scholarly journals Feasibility study for the production of multi-oxidants from the desalination of seawater brine

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung-Ta Wu ◽  
Chen-Yu Chang ◽  
Yi-Ying Li ◽  
Po-Hsiung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Active Chlorine ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
Multiple Oxidants ◽  
Brine Salinity

Abstract The primary goals of this study are to compare the efficiency of multiple oxidants that are produced using different commercially available anodes and separators and to optimize the reaction conditions for the recovery of multiple oxidants from brine. The brine produced in the desalination plants in Taiwan is the concentrated seawater that is recovered after the reverse osmosis process. The main component in the solution is NaCl. On average, chlorine concentration is approximately 3–5% by weight, which is slightly higher than the concentration for normal seawater. This concentrated brine can be used as raw material for the electrolyte to extract mixed disinfectant solutions. This study uses different catalytic electrolyzers to compare the efficiency with which multiple oxidants are produced using anodes that are coated in precious metal. A ruthenium-coated titanium anode generates the largest amount of active chlorine (chlorine dioxide). In terms of the diaphragms that are tested, the DuPont Nafion NE-2030 ion film produces active chlorine most efficiently. If no other chemicals are added to the brine (salinity 11.3%), Cl2 (302–376 mg L−1) is the primary oxidant generated from the original brine, and ClO2 (3.7–7.2 mg L−1) is the minor product in batch electrolysis. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).

scholarly journals An efficiency analysis for the production of chlorine dioxide by the electrolysis of brine in seawater desalination plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung-Ta Wu ◽  
Chen-Yu Chang ◽  
Yi-Ying Li ◽  
Yu-Lun Kuan ◽  
Po-Hsiung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Efficiency Evaluation ◽  
Constant Concentration ◽  
Desalination Plants

Abstract A previous study by the authors evaluated the efficiency of producing multi-oxidants using anodes coated in precious metal. This study showed that a titanium anode coated in ruthenium generates the largest amount of active chlorine (chlorine dioxide). The results from the efficiency evaluation also show that DuPont Nafion N-2030 ion film is the most efficient of the diaphragms that were tested. To increase the recovery rate for ClO2, this study optimizes the composition of the anode electrolyte. Sodium chlorite is added into the brine and an electrolysis reaction is performed at 40 °C and 12 V for batch operation. The principal product is ClO2 with a maximum concentration of 1,074 mg L−1. During continuous electrolysis, when the inflow rate for the anode electrolyte is increased to 120 mL min−1, ClO2 is produced at a constant concentration of 60 mg L−1 after 30 minutes. An analysis of the multi-oxidants generated from brine to detect disinfection byproducts shows very little trichloromethane is formed, much less than the standard for total trihalomethanes in drinking water in Taiwan (0.1 mg L−1). The disinfection efficiency of the multi-oxidant produced in this study is about three times greater than that of commercial hypochlorous acid. These results show that multi-oxidant products retrieved by recycling brine from desalination plants are commercially applicable and have economic value.

scholarly journals The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Sandra Pavón ◽  
Doreen Kaiser ◽  
Robert Mende ◽  
Martin Bertau
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cool Process ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Housing Materials

The global market of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been growing in recent years, mainly owed to electromobility. The global LIB market is forecasted to amount to $129.3 billion in 2027. Considering the global reserves needed to produce these batteries and their limited lifetime, efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are mandatory. A selective process for Li recycling from LIB black mass is described. Depending on the process parameters Li was recovered almost quantitatively by the COOL-Process making use of the selective leaching properties of supercritical CO2/water. Optimization of this direct carbonization process was carried out by a design of experiments (DOE) using a 33 Box-Behnken design. Optimal reaction conditions were 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 90 mL/g, yielding 98.6 ± 0.19 wt.% Li. Almost quantitative yield (99.05 ± 0.64 wt.%), yet at the expense of higher energy consumption, was obtained with 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 120 mL/g. Mainly Li and Al were mobilized, which allows for selectively precipitating Li2CO3 in battery grade-quality (>99.8 wt.%) without the need for further refining. Valuable metals, such as Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Mn, remained in the solid residue (97.7 wt.%), from where they are recovered by established processes. Housing materials were separated mechanically, thus recycling LIB without residues. This holistic zero waste-approach allows for recovering the critical raw material Li from both primary and secondary sources.

