scholarly journals Sustainable Conversion of Agriculture and Food Waste into Activated Carbons Devoted to Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water in Senegal

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad M. Diémé ◽  
Maxime Hervy ◽  
Saïdou N. Diop ◽  
Claire Gérente ◽  
Audrey Villot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Carbonaceous Materials ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Fluoride Adsorption

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate the production of activated carbons (AC) from cashew shells, and millet stalks and their efficiency in fluoride retention. These agricultural residues are collected from Senegal. It is known that some regions of Sénégal, commonly called the groundnut basin, are affected by a public health problem caused by an excess of fluoride in drinking water used by these populations. The activated carbons were produced by a combined pyrolysis and activation with water steam; no other chemical compounds were added. Then, activated carbonaceous materials obtained from cashew shells and millet stalks were called CS-H<sub>2</sub>O and MS-H<sub>2</sub>O respectively. CS-H<sub>2</sub>O and MS-H<sub>2</sub>O show very good adsorbent features, and present carbon content ranges between 71 % and 86 %. The BET surface areas are 942 m² g<sup>-1</sup> and 1234 m².g<sup>-1</sup> for CS-H<sub>2</sub>O and MS-H<sub>2</sub>O respectively. A third activated carbon produced from food wastes and coagulation-flocculation sludge (FW/CFS-H<sub>2</sub>O) was produced in the same conditions. Carbon and calcium content of FW/CFS-H<sub>2</sub>O are 32.6 and 39.3 % respectively. The kinetics sorption were performed with all these activated carbons, then the pseudo-first equation was used to describe the kinetics sorption. Fluoride adsorption isotherms were performed with synthetic and natural water with the best activated carbon from kinetics sorption, Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe the experimental data. The results showed that carbonaceous materials obtained from CS-H<sub>2</sub>O and MS-H<sub>2</sub>O were weakly efficient for fluoride removal. With FW/CFS-H<sub>2</sub>O, the adsorption capacity is 28.48 mg.g<sup>-1 </sup>with r² = 0.99 with synthetic water.</p>

scholarly journals Waste biomass as sources for activated carbon production-A review

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Islam ◽  
MA Rouf
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Active Carbons ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A review of the production of activated carbons from waste biomass has been presented. The effects of various process parameters on the pyrolysis stage have been reviewed. Influences of activating conditions, physical and chemical, on the active carbon properties have been discussed. Under certain process conditions several active carbons with BET surface areas, ranging between 250 and 2410 m2/g and pore volumes of 0.022 and 91.4 cm3/g, have been produced. A comparison in characteristics and uses of activated carbons from waste biomass with those of commercial carbons has been made. Waste biomass being highly efficient, low cost and renewable sources of activated carbon production. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(4), 347-364, 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i4.14064

Adsorption of Soluble Metal Ions from Red Mud by Modified Activated Carbon

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 1541-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Lei Zhou ◽  
Dong Yan Li ◽  
Guo Zhuo Gong ◽  
Ya Jun Tian ◽  
Yun Fa Chen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Valuable Metal ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Alumina Industry ◽  
Modified Activated Carbons ◽  
Almost All

Activated carbon was employed as the adsorption carrier for the metal ions in HCl solution of red mud, a solid waste produced in alumina industry. To improve the adsorption capacity to valuable metal ions, the activated carbon was modified by chemicals including HNO3, H2O2, H2SO4, H3PO4, NH3, Na2CO3, and tri-butyl phosphate (TBP). It was found that the modifications contributed the high adsorption capacity to almost all metal ions we focused on. In the case of TBP, remarkably higher adsorption capacity and selectivity of Sc3+ was observed. The correlation between the surface areas, IR spectra of those chemically modified activated carbons and adsorption was schemed.

scholarly journals Mg-Al Mixed Oxide Adsorbent Synthesized Using FCT Template for Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifa Liu ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Yue Xu ◽  
Xibin Jia
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluoride Adsorption

