Chemically activated cow bone for increased fluoride removal from drinking water

Thermally activated cow bone is widely utilized for treating fluoride impacted drinking water to meet the World Health Organization guideline value of 1.5 mg/L. However, the fluoride removal capacity of bone char is low, leaving room for further improvement. This study, therefore, strives to improve the fluoride adsorption capacity of cow bone by using chemical activation in place of thermal activation. Chemically activated cow bones (CABs) had, on average, a four-fold higher fluoride adsorption capacity than bone char. Characterization of the most effective CAB were made to explore potential reasons for the increased fluoride adsorption capacity. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the CAB showed formation of bassanite and monetite minerals which may be responsible for the higher fluoride adsorption capacity. Chemical activation is also a lower-cost production process than the thermal activation of cow bone. Further, a higher mass of media was recovered per unit mass of starting material during chemical activation. Therefore, this research shows that increased fluoride removal capacity can be achieved with chemical activation of cow bone while reducing activation costs and greatly increasing product yield per unit mass of starting material, all of which support further evaluation and field testing of this material.

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Mg-Al Mixed Oxide Adsorbent Synthesized Using FCT Template for Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications ◽

10.1155/2019/5840205 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jifa Liu ◽

Ping Zhao ◽

Yue Xu ◽

Xibin Jia

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Mixed Oxide ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

X Ray ◽

Fluoride Adsorption

To make full use of natural waste, a novel Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent was synthesized by the dip-calcination method using the fluff of the chinar tree (FCT) and an Mg(II) and Al(III) chloride solution as raw materials. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of the Mg/Al molar ratio and calcination temperature on the performance of the novel Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent were investigated. The optimized Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent had a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 53 mg/g. This adsorption capacity was higher than that of the separate Mg oxide and Al oxide. The synergy between Mg and Al is beneficial to the adsorption performance of the material. The fluoride adsorption capacity of the optimized Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent is only slightly affected by ions such as Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, and K+and is excellent for use in recycling and real water. The hydroxyl groups on the surface of the Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent play a key role in the adsorption of fluorine. The as-obtained novel Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent is an efficient and environmentally friendly agent for fluoride removal from drinking water.

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Repeated Heat Regeneration of Bone Char for Sustainable Use in Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare6040143 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 143 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. Herath ◽

Tomonori Kawakami ◽

Masamoto Tafu

Keyword(s):

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Chemical Precipitation ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Bone Char ◽

Fluoride Adsorption ◽

Heat Regeneration ◽

Recovery Percentage ◽

Regeneration Of Bone

The effectiveness of regenerated chicken bone char (CBC) in fluoride removal was investigated in the present study. Heat treatment was studied as the regeneration method. Results revealed that the CBC regenerated at 673 K yielded the highest fluoride adsorption capacity, hence, 673 K was the best regenerating temperature. The study continued up to five regeneration cycles at the best regenerating temperature; 673 K. The CBC accounted to 16.1 mg F/g CBC as the total adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. The recovery percentage of CBC reduced from 79% at the first regeneration to 4% after five regeneration cycles. The hydroxyapatite structure of CBC was not changed during the fluoride adsorption by five regeneration cycles. The ion exchange incorporated with the chemical precipitation occurred during the fluoride adsorption. The repeated regeneration of CBC is possible and it could be used as a low cost defluoridation technique to minimize the wastage of bone char.

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The Extremely High Adsorption Capacity of Fluoride by Chicken Bone Char (CBC) in Defluoridation of Drinking Water in Relation to Its Finer Particle Size for Better Human Health

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare6040123 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 123 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Herath ◽

Tomonori Kawakami ◽

Masamoto Tafu

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Bone Char ◽

Health Issues ◽

High Adsorption ◽

Fluoride Adsorption ◽

Chicken Bone ◽

High Fluoride

The ingestion of fluoride-contaminated water causes serious health issues in people all over the world. In the current study, the adsorption of fluoride onto chicken bone char (CBC) was investigated as a defluoridation technique. Finer-sized CBC with a diameter of 106–212 µm was used to investigate the fluoride adsorption capacity onto CBC. Results revealed that finer-sized CBC yielded an unusually high fluoride adsorption capacity of 11.2 mg/g at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L. The study shows that CBC can be utilized in the defluoridation of drinking water and that finer-sized CBC enhances ion exchange to perform a higher adsorption capacity.

