0.01) between principal supervision and discipline of work together with the work quality, coefficient determination 0.3381 (r2 = 33.81%) with a regression equation y = 43.63 + 0,403X1 + 0,388X2, (5) there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.5762, p <0.01) between principal supervision and pedagogical competence together with the work quality, coefficient of determination 0.3320 (r2 = 33.20%) with a regression equation y = 48.18 + 0,333X1 + 1,646X3, (6) there is a positive and significant relationship ( r = 0.6188, p <0.01) between discipline of work and pedagogical competence together with the work quality, coefficient of determination 0.3829 (r2 = 38.29%) with a regression equation y = 32.95 + 0.413 X2 + 1,953X3, (7) there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.7171, p <0.01) between principal supervision, discipline of work and pedagogical competence with the work quality, determination coefficient 0.5143 (r2 = 51.43%) with a regression equation Y = 7.373 + 0,286X1 + 0,388X2 + 1,643X3.

scholarly journals Peranan Olahraga Beladiri Militer Yongmoodo terhadap Kepercayaan Diri Anggota TNI-AD

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Sandi Dwi Triono
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to determine whether the impact of Yongmoodo military martial sports on the self-confidence of TNI-AD members. The method used is the ex post facto method which is a research method used to solve or answer the problems faced in the current situation. The population in this study were members of the Indonesian Armed Forces in the Army Pangalengan. The sample used amounted to 27 people selected through simple random sampling technique. The instrument used was in the form of a questionnaire with the number of questions used 35 questions with instrument reliability 0.893. The results of the test of significance level indicate that the value of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0,000 smaller than <0.05, which means that there is a significant influence of Yongmoodo martial arts on the confidence of members of the Army. The results of processing the confidence percentage data were 91.78%, with sub-variables of confidence in self-ability 92.59%, optimistic 82.96%, objective 90.33%, and responsible 91.85%, rational and realistic 89, 38%. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant influence on the yongmoodo military martial arts against the confidence of members of the TNI-AD SECATA, Pangalengan.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEDISIPLINAN SISWA, MOTIVASI BELAJAR DAN GAYA BELAJAR DENGAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP SE-KECAMATAN PIYUNGAN TAHUN AJARAN 2013/2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Erna Galuh Septyani
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
High Category ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
Motivation And Learning ◽  
Academic Year

The purposes of this research were (1) descriptively that to find out considers discipline of students, learning motivation, and  learning method (2) correlationally which was to know relationship among discipline of students, learning motivation, and learning method with students mathematic achievement to eight grade student’s of Junior High School in Piyungan district on 2013/2014 academic year. This research is ex post facto. The population of this research was all students of class VIII in Piyungan district on 2013/2014 academic year with sample size was 112 students. The sampling technique use was cluster random sampling. The techniques of collecting data use questionnaire and test. The techniques of analyzing data applied were regression and correlation analysis. Before that, the testing of precondition analysis used which normality, linearity, multicolinierity analyses. The result of research shows descriptively it considers discipline of students in very high category, considers learning motivation in high category, considers learning method in high category, considers students mathematic achievement in high category. While correlatively that there were positive relationship and significant among discipline of students, learning motivation, learning method with students mathematic achievement with grouply or separately

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