scholarly journals Qualitative terpene profiling of Cannabis varieties cultivated for medical purposes

Rodriguésia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Diaz Rocha ◽  
Vitória EA Silva ◽  
Fernanda CS Pereira ◽  
Valery M Jean ◽  
Fabio L Costa Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract With the upcoming medical Cannabis regulation, quality control methods on raw material will be required. Besides testing for contaminants and potency, there are also pharmaceutical and forensic interests in the determination of the terpene profile in different strains of Cannabis as complementary identification methods. A simple non-destructive HS-SPME GC-MS method was used to identify the terpene content in twelve Cannabis samples, four of them were of the hemp type (Harle-tsu), seven from various marihuana types and one of the intermediate type. They all were previously analyzed by HPLC to determine the potency (THC and CBD content). Spectral library matching was used to identify the terpenes compounds. Thirty terpenes compounds were detected, nine of them were present in all Cannabis samples and used to find their terpene profile: α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, D-limonene, terpinolene, linalool, caryophyllene, α-bergamotene and humulene. Three of them, caryophyllene, α-pinene and β-myrcene were found as larger components in most of samples. A principal components analyses (PCA) was performed. The four hemp type samples showed two different profiles, two samples showed caryophyllene as main component and the others two with β-myrcene as such. The marihuana type samples showed wider profiles with no clear patterns at all, which is not surprising because of the low number of samples. The simple methodology shows viable to set the terpenes profile for analyses of raw Cannabis material. Suitability for differentiation between different sorts of types needs more studies, with increasing numbers of samples.

scholarly journals A landscape of open science policies research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Manco
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Open Science ◽  
General Science ◽  
Policy Framing ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Science Policies

<p>Open science policies are a much-discussed issue. This literature review aims to examine the approach given to open science policy in these studies. <b></b></p> The approach given to open science in the selected works has different aspects: policy framing and its geopolitical aspects are described as an asymmetries replication and epistemic governance tool. The main geopolitical aspects of open science policies described in the literature are the relations between international, regional and national policies. There are also different components of open science covered in the literature: open data seems much discussed in the English speaking works while open access is the main component discussed in the Portuguese and Spanish speaking papers. Finally, the relation between open science policies and the general science policy is framed by highlighting the innovation and transparency that open science can bring to it.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Minyak Atsiri dari Simplisia Basah Ranting dan Daun sebagai Alternatif Subtitusi Kulit Batang Cinnamomum burmannii Blume

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Mery Budiarti ◽  
Wahyu Jokopriambodo ◽  
Ani Isnawati
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
Marker Compound ◽  
Cinnamomum Burmannii ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Material Scarcity

The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume is the main raw material of Cinnamomum oil because its cinnamaldehyde content is higher than in the other parts. This condition lead to the exploitation of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume bark without any cultivation effort, thus it can cause the raw material scarcity. Twigs and leaves of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume are also known to contain cinnamaldehyde therefore it provide a potential alternative source of cinnamaldehyde. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristic of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume essential oil which includes refractive index, profiling of chemical constituent and percentage of cinnamaldehyde as a marker compound. This research used three fresh Cinnamomum burmannii Blume simplicia of bark, twigs and leaves from two selected growing locations: Tawangmangu and Purwokerto. Simple water distillation method was conducted, together with characterization and refractive index using refractometer, followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC). The results showed Cinnamomum burmannii Blume oil derived from bark, twig and leaf have different profiles, but all have cinnamaldehyde as the main component. The leaf produces higher essential oil yield percentage compared to the twig with a cinnamaldehyde content that is comparable to the bark by 50% of cinnamaldehyde content in cinnamomum bark oil.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and physico-chemical characterizations of clay from Keur Saër (Senegal)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mbaye ◽  
C. A. K. Diop ◽  
B. Rhouta ◽  
J. M. Brendle ◽  
F. Senocq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

AbstractThere is interest in exploiting and developing natural resources, particularly deposits of natural clays. Senegal has several clay mineral deposits for which chemical and mineralogical compositions have been little studied. Some of these natural materials are nowadays used in pottery and ceramics. To extend applications, a better basic knowledge is required and, for this objective, the raw clay and separated <2 μm clay fraction from Keur Saër (Senegal) were subjected to chemical and mineralogical studies. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been used to characterize the material. It was found that the raw clay and the separated clay fraction consist of a mineral mixture in which kaolinite is the main component. 29Si and 27Al MAS-NMR spectra show the presence of silicon atoms linked to three other silicon atoms via an oxygen atom and six coordinated Al atoms. Significant increases in the specific surface area and cation exchange capacity were observed on purification, reaching a maximum of about 73.2 m2g–1 and 9.5 meq/100 g for the separated fine clay fraction while the values for the raw material were around 28.9 m2g–1 and 7.3 meq/100 g.