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Hydrothermal synthesis of a mineral-substituted hydroxyapatite nanocomposite material for fluoride removal from drinking water

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c8nj02401d ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (15) ◽

pp. 12711-12721 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ammavasi Nagaraj ◽

Murugan A. Munusamy ◽

Mukhtar Ahmed ◽

S. Suresh Kumar ◽

Mariappan Rajan

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Hydrothermal Synthesis ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Nanocomposite Material ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Fluoride Adsorption ◽

High Fluoride

Mineral substituted hydroxyapatite (mHAp) nanocomposite was synthesized and it shows high fluoride adsorption capacity.

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Optimization of regenerated bone char for fluoride removal in drinking water: a case study in Tanzania

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2006.0011 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 139-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

M. E. Kaseva

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Grain Size ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Contact Time ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Bone Char ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Maximum Value ◽

The World

This paper presents findings of a study on optimization and application of the regenerated bone char media for the defluoridation of drinking water in Tanzania where more than 30% of all water sources have fluoride concentrations above the 1.50 mg/l which is recommended by the World Heath Organization (WHO). In this study, regeneration temperature, regeneration duration, contact time, regenerated bone char dosage and particle size were investigated. Results indicate that the highest fluoride removal and adsorption capacity were 70.64% and 0.75 mg-F/g-bc, respectively, for a sample with bone char material that was regenerated at 500°C. In this study the optimum burning duration was found to be 120 min, which resulted in residual fluoride that varied from a maximum value of 17.43 mg/l for a 2 min contact time to a minimum value of 8.53 mg/l for a contact time of 180 min. This study further indicated that the smallest size of regenerated bone char media (0.5–1.0 mm diameter) had the highest defluoridation capacity, with residual fluoride which varied from 17.82 mg/l at 2 min contact time to 11.26 mg/l at 120 min contact time. In terms of dosage of the regenerated bone char media it was established that the optimum dosage was 25 g of bone char media with a grain size of 0.50–1.0 mm. This had a fluoride removal capacity of 0.55 mg-F/g-BC. Column filter experiments indicated that regenerated bone media is capable of removing fluoride from dinking water to meet both WHO and Tanzania recommended values.

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Sustainable Conversion of Agriculture and Food Waste into Activated Carbons Devoted to Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water in Senegal

International Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.5539/ijc.v8n1p8 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohamad M. Diémé ◽

Maxime Hervy ◽

Saïdou N. Diop ◽

Claire Gérente ◽

Audrey Villot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Carbonaceous Materials ◽

Water Steam ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Fluoride Adsorption

The objective of this study was to investigate the production of activated carbons (AC) from cashew shells, and millet stalks and their efficiency in fluoride retention. These agricultural residues are collected from Senegal. It is known that some regions of Sénégal, commonly called the groundnut basin, are affected by a public health problem caused by an excess of fluoride in drinking water used by these populations. The activated carbons were produced by a combined pyrolysis and activation with water steam; no other chemical compounds were added. Then, activated carbonaceous materials obtained from cashew shells and millet stalks were called CS-H2O and MS-H2O respectively. CS-H2O and MS-H2O show very good adsorbent features, and present carbon content ranges between 71 % and 86 %. The BET surface areas are 942 m² g-1 and 1234 m².g-1 for CS-H2O and MS-H2O respectively. A third activated carbon produced from food wastes and coagulation-flocculation sludge (FW/CFS-H2O) was produced in the same conditions. Carbon and calcium content of FW/CFS-H2O are 32.6 and 39.3 % respectively. The kinetics sorption were performed with all these activated carbons, then the pseudo-first equation was used to describe the kinetics sorption. Fluoride adsorption isotherms were performed with synthetic and natural water with the best activated carbon from kinetics sorption, Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe the experimental data. The results showed that carbonaceous materials obtained from CS-H2O and MS-H2O were weakly efficient for fluoride removal. With FW/CFS-H2O, the adsorption capacity is 28.48 mg.g-1 with r² = 0.99 with synthetic water.