To make full use of natural waste, a novel Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent was synthesized by the dip-calcination method using the fluff of the chinar tree (FCT) and an Mg(II) and Al(III) chloride solution as raw materials. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of the Mg/Al molar ratio and calcination temperature on the performance of the novel Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent were investigated. The optimized Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent had a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 53 mg/g. This adsorption capacity was higher than that of the separate Mg oxide and Al oxide. The synergy between Mg and Al is beneficial to the adsorption performance of the material. The fluoride adsorption capacity of the optimized Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent is only slightly affected by ions such as Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, and K+and is excellent for use in recycling and real water. The hydroxyl groups on the surface of the Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent play a key role in the adsorption of fluorine. The as-obtained novel Mg-Al mixed oxide adsorbent is an efficient and environmentally friendly agent for fluoride removal from drinking water.

scholarly journals Effects of Gasifying Agents on the Characterization of Nut Shell-derived Activated Carbon

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nguyen ◽  
A. Ahmadpour ◽  
D.D. Do
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Benzene Adsorption ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Micropore Size ◽  
Adsorptive Properties ◽  
Insight Into

Activated carbon was prepared from nut shells using a conventional two-stage method: carbonization followed by activation. Activation with steam or carbon dioxide as activating agent produced a range of chars of different burn-off. These were characterized for their total and micropore surface areas, and benzene adsorption capacity. Benzene adsorption measurement provided an insight into the effect of porosity development on the adsorptive properties of the adsorbent. It was found that activated carbon products from nut shells were comparable, in terms of adsorption characteristics, with activated carbons from other lignocellulosic precursors. The evolution of porosity of the resulting carbons shows that carbon dioxide is the preferable agent for the production of activated carbon with a narrow micropore size distribution.

Removal of Fluoride from Drinking Water by Gel Composite of Metal Ion and Humic Acid Adsorbent

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 695-699
Author(s):  
Li Hong ◽  
Si Xiang Wang ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Yue Chun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Fluoride Adsorption

Humic acid adsorbent modified with metal ions was prepared by gel polymerization and named gel composite of metal ion and humic acid, which abbreviated GCMH to uptake fluoride from drinking water. The samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Fluoride adsorption onto the synthesized samples was investigated by batch adsorption method. In previous works, detailed studies were carried out to investigate the effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, initial solution pH, temperatures and co-existing anions. The maximum fluoride removal was obtained at pH7. Presence of HCO3− adversely affected the adsorption of fluoride. The optimum absorption conditions were at the dose of 10g/L, temperature of water of 55°Cand contact time of 6hs.

scholarly journals Activated Carbons Tailored to Remove Different Pollutants from Gas Streams and from Solution

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. El-Nabarawy ◽  
M.R. Mostafa ◽  
A.M. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Gas Streams ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Flow Techniques

Non-activated carbon ‘A’, physically-activated carbons P1–P4, zinc chloride-activated carbons Z1–Z4 and potassium sulphide-activated carbons K1–K4 were prepared from Maghara coal (Sinai, Egypt). The surface areas of these carbons were determined by investigating the adsorption of carbon dioxide at 298 K and of nitrogen at 77 K. The decolourization powers of the carbons were determined from methylene blue adsorption at 308 K. The adsorption of methanol, benzene, n-hexane, n-octane and α-pinene at 308 K was also determined using equilibrium and flow techniques. The removal of ammonia and phenol from water was investigated on some selected samples. The activated carbons showed high capacities towards the removal of organic pollutants from water and from gas streams via adsorption. Their capacity towards a particular pollutant depends on the method of activation and is related to the textural and/or the chemistry of the carbon surface.