Research on New Thermal Reduction Process of Magnesium Preparation at Ordinary Pressure with Serpentine as Raw Material

2011 ◽  
Vol 402 ◽  
pp. 380-385
Author(s):  
De Hong Xia ◽  
Ling Ren ◽  
Yi Fan Li
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Production ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
High Vacuum Condition ◽  
New Process

The traditional silicothermic process of magnesium metallurgy with dolomite at high temperature and under high vacuum condition results in high operation costs, discontinuous production and huge production consumption. Based on this, a new thermal reduction process of magnesium preparation is proposed with serpentine as raw material at ordinary pressure. It is shown by thermodynamic analysis that the calcined products of serpentine is the compound of 2MgO•SiO2 and MgO•SiO2. Furthermore, the thermal reduction process at ordinary pressure is determined by using calcined products of serpentine as raw material, CaC2 as reductant and CaO as additive. Comparing with traditional silicothermic process, the new process has many advantages due to higher magnesium content of serpentine, lower price of the reductant CaC2, lower reaction temperature in calcined and thermal reduction process, and ordinary pressure reaction conditions for continuous production.

scholarly journals CO2 Capture by Alkaline Carbonation as an Alternative to a Circular Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 863
Author(s):  
Dalia Santa Cruz-Navarro ◽  
Violeta Mugica-Álvarez ◽  
Mirella Gutiérrez-Arzaluz ◽  
Miguel Torres-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Metal Carbonates ◽  
Industrial Use

In order to combat global warming and climate change in a sustainable way, it is necessary to capture the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by different industrial sources and use it as a raw material to obtain a matrix of products for industrial use, such as metal carbonates. Therefore, this work presents the results of CO2 capture and conversion into carbonates using Sr and Ba alkaline solutions in a semi-continuous batch reactor. The results indicate that the effects of morphological characterization, purity of solids, and reaction time at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions is an inexpensive alternative process that is easily implemented in small industrial enterprises. The results yielded a 40% conversion of CO2 at the best reaction conditions with an aqueous solution of Sr(OH)2.

Synthesis of Diamine Containing Chalcone Structure by Nitroammoniation and Aldol Condensation

2019 ◽  
Vol 801 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Yan Kai Huang ◽  
Qi Lin Mei ◽  
Zhi Xiong Huang ◽  
Yan Qin ◽  
Di Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Aldol Condensation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ethanol Dosage

In this paper, the structure of the photosensitive diamines was designed and the method of synthesizing such diamines was investigated. The 1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-(4-aminophenyl)-2-propen-1-one analyzed by elemental analysis and infrared analysis was synthesized through two-step experiments with Aldol condensation and Nitroammoniation process. Through the experiment the optimum reaction conditions are raw material ratio of 1:1, anhydrous ethanol dosage of 60 ml, 10 % NaOH dosage of 10 ml and reaction temperature of 25°C for 4h. The yield was about 55.4 %.

Analysis on Factors Influencing Flake Silver Particles Prepared by Chemical Reduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 931-934
Author(s):  
Xu Wei Hu ◽  
Lu Hai Li ◽  
Li Xin Mo ◽  
Sheng Min Zhao ◽  
Xian Leng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Silver Powder ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Silver Particles ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Electrical And Optical Properties ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions

Flake silver powder has attracted tremendous interesting due to its specially electrical and optical properties. Chemical reduction method with the advantages of reaction conditions easily controlled and mass production is widely used to prepare flake silver particles. In order to more easily prepare flake silver particles, the generation mechanism of flake silver particles is studied by analyzing the impacts of reaction conditions, such as pH value, kinds of silver seeds, kind of surfactant and concentration of raw material. The results show that flake silver particles can be prepared through controlling reaction conditions. Some problems existing in the preparation of flake silver particles are put forward, and future research directions are also proposed.

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