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Biochar from Agricultural by-Products for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium from Drinking Water

Water ◽

10.3390/w12102933 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2933

Author(s):

Edgar Pineda Puglla ◽

Diana Guaya ◽

Cristhian Tituana ◽

Francisco Osorio ◽

María J. García-Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Freundlich Isotherm ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Peanut Shell ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Lead And Cadmium ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals

This study reports the adsorption capacity of lead Pb2+ and cadmium Cd2+ of biochar obtained from: peanut shell (BCM), “chonta” pulp (BCH) and corn cob (BZM) calcined at 500, 600 and 700 °C, respectively. The optimal adsorbent dose, pH, maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption kinetics were evaluated. The biochar with the highest Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal capacity is obtained from the peanut shell (BCM) calcined at 565 °C in 45 min. The optimal experimental conditions were: 14 g L−1 (dose of sorbent) and pH between 5 and 7. The sorption experimental data were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. High removal rates were obtained: 95.96% for Pb2+ and 99.05. for Cd2+. The BCH and BZM revealed lower efficiency of Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal than BCM biochar. The results suggest that biochar may be useful for the removal of heavy metals (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from drinking water.

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Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2013.016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 238-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

R. Buamah ◽

R. Asare Mensah ◽

A. Salifu

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Low Cost ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

X Ray ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Removal Technologies ◽

High Aluminium ◽

Model Water

High fluoride levels beyond the recommended value of 1.5 mg/L have been detected in several groundwater wells in Northern Ghana. This occurrence has led to the capping of many high yielding wells that hitherto have been major sources of drinking water for the populace in these arid areas. Most of the fluoride removal technologies applied in the area has not been versatile in effectively removing fluoride because of the varying water qualities. This study focused on screening adsorbents including high aluminium or iron containing bauxite ores, fabricated zeolite and activated Neem seeds for removal of fluoride from drinking water. The model water used was prepared by simulating the prevailing groundwater quality in Northern Ghana. The high aluminium bauxite ore (HABO) had the highest fluoride removal capacity. Within the pH range tested (5–7), the fluoride removal decreased with increasing pH. Occurrence of sulfate, chloride and nitrate in the model water reduced the fluoride removal capacity by 57, 24 and 38% respectively. The combined effect of these anions showed a 60% reduction in the fluoride removal capacity. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms gave an adsorption capacity (K) of 0.90 mg/g for the HABO. The adsorption kinetics fitted well the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The HABO is thermally stable and has kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)5] and gibbsite [Al(OH)3] as its major components. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) results showed Al, Fe, Ti, O, C and Si as the predominant elements in the HABO.

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Fluoride removal from drinking water in Senegal: laboratory and pilot experimentation on bone char-based treatment

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2011.016 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 213-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sabrina Sorlini ◽

Daniela Palazzini ◽

Carlo Collivignarelli

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Low Cost ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

World Health ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Bone Char

In Senegal there are four regions where fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeds the World Health Organization guide value of 1.5 mg/L. This generates permanent damages to the teeth (dental fluorosis) and to the skeleton (skeletal fluorosis). A safe, efficient, simple and low-cost effective defluoridation technique is not available yet and needs to be developed in order to prevent the occurrence of fluorosis. This experimental research was carried out in order to define an appropriate technology for fluoride removal from groundwater in Senegal. Batch tests and filtration tests at laboratory and pilot scale were carried out using animal bone char as adsorbent material for fluoride removal. Possible influencing parameters, such as specific ions in Senegalese drinking water, were investigated and the best process conditions were defined for the application in Senegal. The results attest to the efficacy of bone char in removing fluoride from Senegalese water: at pilot scale the mean specific adsorption was 2.7 mg F−/g of bone char, corresponding to a total treated volume of 4,000 L and a filter life of nearly three months.

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