A pilot plant study of the processes of filtration and adsorption of drinking water through granular activated carbons: a comparative study

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos García Prieto ◽  
Patricia Pérez Galende ◽  
Juan Manuel Cachaza Silverio ◽  
Manuel García Roig
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Actual Behavior

This study reports a procedure for the evaluation and comparison of the adsorption and filtration capacities of commercial activated carbons in the treatment of drinking water and the design and operation of a pilot plant to simulate the behavior of fast open filters made of granular activated carbon. The milestone of this experimental work was to determine the adsorption and filtration capacities and the physicochemical properties of five commercial activated carbons with a view to determining which activated carbon might replace the open sand filters of the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) of the city of Salamanca (western Spain). Compliance with the requirements and physicochemical characteristics stipulated in the EN 12915 European standard for the different activated carbons tested was analyzed, and studies of the prewashing and behavior of the carbons operating in the filters were performed. In this sense, filtration tests to study the saturation of the bed, the variations in pressure drop and the performance of the removal of organic matter in suspension were carried out. Furthermore, the optimal time and rate of the countercurrent washing of the filters and the expansion of the filter bed were evaluated. In the adsorption assays, the specific surface area, porosity, useful lifetime and capacity of adsorption of the dissolved organic matter –especially humic acids, the major precursors of water chlorination by-products – of the activated carbons were determined. The results not only provided an overview of the actual behavior of different types of commercial activated carbons from their initial installation up to the end of their useful life, but also permitted optimization of the filtration and adsorption processes that could lead to the corresponding economic savings and energy reduction in the use of such activated carbon filter-adsorbers.

scholarly journals Representative Pores: An Efficient Method to Characterize Activated Carbons

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Carlos Alexandre de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Luisa Galdino ◽  
Daniel V Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro F. G. Silvino ◽  
Celio L. Cavalcante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Carbonaceous Materials ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Property Relationship ◽  
Pore Size Analysis ◽  
Structure Property Relationship

We propose a pore size analysis methodology for carbonaceous materials that reduces complexity while maintaining the significant elements of the structure-property relationship. This method chooses a limited number of representative pores, which will constitute a simplified kernel to describe the pore size distribution (PSD) of an activated carbon. In this study we use the representative pore sizes of 7.0, 8.9, 18.5, and 27.9 Å and N2 isotherms at 77.4 K to determine the PSD which is later applied to predict the adsorption equilibrium of other gases. In this study we demonstrate the ability to predict adsorption of different gas molecules on activated carbon from the PSD generated with representative pores (PSDrep). The methodology allows quick solutions for large-scale calculations for carbonaceous materials screening, in addition to make accessible an easily understood and prompt evaluation of the structure-property relationship of activated carbons. In addition to the details of the methodology already tested in different fields of application of carbonaceous materials, we present a new application related to the removal of organic contaminants in dilute aqueous solutions.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 on coconut shell and bamboo activated carbons

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiều Lê Văn ◽  
Duy Ngọc Vũ ◽  
Tiến Mạnh Nguyễn ◽  
Hà Thế Cao
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Reactive Blue 19 ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Site Density ◽  
Specific Surface Areas ◽  
Kinetics And Isotherms

Abstract: Kinetics and isotherms of Reactive Blue 19 adsorption on two kinds of granular activated carbons from coconut shell and bamboo were determined in this study. These activated carbon are micropore materials with specific surface areas of 687 and 425 m2/g, respectively. Experimental data shows that equilibrium times are the same for both kinds of activated carbon when ininital concentration of the dye is 40 mg/L. However, maximum absorption capacity of bamboo activated carbon is about 10 times higher than that of coconut shell. This results reveals that adsorption site density on the surface plays a more important role than specific surface area.           

scholarly journals Utilization of spent dregs for the production of activated carbon for CO2 adsorption

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Density Functional Theory Method ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Adsorption ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Abstract The objective of this work was preparation of activated carbon from spent dregs for carbon dioxide adsorption. A saturated solution of KOH was used as an activating agent. Samples were carbonized in the furnace at the temperature of 550°C. Textural properties of activated carbons were obtained based on the adsorption-desorption isotherms of nitrogen at −196°C and carbon dioxide at 0°C. The specific surface areas of activated carbons were calculated by the Brunauer – Emmett – Teller equation. The volumes of micropores were obtained by density functional theory method. The highest CO2 adsorption was 9.54 mmol/cm3 at 0°C – and 8.50 mmol/cm3 at 25°C.

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